Glossary of arthropod cuticle

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This is a glossary of terms used in the description of arthropod cuticle, including that of insects such as ants. For reasons still under investigation,<ref>{{cite journal | date = 2023 | doi = 10.25849/myrmecol.news_033:123 | journal = Myrmecological News | pages = 123–138 | title = Ant cuticle microsculpturing: diversity, classification, and evolution | url = https://biotaxa.org/mn/article/view/81496#_mn33_123-138_printable.pdf | volume = 33 | author1 = John Paul Hellenbrand | author2 = Clint A. Penick }}</ref> these animals can have surface textures spanning and combining cracks, excavations, imbrications, mealiness, punctures, reticulations, roughness, scratches, spots, wrinkles, and more (generically, 'sculpturing' or 'microsculpture'). As such, hundreds of technical terms have been adapted for use in description<!-- by entomologists, arachnologists, carcinologists, etc.--> of individual specimens from which taxa are defined.

{{compact ToC<!--parameters commented out correspond to sections with terms; uncommented is for sections without any. | a = A--> | b = B<!-- | c = C | d = D | e = E | f = F | g = G | h = H | i = I--> | j = J<!----> | k = K<!-- | l = L | m = M | n = N | o = O | p = P--> | q = Q<!-- | r = R | s = S | t = T | u = U | v = V--> | w = W | x = X | y = Y | z = Z<!----> | seealso = yes | refs = yes | extlinks = yes }}

== A ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = a- | content = a- }}{{defn | 1 = wanting or without }}

{{term | term = ab- | content = ab- }}{{defn | 1 = off; away from }}

{{term | term = aciculate | content = aciculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also rastrate, scarified}} appearing as if irregularly scratched with a needle<ref name=Harris1979 /> }}

{{term | term = acinose | content = acinose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also colliculate, granulate, papillate}} continuously set with granulations like those on a blackberry }}

{{term | term = adsperse | content = adsperse }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also atomarius, irrorate, maculate}} marked with closely crowded, small spots }}

{{term | term = alutaceous | content = alutaceous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also coriaceous, coriarious}} rather pale leather-brown; covered with minute cracks like human skin and leathery in texture }}

{{term | term = alveolate | content = alveolate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also areolate, goffered, reticulate}} honeycombed; with regular, deep, angular cavities (alveoli) separated by thin partitions; furnished with cells or alveoli }}

{{term | term = areate | content = areate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also areolate}} furnished with open areas or with areas defined on the surface }}

{{term | term = areolate | content = areolate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also alveolate, areate, goffered, reticulate}} divided into a number of small, irregular, impressed spaces<ref name=Harris1979 /> }}

{{term | term = asperous | content = asperous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also salebrose, scabrous, squarrose}} rough and uneven }}

{{term | term = atomarius | content = atomarius }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also adsperse, irrorate, maculate.}} with minute dots or points }}

{{glossary end}}<!--

== B ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = B | content = wikt:B }}{{defn | 1 = B }}

{{glossary end}}-->

== C ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = caelate | content = caelate }}{{defn | 1 = with superficial plane elevations of varying form }}

{{term | term = canaliculate | content = canaliculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also porcate, sulcate}} channelled or furrowed; longitudinally grooved (''sensu lato''); in general body form, long and concave so as to resemble a gutter or channel (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = cancellate | content = cancellate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also clathrate, reticulate}} a latticework or grid; a series of enclosed cells or chambers }}

{{term | term = carinate | content = carinate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: ecarinate; diminutive: carinulate; see also costate, cristate, porcate}} keeled; having keels or carinae; with one, or several, but usually few longitudinal narrow raised ribs or ridges }}

{{term | term = carinulate | content = carinulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also costulate, cristulate}} with several small, elevated longitudinal ridges or carinae; less prominent than carinate }}

{{term | term = cariose | content = cariose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also vermicular, vermiculate}} corroded; appearing worm-eaten; with cavities or ulcerations }}

{{term | term = cataphracted | content = cataphracted }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also imbricate, scutate, squamate}} clad in closely set scales }}

{{term | term = catenate | content = catenate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: catenulate; see also consute}} with longitudinal, connected elevations like links in a chain }}

{{term | term = catenate | content = catenate }}{{defn | 1 = chain-like, with smaller links than catenate }}

{{term | term = channelled | content = channelled }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also canaliculate, fluted, striate, strigate}} having deep grooves or channels }}

{{term | term = cicatrose | content = cicatrose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also impressed, lacunose, variolate}} a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of small pox }}

{{term | term = clathrate | content = clathrate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cancellate, reticulate}} latticed; elevated ridges decussing at right angles }}

{{term | term = colliculate | content = colliculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also acinose, granulate, papillate}} continuously covered with low, rounded elevations, not as pronounced as acinose }}

{{term | term = conflected | content = conflected }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: sparse}} crowded; thickly clustered }}

{{term | term = confused | content = confused }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also intricate, obscure}} markings with indefinite outlines or run together as lines or spots without definite pattern }}

{{term | term = connected | content = connected }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonyms: dispersed, sparse; see also conflected}} scattered; spread irregularly and some distance apart; thin; eg., pile or hairs }}

{{term | term = consute | content = consute }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also catenate}} with very minute elevations in series, some distance apart, and of a different color from the general surface, which resemble stitching somewhat }}

{{term | term = coriaceous | content = coriaceous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also alutaceous, coriarious}} leather-like in texture, with minute cracks like human skin }}

{{term | term = coriarious | content = coriarious }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also alutaceous, coriaceous}} leather-like in sculpture; with minute cracks like human skin }}

{{term | term = corrugated | content = corrugated }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare}} wrinkled into furrows; with alternate ridges and channels }}

{{term | term = corticinus | content = corticinus }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also fatiscent, fissate, rimose}} bark-like sculpturing or texture }}

{{term | term = costate | content = costate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: costulate; see also carinate, cristate, porcate}} furnished with longitudinal raised ribs or ridges (costae), much coarser than carinate }}

{{term | term = costulate | content = costulate }}{{defn | 1 = with longitudinal, coarse raised ribs or ridges; much coarser and more extensive than carinulate; less prominent ribs or ridges than costate }}

{{term | term = crenate | content = crenate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: crenulate}} having the margin evenly notched with rounded teeth }}

{{term | term = crenulate | content = crenulate }}{{defn | 1 = having the margin finely notched with small, rounded teeth }}

{{term | term = cristate | content = cristate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: cristulate; see also carinate, costate, porcate}} with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface; crested }}

{{term | term = cristulate | content = cristulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also carinulate}} with several, small, crescent-like ridges or crests }}

{{glossary end}}

== D ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = denudate | content = denudate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also glabrous, immaculate, investitus, nude}} without hairs or scales (''sensu stricto''); without vestiture of any kind (''sensu lato'') }}

{{term | term = destitute | content = destitute }}{{defn | 1 = lacking or devoid of something specified; being entirely without (used to contrast) }}

{{term | term = dispersed | content = dispersed }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also sparse}} with scattered markings or small sculptures }}

{{glossary end}}

== E ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = e- | content = e- }}{{defn | 1 = without }}

{{term | term = ecarinate | content = ecarinate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: carinate}} without or deprived of a keel or a carina (used to contrast carinate) }}

{{term | term = echinate | content = echinate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: echinulate}} thickly set or armed with short, stout spines or prickles; spiny like a hedgehog }}

{{term | term = echinulate | content = echinulate }}{{defn | 1 = with very small prickles; minutely echinate }}

{{term | term = elute | content = elute }}{{defn | 1 = with scarcely distinct markings }}

{{term | term = embossed | content = embossed }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also sculptured}} ornamented with raised sculpturing }}

{{term | term = ex- | content = ex- }}{{defn | 1 = out of; proceeding from }}

{{term | term = exarate | content = exarate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also impressed}} ploughed; sculpted; furrowed; sulcated; an excavated surface in general }}

{{term | term = excavated | content = excavated }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also lacunose}} with a scooped out depression; superficially, with a hollowed out area }}

{{term | term = explicate | content = explicate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: plicate}} unfolded or open; also, without folds or plicae }}

{{term | term = exsculptate | content = exsculptate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also fossulate, scrobiculate}} with irregular, more or less longitudinal depressions, as if carved or scooped out }}

{{glossary end}}

== F ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = farinaceous | content = farinaceous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also farinose, pollinose, pruinose, pulverulent, rorulent}} mealy or powdery looking; applied to surfaces or wings }}

{{term | term = farinose | content = farinose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also farinaceous, pollinose, pruinose, pulverulent, rorulent}} dotted with many single flour-like spots; mealy }}

{{term | term = fatiscent | content = fatiscent }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also corticinus, fissate, rimose}} with superficial cracks, crevices, or similar openings }}

{{term | term = fenestrate | content = fenestrate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare}} with transparent areas or window-like openings (fenestrae) as in the wings of some Lepidoptera }}

{{term | term = fissate | content = fissate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also corticinus, fatiscent, rimose}} with fissures or cracks (''sensu lato''); divided or cleft (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = fluted | content = fluted }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also canaliculate, channelled}} having parallel grooves or flutes; channelled }}

{{term | term = fossulate | content = fossulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also exsculptate, lacunose, scrobiculate}} with oblong depressions (fossulae); more elongate or furrow-like than scrobiculate }}

{{term | term = foveate | content = foveate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: foveolate; see also lacunose, punctate}} pitted; with numerous, regular, depressions or pits (foveae) }}

{{term | term = foveolate | content = foveolate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: punctate; see also foveolate}} with small deep pits; finely pitted }}

{{glossary end}}

== G ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = glabrate | content = glabrate }}{{defn | 1 = almost glabrous }}

{{term | term = glabrous | content = glabrous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also denudate, immaculate, investitus, nude}} smooth, devoid of pubescence (''sensu stricto''); devoid of any sculpturing (''sensu lato'') }}

{{term | term = goffered | content = goffered }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also alveolate, areolate, cancellate, clathrate, reticulate}} with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by narrow ridges; waffling or honeycombs }}

{{term | term = granulate | content = granulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also acinose, farinose}} covered with or made up of very small grains or granules; minutely and densely verrucose or minutely farinose }}

{{glossary end}}

== H ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = hatched | content = hatched }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also strigate}} closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines }}

{{glossary end}}

== I ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = imbricate | content = imbricate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cataphracted, scutate, squamate}} partly overlapping and appearing like shingles on a roof or scales on a fish }}

{{term | term = immaculate | content = immaculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: maculate; see also denudate, glabrous, investitus, nude}} destitute of spots, marks, or sculpturing (''sensu lato''); destitute of spots or marks (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = impressed | content = impressed }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also cicatrose, lacunose, variolate}} having shallow, depressed areas or markings }}

{{term | term = impunctate | content = impunctate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: punctate}} not punctate or marked with punctures (used to contrast punctate) }}

{{term | term = inermis | content = inermis }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: munite; see also mutic}} unarmed; without striae, spines, or any other sharp processes }}

{{term | term = innotate | content = innotate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; antonym: notate}} without markings }}

{{term | term = institia | content = institia }}{{defn | 1 = striae or furrows of equal width throughout }}

{{term | term = interstice | content = interstice }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also interval}} a space between two lines, whether striate or punctate }}

{{term | term = interval | content = interval }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also interstice}} a space between two structures or sculptures }}

{{term | term = intricate | content = intricate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also confused, obscure}} confused; markings, whether elevated or depressed, so run into each other as to be difficult to see }}

{{term | term = investitus | content = investitus }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also denudate, glabrous, immaculate, nude}} unclothed; without scales or hair }}

{{term | term = irrorate | content = irrorate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also adsperse, atomarius, farinose, maculate}} freckled or speckled; covered with minute spots or granules }}

{{glossary end}}<!--

== J ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = J | content = wikt:J }}{{defn | 1 = J }}

{{glossary end}}

== K ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = K | content = wikt:K }}{{defn | 1 = K }}

{{glossary end}}-->

== L ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = lacunose | content = lacunose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also excavated, foveate, impressed, variolate}} full of hollows or cavities; with scattered and irregular broad, shallow cavities }}

{{term | term = levigate | content = levigate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also glabrous, micans, nitid, politus}} a smooth surface, sometimes somewhat shiny or polished; without elevations or depressions }}

{{term | term = lineate | content = lineate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: lineolate}} longitudinally marked with raised or depressed parallel lines; with linear marks }}

{{term | term = lineolate | content = lineolate }}{{defn | 1 = finely lineate, longitudinally marked with very fine raised or depressed lines }}

{{glossary end}}

== M ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = maculate | content = maculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; antonym: immaculate; see also adsperse, atomarius, irrorate}} spotted; with many superficial marks or spots }}

{{term | term = maculation | content = maculation }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also sculpture}} the pattern of marks or spots on a surface }}

{{term | term = micans | content = micans }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also glabrous, levigate, nitid, politus}} shining or twinkling, in part or altogether }}

{{term | term = munite | content = munite }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: inermis}} a surface armed with spines or other excrescences }}

{{term | term = murriculate | content = murriculate }}{{defn | 1 = with a covering of fine, short, sharp, thick excrescences; irregularly scabriculous }}

{{term | term = mutic | content = mutic }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also inermis}} unarmed; lacking processes where such usually occur }}

{{glossary end}}

== N ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = nitid | content = nitid }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also glabrous, levigate, micans, politus}} shiny or glossy; reflecting light }}

{{term | term = nodulate | content = nodulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also acinose, colliculate, torulose, tuberculate, verrucose}} a surface sculpturing of small knots or swellings }}

{{term | term = notate | content = notate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; antonym: innotate; see also impressed, maculate, ordinate}} marked by spots (''sensu stricto''); with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture (''sensu lato'') }}

{{term | term = nude | content = nude }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also denudate, glabrous, immaculate, investitus}} naked; devoid of hair, scales or other surface vestiture }}

{{glossary end}}

== O ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = obscure | content = obscure }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also confused, intricate}} dark; not readily seen; not well defined }}

{{term | term = ordinate | content = ordinate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also perlate}} spots or sculpturing arranged in rows or regularly arranged }}

{{glossary end}}

== P ==

[[file:Discothyrea dryad.stl|thumb|alt=ant|The mandibles of ''Discothyrea dryad'' are roughly sculptured with piligerous '''punctulae'''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/3/6/5/5614979|title=Revision of the Highly Specialized Ant Genus Discothyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropics with X-Ray Microtomography and 3D Cybertaxonomy|journal=Insect Systematics and Diversity|date=2019 |publisher=Oxford Academic|doi=10.1093/isd/ixz015 |last1=Hita-Garcia |first1=Francisco |last2=Lieberman |first2=Ziv |last3=Audisio |first3=Tracy L. |last4=Liu |first4=Cong |last5=Economo |first5=Evan P. |volume=3 |issue=6 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = papillate | content = papillate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also acinose, colliculate, papillulate, pustulate}} covered with small, nipple-like surface elevations, often porous at the tip }}

{{term | term = papillulate | content = papillulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also papillate}} beset with depressions or elevations with a small elevation in the center (a papillule) }}

{{term | term = perlate | content = perlate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also ordinate}} spots or sculpturing arranged in rows or regularly arranged; beaded (''sensu lato''); bearing relieved, rounded points in series (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = plica | content = plica }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also plicate}} fold }}

{{term | term = plicate | content = plicate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: explicate; see also plica, striate}} folded or closed; with folds or plicae; impressed with striae to produce the appearance of having been folded or pleated }}

{{term | term = politus | content = politus }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also glabrous, micans, nitid}} polished; smooth, shiny }}

{{term | term = pollinose | content = pollinose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also farinaceous, farinose, pruinose, pulverulent, rorulent}} covered with a loose, mealy, often yellow dust like the pollen of flowers; fine meal }}

{{term | term = porcate | content = porcate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also canaliculate, carinate, costate, cristate, striate, sulcate}} with several parallel, longitudinal ridges with deep, broad sulcations }}

{{term | term = porose | content = porose }}{{defn | 1 = having pores }}

{{term | term = prominent | content = prominent }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also protuberance}} raised or produced above the surface or beyond the margin; standing out in relief; conspicuous by position }}

{{term | term = protuberance | content = protuberance }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also prominent}} any excrescence above the surface; a prominence }}

{{term | term = pruinose | content = pruinose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also farinaceous, farinose, pollinose, pulverulent, rorulent}} appearing covered with a fine dust or coarse powder, but which cannot be rubbed off; the brightness of the surface somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom like that of a plum }}

{{term | term = pulverulent | content = pulverulent }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also farinaceous, farinose, pollinose, pruinose, rorulent, squarrose}} powdery or dusty. Also, covered with very minute, powder-like scales }}

{{term | term = punctate | content = punctate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonym: impunctate; diminutive: puncticulate, punctulate; see also foveate, foveolate}} set with fine, impressed points or punctures appearing as pin-pricks }}

{{term | term = puncticulate | content = puncticulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also punctulate}} sparsely punctate with very fine, widely spaced punctures }}

{{term | term = punctulate | content = punctulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also puncticulate}} finely punctate; with numerous minute and close set punctures }}

{{term | term = pustulate | content = pustulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also acinose, colliculate, papillate}} covered with small, blister-like swellings larger than papillae and never with a terminal pore }}

{{glossary end}}<!--

== Q ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = Q | content = wikt:Q }}{{defn | 1 = Q }}

{{glossary end}}-->

== R ==

[[file:Proceratium bruelheidei.stl|thumb|alt=ant|the abdominal segments 5, 6, & 7 of ''Proceratium bruelheidei'' are very superficially '''reticulate'''<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24908/element/7/0/Proceratium_bruelheidei#Worker_description | doi=10.3897/zookeys.770.24908 | issue=770 | doi-access=free | title=Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology | date=2018 | last1=Staab | first1=Michael | last2=Hita Garcia | first2=Francisco | last3=Liu | first3=Cong | last4=Xu | first4=Zheng-Hui | last5=Economo | first5=Evan P. | journal=ZooKeys | pages=137–192 | pmid=30002593 | pmc=6041363 | bibcode=2018ZooK..770..137S }}</ref>]]

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = rastrate | content = rastrate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also aciculate, scarified}} covered as if with longitudinal scratches }}

{{term | term = reticulate | content = reticulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also alveolate, areolate, cancellate, clathrate, goffered}} superficially net-like or made up of a network of lines; meshed; netted<ref name="Harris1979" /> }}

{{term | term = rimose | content = rimose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: rimulose; see also corticinus, fatiscent, fissate, rivose, undose}} with minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations (rimae) running into each other; chinky; resembling the cracked bark of a tree }}

{{term | term = rimulose | content = rimulose }}{{defn | 1 = minutely rimose; with minute cracks or fissure-like openings with sharp edges }}

{{term | term = rivose | content = rivose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: rivulose; see also rimose, venose}} marked with sinuate furrows, like rivulets, not running in a parallel direction }}

{{term | term = rivulose | content = rivulose }}{{defn | 1 = minutely rivose; with very small or fine sinuate furrows, like rivulets, which are not parallel }}

{{term | term = rorulent | content = rorulent }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also farinaceous, farinose, pollinose, pruinose, pulverulent, squarrose}} covered with a bloom of fine dust that can be rubbed off }}

{{term | term = rugose | content = rugose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: rugulose; see also salebrose, scabrous}} wrinkled }}

{{term | term = rugulose | content = rugulose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also scabriculous}} minutely rugose; minutely wrinkled<ref name="Harris1979" /> }}

{{glossary end}}

== S ==

[[file:Martialis heureka CASENT0106181 1.jpg|thumb|alt=ant|the lateral surfaces of the propodeum of ''Martialis heureka'' are faintly '''striate'''<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10514913R | date = 2008-09-15 | doi-access = free | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0806187105 | first1 = Christian | first2 = Jeremy M. | first3 = Manfred | issue = 39 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | last1 = Rabeling | last2 = Brown | last3 = Verhaagh | pages = 14913–14917 | pmc = 2567467 | pmid = 18794530 | title = Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution | volume = 105 }}</ref>]]

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = salebrose | content = salebrose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also asperous, rugose, scabrous, squarrose}} rough, rugged, or uneven }}

{{term | term = scabriculous | content = scabriculous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also murriculate, shagreened}} finely scabrous; with fine and regular short, sharp, wrinkles and/or projections }}

{{term | term = scabrid | content = scabrid }}{{defn | 1 = sparsely scabrous }}

{{term | term = scabrous | content = scabrous }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: scabriculous; see also rugose, salebrose, squarrose}} rough; irregularly and roughly rugose; possessing short, sharp projections or wrinkles }}

{{term | term = scarified | content = scarified }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also aciculate, rastrate}} sparsely appearing clawed or scratched; furnished with fine, irregular grooves, coarser than aciculate }}

{{term | term = scrobiculate | content = scrobiculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also exsculptate, fossulate}} uniformly covered with short, oblong or trench-like hollows }}

{{term | term = sculpture | content = <span class="anchor" id="sculpturing">sculpture</span> }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also maculation}} the markings or pattern of impressions or elevations on a surface }}

{{term | term = sculptured | content = sculptured }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also embossed}} ornamented with raised sculpturing; superficially marked with elevations or depressions or both, arranged in some definable manner }}

{{term | term = scutate | content = scutate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: scutellate; see also cataphracted, imbricate, squamate}} covered with large, flat, scales; having a scutum; shield-shaped; scutiform }}

{{term | term = scutellate | content = scutellate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also cataphracted, imbricate, squamate}} divided into surfaces like small plates, minutely scutate }}

{{term | term = serrations | content = serrations }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare}} lines arranged in parallel series, either in sculpture or in color, as in the Corixidae of the Heteroptera }}

{{term | term = shagreened | content = shagreened }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also scabriculous}} covered with a closely set roughness, like the rough-surfaced horse leather termed shagreen; like shark leather }}

{{term | term = sparse | content = sparse }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=antonyms: conflected, connected; see also dispersed}} scattered; spread irregularly and some distance apart; thin; eg., pile or hairs }}

{{term | term = spherulate | content = spherulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also perlate, tuberculate}} provided with one or more rows of minute tubercles }}

{{term | term = spinose | content = spinose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: spinulate; see also echinate}} armed with thorny spines, more elongated than echinate }}

{{term | term = spinulate | content = spinulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also echinulate}} set with numerous small, thorny spines; minutely spinose }}

{{term | term = squamate | content = squamate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare; see also cataphracted, imbricate, scutate}} scaly; covered with scales }}

{{term | term = squarrose | content = squarrose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also pulverulent, rugose, salebrose, scabrous}} rough with elevations; scurfy; rough with loose scales differing in direction or not parallel in direction }}

{{term | term = striate | content = striate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: striolate; see also strigate}} marked with parallel, fine, longitudinal impressed lines or furrows }}

{{term | term = strigate | content = strigate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: strigulate; see also hatched, striate}} having narrow, transverse lines or streaks, either raised or impressed; composed of fine, short lines }}

{{term | term = strigulate | content = strigulate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also striolate}} finely or minutely strigate; with numerous short and fine transverse lines, either raised or impressed }}

{{term | term = striolate | content = striolate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also strigulate}} minutely or finely striate; with numerous parallel and very fine longitudinal impressed lines or furrows }}

{{term | term = sub- | content = sub- }}{{defn | 1 = under, slightly less than, or not quite so }}

{{term | term = sulcate | content = sulcate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also canaliculate, porcate}} deeply furrowed or grooved }}

{{glossary end}}

== T ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = taeniate | content = taeniate }}{{defn | 1 = with broad, longitudinal bands or ribbon-like markings (''sensu lato''); shaped like a tapeworm (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = tessellate | content = tesselate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cancellate, clathrate}} made up of squares like a chess board, either in sculpturing or in color }}

{{term | term = torose | content = torose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=diminutive: torulose; see also nodulate, tuberculate, verrucose}} superficially swelling in knots, knobs, or protuberances; knobby (''sensu lato''); in general form, swollen or with a knobby or knotted shape (''sensu stricto'') }}

{{term | term = torulose | content = torulose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also torose}} minutely torose; with numerous small knobs or knots (''sensu lato'') }}

{{term | term = tuberculate | content = tuberculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also nodulate, torose, verrucose}} covered or furnished with rounded, projecting lobes; more projecting than granulate, papillate, or pustulate }}

{{glossary end}}

== U ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = undose | content = undose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also vermiculate}} with undulating, broad, nearly parallel depressions running more or less into each other; wavy, resembling ripple-marks on a sandy beach }}

{{glossary end}}

== V ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = variolate | content = variolate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cicatrose, impressed, lacunose}} pitted as if by smallpox; full of irregular indentations (varioles) }}

{{term | term = venose | content = venose }}{{defn | 1 = furnished with veins or vein-like marking; of or pertaining to veins }}

{{term | term = vermicular | content = vermicular }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cariose, undose, vermiculate}} worm-shaped or worm-like in general body form }}

{{term | term = vermiculate | content = vermiculate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also cariose, undose, vermicular}} with superficial, tortuous markings resembling the tracks of a worm }}

{{term | term = verrucose | content = verrucose }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=see also nodulate, torose, tuberculate}} covered with irregularly shaped lobes or wart-like protuberances }}

{{term | term = vittate | content = vittate }}{{defn | 1 = {{ghat|1=rare}} striped; longitudinally striped or plaited }}

{{glossary end}}<!--

== W ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = W | content = wikt:W }}{{defn | 1 = W }}

{{glossary end}}

== X ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = X | content = wikt:X }}{{defn | 1 = X }}

{{glossary end}}

== Y ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = Y | content = wikt:Y }}{{defn | 1 = Y }}

{{glossary end}}

== Z ==

{{glossary}}

{{term | term = Z | content = wikt:Z }}{{defn | 1 = Z }}

{{glossary end}}-->

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Arthropod exoskeleton}} * {{annotated link|Glossary of entomology terms}} * {{annotated link|Glossary of scientific naming}} * {{annotated link|List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names}} * {{annotated link|Ultrastructure}}

== References ==

{{reflist|24em|refs= <ref name="Harris1979">{{cite book|last=Harris|date=1979|first=R. A.|title=A glossary of surface sculpturing|publisher=California Department of Food and Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology|edition=28|pages=1–31}}</ref> }}

== External links ==

* [https://antkey.myspecies.info/en/comment/reply/3919 Antkey glossary]<!--http://antkey.org/en/lexicon/43--> * [https://idtools.org/id/ants/pia/Glossary.html PIAkey glossary] {{AntWiki|title=Surface Sculpturing II}}

category:arthropod anatomy Ants category:myrmecology category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists