{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Artemisia filifolia.jpg |status = {{TNCStatus}} |status_system = TNC |genus = Artemisia |species = filifolia |authority = Torr. |synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-110383 The Plant List Artemisia filifolia Torr. ]</ref> |synonyms = *''Artemisia plattensis'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''Oligosporus filifolius'' <small>(Torr.) Poljakov</small> *''Oligosporus filifolius'' <small>(Torr.) W.A.Weber</small> }}
'''''Artemisia filifolia''''', known by common names including '''sand sagebrush''', '''sand sage''' and '''sandhill sage''', is a species of flowering plant in the aster family.<ref name=i>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066145 Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 508 Sand sage ''Artemisia filifolia'' Torrey, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 2: 211. 1827. ]</ref> It is native to North America, where it occurs from Nevada east to South Dakota and from there south to Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas.<ref name=feis>McWilliams, Jack (2003). [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/artfil/all.html ''Artemisia filifolia''.] In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Artemisia%20filifolia.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>Turner, B. L. 1996. The Comps of Mexico: A systematic account of the family Asteraceae, vol. 6. Tageteae and Athemideae. Phytologia Memoirs 10: i–ii, 1–22, 43–93.</ref>
==Description== ''Artemisia filifolia'' is a branching woody shrub growing up to {{convert|1.5|m}} tall. The stems are covered narrow, threadlike leaves up to {{convert|8|cm}} long and no more than half a millimeter wide. The leaves are sometimes split into segments. They are solitary or arranged in fascicles. The inflorescence is a panicle of hanging flower heads. Each head contains sterile disc florets and 2 to 3 fertile ray florets. The fruit is a tiny achene. The achenes do not tend to disperse far from the parent plant.<ref name=feis/><ref name=i/> The leaf color is grayish-green. The flower color is either yellow or brown. The bloom time is between the months of August, September, October, and November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ARFI2 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.wildflower.org}}</ref>
==Ecology== ''Artemisia filifolia'' is a dominant species across much of the west-central United States, particularly in areas where the substrate is a deep, sandy soil.<ref name=feis/> It is an indicator of sandy soils. It is efficient for preventing erosion on such soils.<ref name=utah>[http://extension.usu.edu/range/Woody/sandsage.htm Sand Sagebrush.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323041130/http://extension.usu.edu/range/Woody/sandsage.htm |date=March 23, 2013 }} Range Plants of Utah. Utah State University. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref> It is common in parts of the Great Plains, where it is a dominant component of prairie, grassland, and shrubland ecosystems alongside grasses such as sand bluestem, grama grasses, sand reedgrass, little bluestem, and sand dropseed.<ref name=colo>[http://www.cnhp.colostate.edu/download/projects/eco_systems/pdf/WGP_Sandhill_Shrubland.pdf Western Great Plains Sandhill Shrubland.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071224/http://www.cnhp.colostate.edu/download/projects/eco_systems/pdf/WGP_Sandhill_Shrubland.pdf |date=2012-04-26 }} Ecosystems. Colorado State. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref> Some regions dominated by this sagebrush include the occurrences of the sandsage prairie from Nebraska to central Texas, various river systems in eastern Colorado and Kansas,<ref name=colo/> the sandhills and mixed-grass prairies of Colorado, and parts of southeastern Wyoming. In Texas, it is common in the Trans-Pecos region, where it grows with honey mesquite, and many other areas in the state where it grows with sand shinnery oak.<ref name=feis/>
This ecosystem is most commonly affected by fire and grazing.<ref name=colo/> Before modern fire suppression, the ecosystem was maintained by a pattern of disturbance caused by natural wildfire and grazing by bison, a pattern which is called ''pyric herbivory''.
==Rangeland impact== When humans began to use this terrain as rangeland, this system was altered, causing a homogenization of life forms in the habitat.<ref name=doxon>Doxon, E. D., et al. (2011). [http://web.utk.edu/~edoxon/papers/Doxon%20et%20al%202011b.pdf Aboveground macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance in sand sagebrush prairie managed with the use of pyric herbivory.]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Rangeland Ecol Manage.'' '''64''' 394-403. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref> A balanced regime of fire and grazing is required to sustain the biodiversity of this type of rangeland.<ref name=winter>Winter, S. L., et al. (2011). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02067.x/abstract Restoration of the fire–grazing interaction in ''Artemisia filifolia'' shrubland.] ''Journal of Applied Ecology.'' Online preview. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref> Fire also helps prevent the succession of woody vegetation onto shrublands. The sagebrush is tolerant of fire, resprouting vigorously after its aboveground parts are burned away.<ref name=feis/><ref name=vermeire>Vermeire, L. T., et al. [http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p021/rmrs_p021_233_235.pdf Sand sagebrush response to fall and spring prescribed burning.] In: McArthur, E. Durant, et al. comps. (2001). Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity: proceedings; 2000 June 13–15; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-21. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref>
==Ecosystem== Sand sagebrush ecosystems are important habitat types for many animals. Prairie dogs build towns in sandy sage grassland, and when they abandon them, burrowing owls move in. Sage grouse live in sand sagebrush, though they prefer big sagebrush. Some animals eat the seeds, such as lesser prairie chickens and scaled quail.<ref name=feis/> Lesser prairie chickens also use it for cover and nesting purposes.<ref name=vermeire/> Extensive removal of sand sagebrush has been shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of breeding birds in the habitat.<ref name=rod>Rodgers, R. D. and M. L. Sexson. (1990). [http://www.jswconline.org/content/45/4/494.abstract Impacts of extensive chemical control of sand sagebrush on breeding birds.] ''Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.'' '''45'''(4) 494-97. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref>
Despite its importance in numerous ecosystems, this sagebrush can become a troublesome weed.<ref name=wilson>Wilson, R. G. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3986934 Sand sagebrush (''Artemisia filifolia'') and brittle pricklypear (''Opuntia fragilis'') control.] ''Weed Technology'' '''3'''(2) 272-74. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref> One method of control is burning, then placing livestock where they will graze the new sprouts as they come up.<ref name=feis/> It is also controlled with herbicides<ref name=wilson/> and mowing.<ref name=feis/>
==Commercial use== Sand sagebrush seed is sold commercially. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts on rangeland and coalfields.<ref name=feis/> The Navajo had several uses for the plant. It was used medicinally and for ritual purposes. Being quite soft, it was used as toilet paper.<ref name=feis/><ref name=ethno>[http://extension.usu.edu/range/Woody/sandsage.htm ''Artemisia filifolia''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323041130/http://extension.usu.edu/range/Woody/sandsage.htm |date=March 23, 2013 }} University of Michigan Ethnobotany. Retrieved 12-26-2011.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150323010012/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/artfil.shtml Medicinal Plants of the Southwest] *[http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/artemisia%20filifolia.htm Southwest Colorado Wildflowers] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154622/http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/htm/sand-sagebrush Utah State University, Range Plants of Utah] *[https://www.nps.gov/arch/learn/nature/asteraceae_artemisia_filifolia.htm United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Arches National Park, Old Man Sage (Old-man Sagebrush; Sand Sage; Sand Sagebrush)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190415/http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/arfi2.htm Oklahoma Biological Survey]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q582243}} {{Authority control}}
filifolia Category:Plants described in 1828 Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Category:Flora of Northern America