{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman unit of measurement}} {{other uses}} {{hiero|Schoenus|<hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35B-N36:N21*Z1</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}} '''Schoenus''' ({{langx|la|schœnus}}; {{langx|grc|σχοίνος}}, ''schoinos'', {{abbr|lit.|literally}}&nbsp;"rush rope"; {{langx|egy|i͗trw}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}}{{nbsp}}"river-measure") was an ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman unit of length and area based on the knotted cords first used in Egyptian surveying.

==Length== The Greeks, who adopted it from the Egyptians, generally considered the schoinos equal to 40 stades, but neither the schoinos nor the stadion had an absolute value, and there were several regional variants of each. Strabo noted that it also varied with terrain, and that when he "ascended the hills, the measures of these schoeni were not everywhere uniform, so that the same number sometimes designated a greater, sometimes a less actual extent of road, a variation which dates from the earliest time and exists in our days." Herodotus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/2A*.html#6 2.6] and [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/2B*.html#149 2.149]) says that a schoenus is 60 stadia (or, in modern terms, about {{convert|10.5|km}}).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Or5CKl1ObX4C&pg=PA592|title=The Histories|date=March 5, 1998|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-158955-3|via=Google Books}}</ref> This agrees with the distance implied by the Triacontaschoenus stretching south of the First Cataract in Roman-era Nubia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |last2=Clark |first2=John Desmond |last3=Oliver |first3=Roland Anthony |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjBYQCpfCNkC&pg=PA258 |language=en}}</ref> Pliny the Elder, in his The Natural History ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D11 5.11]) assumes that is 30 stadia. Strabo [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A2*.html#1.24 17.1.24]: says it is to be understood according to the place, but between 30 and 120 stadia. Isidore of Charax's schoenus—used in his ''Parthian Stations''—has been given values between {{cvt|4.7 and 5.5|km|mi}}, but the precise value remains controversial given the known errors in some of his distances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwell |first1=Peter |title=Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control |date=December 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-09573-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgmOZlsEWcC&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Gertrude |last2=Mason |first2=Fergus |title=Amurath to Amurath: Includes Biography of Gertrude Bell |date=2 June 2014 |publisher=BookCaps Study Guides |isbn=978-1-62917-285-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41-0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105 |language=en}}</ref>

{{anchor|Schoinion}}<!--linked--> The Byzantine '''schoinion''' or "little schoenus" ({{lang|grc|σχοινιον}}, ''skhoinion'') was {{nowrap|20{{thinsp}}000 Greek feet}} or 33⅓&nbsp;stades.<ref>[http://www.anistor.gr/history/Byzantine_Units.pdf Byzantine Measures].</ref>

==Area== The Romans also used the schoenus as a unit of area, equivalent to the ''actus quadratus'' or half-jugerum ({{convert|2523|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}) formed by a square with sides of 120 Roman feet. The Heraclean Tables admonished that each schoenus should be planted with 4 olive trees and some grape vines, upon penalty of fines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridgeway |first1=William |title=The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards |date=1892 |publisher=CUP Archive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7U8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also== * Egyptian, Greek, and Roman units * Rope and knot, related units * Knotted cord, the surveying tool initially responsible for the schoenus

==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Hellenic measurement}}

Category:Obsolete units of measurement Category:Units of length Category:Ancient Greek units of measurement

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