Scaphander

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Scaphander lignarius 001.jpg |image_caption = Three preserved specimens of ''Scaphander lignarius'', from left to right, the anterior, anterior, and posterior ends are at the top of the image |taxon = Scaphander |authority = Linnaeus, 1758 |synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" /> |synonyms = * ''Assula'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Brocktonia'' Iredale, 1915 (junior subjective synonym) * ''Bucconia'' Dall, 1890 * ''Bulla (Bullocardia)'' F. Nordsieck, 1972 * ''Bulla (Scaphander)'' Montfort, 1810 (superseded combination) * ''Gioenia'' Bruguière, 1789 unavailable name (suppressed by ICZN Opinion 287) * ''Meloscaphander'' Schepman, 1913 · * ''Scaphander (Bucconia)'' Dall, 1890 * ''Scaphander (Sabatina)'' Dall, 1908 * ''Tricla'' Philippson, 1788 (Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 287) |type_species = ''Bulla lignaria'' Linnaeus, 1758 |display_parents = 3 }}

'''''Scaphander''''' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Scaphandridae, the '''canoe bubbles'''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|137871 |''Scaphander'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|27 October 2024}}</ref>

==Description== (Described as ''Meloscaphander'') The shell is ovate, convex in its upper part, and tapers below, with a low, slightly exserted spire. The aperture is large but shorter than the shell, and the columella is moderately curved and thick. The surface is sculpted with rows of spiral pits. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Schepman |first1=M.M. |title=The Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata of the Siboga Expedition. Part VI. Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata, Tribe Bullomorpha |date=1913 |publisher=Siboga-Expeditie. 49f |page=464|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34450774}}</ref>

(Described as ''Scaphander (Sabatina)'' ) In most, if not all, species of this proposed subgenus, the callosity on the body does not form a distinct "fold." Instead, it appears as an amorphous mass, which sometimes may be granular, smooth, or occasionally tubercular in texture. While the typical fossil species seems to have an interiorly produced callus, the recent species differ notably from Bellardi’s fossil. They not only lack the same callus characteristics but also exhibit a globose shell shape rather than the pyriform shape seen in the fossil. For these globose recent species, I propose the name ''Sabatina'', with ''Scaphander sabatina planeticus'' Dall, 1908 as the type. These species possess an animal capable of fully retracting into the shell, with gastroliths identical to those found in Scaphander lignarius. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dall |first1=W.H. |title=Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieut.-Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N., commanding. XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross", from October, 1904 to March, 1905, Lieut.-Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., commanding. XIV. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda. |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |date=1908 |volume=43 |issue=6 |page=240 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28878051 |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

==Species== Species within the genus ''Scaphander'' include: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Scaphander amygdalus'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * ''Scaphander andamanicus'' E. A. Smith, 1894 * † ''Scaphander brevicula'' Philippi 1887 <ref name="D. Frassinetti 2001">D. Frassinetti. 2001. Molluscos bivalvos y gastrópodos del Mioceno marino de Isla Stokes, sur de Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 50:73-90</ref> * ''Scaphander cancellatus'' E. von Martens, 1902 * † ''Scaphander cauveti'' (de Raincourt, 1885) * ''Scaphander ceylanus'' E. A. Smith, 1904 (uncertain) * ''Scaphander clavus'' Dall, 1889 * † ''Scaphander conicus'' (Deshayes, 1824) * ''Scaphander cornus'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * ''Scaphander darius'' Marcus & Marcus, 1967 * † ''Scaphander dertonensis'' (Sacco, 1896) * ''Scaphander dilatatus'' A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium) * † ''Scaphander elegans'' (K. Martin, 1879) * ''Scaphander elongatus'' A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium) * † ''Scaphander enysi'' (Hutton, 1873) * † ''Scaphander flemingi'' Marwick, 1965 * ''Scaphander gracilis'' Watson, 1886 * ''Scaphander grandis'' (Minichev, 1967) * † ''Scaphander hiulcus'' Laws, 1936 * † ''Scaphander ickei''K. Martin, 1914 * ''Scaphander illecebrosus'' Iredale, 1925 * ''Scaphander imperceptus'' (Bouchet, 1975) * ''Scaphander impunctatus'' Hickman 1980 <ref>C. S. Hickman. 1980. Paleogene Marine Gastropods of the Keasey Formation in Oregon. Bulletins of American Paleontology 78(310):1-112</ref> * ''Scaphander interruptus'' Dall, 1889 <ref>S. N. Nielson and C. Valdovinos. 2008. Early Pleistocene mollusks of the Tubul Formation, south-central Chile. The Nautilus 122(4):201-216</ref> * † ''Scaphander javana'' Martin 1879 <ref>K. Martin. 1879. Die Tertiärschichten auf Java. Nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn. Geologische-Reichsmuseum 1-164</ref> * † ''Scaphander jugularis'' (Conrad, 1855) <ref>T. A. Conrad. 1855. Report Of Mr. T. A. Conrad On The Fossil Shells Collected In California By Wm. P. Blake, Geologist Of The Expedition Under The Command Of Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, United States Topographical Engineers. Description of the fossils and shells collected in California by William P. Blake, Geologist of the United States Pacific Railroad Survey in California. under the command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, In 1853-54. Article 1 of Appendix to the Preliminary Geological Report of WIlliam P. Blake, Geologist of the Survey in California Under the Command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson. Palæontology 5-21</ref> * † ''Scaphander komiticus'' Laws, 1939 * ''Scaphander laetus'' Thiele, 1925 (taxon inquirendum) * † ''Scaphander langdoni'' Dall, 1896 (unassessed) * ''Scaphander lignarius'' (Linnaeus, 1767) * ''Scaphander lignarius lignarius'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - wood-grained canoe bubble * † ''Scaphander malleatus'' Marwick, 1931 * ''Scaphander meridionalis'' Siegwald, Pastorino, Oskars & Malaquias, 2020 * † ''Scaphander miriamae'' Dell, 1952 * ''Scaphander mundus'' Watson, 1883 <ref>P. Bouchet, Opisthobranches de profondeur de l'Océan Atlantique: I - Cephalaspidea</ref> * † ''Scaphander nannus'' Woodring 1928 <ref>W. P. Woodring. 1928. Miocene Molluscs from Bowden, Jamaica. Part 2: Gastropods and discussion of results. Contributions to the Geology and Palaeontology of the West Indies</ref> * ''Scaphander nobilis'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Scaphander obnubilus'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * † ''Scaphander oligoturritus'' Sacco 1897 <ref>M. Harzhauser, M. Euter, W. E. Piller, B. Berning, A. Kroh and O. Mandic. 2009. Oligocene and Early Miocene gastropods from Kutch (NW India) document an early biogeographic switch from Western Tethys to Indo-Pacific. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83:333-372</ref> * ''Scaphander otagoensis'' Dell, 1956 * † ''Scaphander parisiensis'' A. d'Orbigny, 1850 * ''Scaphander pilsbryi'' McGinty, 1955 (taxon inquirendum) * ''Scaphander planeticus'' Dall, 1908 * † ''Scaphander polysarcus'' Cossmann and Pissarro 1913 <ref>P. Jeffery and S. Tracey. 1997. The Early Eocene London Clay Formation mollusc fauna of the former Bursledon Brickworks, Lower Swanwick, Hampshire. Tertiary Research 17(3-4):75-137</ref> * ''Scaphander primus'' (unassessed) * ''Scaphander punctostriatus'' (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842) - giant canoe-bubble * † ''Scaphander radii'' Abbass 1967 <ref>H. L. Abbass. 1967. A monograph on the Egyptian Paleocene and Eocene gastropods. United Arab Republic, Geological Survey-Geological Museum, Palaeontological Series, Monograph (4)1-154</ref> * † ''Scaphander rarus'' Wade 1926 <ref>N. F. Sohl. 1964. Neogastropoda, Opisthobranchia, and Basommatophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff Formations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 331(B):153-344</ref> * † ''Scaphander remondi'' Philippi 1887 <ref name="D. Frassinetti 2001"/> * † ''Scaphander reticulatus'' Pecchioli, 1864 (unassessed) * † ''Scaphander scapha'' Laws, 1933 * ''Scaphander semicallus'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * ''Scaphander sibogae'' Schepman, 1913 * ''Scaphander solomonensis'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * † ''Scaphander stewarti'' Durham 1944 <ref name="W. Durham 1944">J. W. Durham. 1944. Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27:101 -212</ref> * ''Scaphander sulcatinus'' A. Adams, 1862 (nomen dubium) * † ''Scaphander tarbelliana'' (Grateloup, 1837) * † ''Scaphander tenuis'' G. F. Harris, 1897 * ''Scaphander teramachii'' (Habe, 1954) * † ''Scaphander toringa'' Dell, 1952 * ''Scaphander tortuosus'' Siegwald & Malaquias, 2024 * † ''Scaphander washingtonensis'' Tegland 1933 <ref name="W. Durham 1944"/> * † ''Scaphander watsoni'' Dall, 1881 * ''Scaphander watsoni rehderi'' * ''Scaphander willetti'' Dall, 1919 (taxon inquirendum) * † ''Scaphander yonabaruensis'' MacNeil, 1961 {{div col end}}

;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Scaphander alatus'' Dall, 1895: synonym of '' Scaphander mundus'' Watson, 1883 * † ''Scaphander alaskensis'' Clark 1932:<ref>B. L. Clark. 1932. Fauna of the Poul and Yakataga Formations (Upper Oligocene) of Southern Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 43:797-846</ref> synonym of † ''Acila gettysburgensis alaskensis'' (B. L. Clark, 1932) * ''Scaphander attenuatus'' Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''Scaphander cancellatus'' E. von Martens, 1902 (junior subjective synonym) * ''Scaphander bathymophilus'' Dall, 1881: synonym of ''Sabatia bathymophila'' (Dall, 1881) (superseded combination) * ''Scaphander brownii'' Leach, 1852: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Scaphander cumingii'' A. Adams, 1862: synonym of ''Philine cumingii'' (A. Adams, 1862) (original combination) * ''Scaphander cylindrellus'' Dall, 1908: synonym of ''Cylichnium cylindrellum'' (Dall, 1908) (original combination) * † ''Scaphander duseni'' Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992: synonym of † ''Kaitoa duseni'' (Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992) * ''Scaphander fragilis'' (Habe, 1952): synonym of ''Eoscaphander fragilis'' Habe, 1952 * ''Scaphander gibbulus'' Jeffreys, 1856: synonym of ''Weinkauffia gibbula'' (Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of ''Weinkauffia turgidula'' (Forbes, 1844) (original combination) * ''Scaphander giganteus'' Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Scaphander japonicus'' Adams, 1862: synonym of ''Nipponoscaphander japonicus'' (A. Adams, 1862) (superseded combination, original combination) * ''Scaphander librarius'' Lovén, 1846: synonym of ''Scaphander punctostriatus'' (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842) * ''Scaphander loisae'' Bullis, 1956: synonym of ''Scaphander bathymophilus'' (Dall, 1881) * ''Scaphander mulitstriata'' Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''Scaphander multistriatus'' Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''Scaphander japonicus'' A. Adams, 1862 (incorrect gender of species epithet) * ''Scaphander multistriatus'' Brazier, 1877: synonym of ''Scaphander japonicus'' A. Adams, 1862 * ''Scaphander niveus'' R. B. Watson, 1883: synonym of ''Sabatia nivea'' (R. B. Watson, 1883) (original combination) * ''Scaphander pilsbryi'' McGinty, 1955: synonym of ''Scaphander darius'' Marcus & Marcus, 1967 * ''Scaphander pustulosus'' Dall, 1895: synonym of ''Sabatia pustulosa'' Dall, 1895 (original combination) * ''Scaphander robustus'' Okutani, 1966: synonym of ''Sabatia robusta'' (Okutani, 1966) (superseded combination) * ''Scaphander sibogae'' (Schepman, 1913): synonym of ''Scaphander attenuatus'' Schepman, 1913 (invalid: junior secondary homonym of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913) * ''Scaphander stigmatica'' Dall, 1927: synonym of ''Scaphander nobilis'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Scaphander subglobosa'' Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''Scaphander subglobosus'' Schepman, 1913 (original spelling; incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet) * ''Scaphander subglobosus'' Schepman, 1913: synonym of ''Scaphander cancellatus'' E. von Martens, 1902 * ''Scaphander takedai'' (Habe, 1981): synonym of ''Sabatia takedai'' (Habe, 1981) (superseded combination) * ''Scaphander targionius'' Risso, 1826: synonym of ''Scaphander lignarius'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Scaphander vicinus'' E. A. Smith, 1906: synonym of ''Scaphander mundus'' R. B. Watson, 1883 (junior subjective synonym)

==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://archive.today/20130105140539/http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Animalia/Scaphander_Genus.asp ZipCodeZoo] * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}}

==External links== * [https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0642/report.pdf Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642] {{PD-notice}} * [https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/1605/5667 Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER, José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114] * [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107415 Siegwald, J., Oskars, T. R., Kano, Y. & Malaquias, M. A. E. (2022). A global phylogeny of the deep-sea gastropod family Scaphandridae (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): Redefinition and generic classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 169: 107415] * {{cite journal |last1=Eilertsen M.H. & Malaquias M.A. |title=Systematic revision of the genus Scaphander (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2013 |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=389–429 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12013|url-access=subscription }}

Category:Scaphandridae