Salvia divinorum

{{Short description|Species of plant}} {{multiple| {{Update|date=May 2021}} {{more medical citations needed|date=October 2016}} }} {{Speciesbox | image = Salvia divinorum - Herba de Maria.jpg | image_alt = A short green plant with many elliptical shaped leaves of arcuate venation | image_caption = Vegetative habit of ''Salvia divinorum'' | genus = Salvia | species = divinorum | authority = Epling & Játiva<ref name="Valdés1983p287" /><ref name = "POWO" /> | range_map = Nearctic-Mexico Southwest MXS.svg | range_map_caption = Native distribution of ''Salvia divinorum'' in Southwest Mexico<ref name = "POWO">{{cite POWO |id=456121-1 |title=''Salvia divinorum'' Epling & Játiva |accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref> }} {{Psychedelic sidebar}} <!--General features--> '''''Salvia divinorum''''' ({{Langx|la|sage of the diviners}}; also called '''ska maría pastora''', '''seer's sage''', '''yerba de la pastora''', '''magic mint''' or simply '''salvia''') is a species of plant in the sage genus ''Salvia'', known for its transient psychoactive properties when its leaves, or extracts made from the leaves, are administered by smoking, chewing, or drinking (as a tea).<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|title=Salvia divinorum|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/salvia-divinorum.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=8 January 2018|date=2018}}</ref> The leaves contain the potent compound ''salvinorin A'' and can induce a dissociative state and hallucinations.<ref name="front">{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fphar.2015.00190|pmid=26441647|pmc=4561799|title=Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: Pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=6|pages=190|year=2015|last1=Butelman|first1=Eduardo R|last2=Kreek|first2=Mary Jeanne|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<!-- Shamanism --><!-- Legality --> Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of ''S. divinorum'' to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.<ref name="Valdés1983p287">Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p.&nbsp;287.</ref> A media panic in the Western world, especially in the United States {{Circa|2007}}, centered on reports of video sharing of drug use on the internet, legal teenage use of the drug, as well as a teenage suicide in Delaware, despite it being "unclear" what role the drug played in the incident.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-02-02 |title='Salvia Killed My Son,' Says Mother |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=6782912 |publisher=|website=ABC News}}</ref> ''S.''{{Nbsp}}''divinorum'' is legal in some countries, including the U.S. at the federal level;<ref name="DEA2020">{{cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Salvia Divinorum and Salvinorin A 2020 |url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/salvia_d.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418224442/https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/salvia_d.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=7 December 2022 |work=Drugs and Chemicals of Concern |publisher=Diversion Control - U.S. Department of Justice - Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) |quote=Street Names: Maria Pastora, Sage of the Seers, Diviner’s Sage, Salvia, Sally-D, Magic Mint}}</ref> however over half of U.S. states have passed laws criminalizing it.<ref name="DEA2008">{{cite web |date=June 2008 |title=Salvia Divinorum and Salvinorin A 2008 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/salvia_d/salvia_d.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622211339/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/salvia_d/salvia_d.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=15 September 2008 |work=Drugs and Chemicals of Concern |publisher=Office of Diversion Control - U.S. Department of Justice - Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)}}</ref>

<!--Origin--> Its native habitat is cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady, moist locations.<ref name="Reisfield1993intro" /><ref name="Valdes1987">Valdes 1987, p. 106.</ref> The plant grows to over a meter high,<ref name="Valdés1983p287" /> has hollow square stems like others in the mint family Lamiaceae, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. Botanists have not determined whether ''S. divinorum'' is a cultigen or a hybrid because native plants reproduce vegetatively and rarely produce viable seed.<ref name="Marushia2002p3">Marushia 2002, p.&nbsp;3.</ref><ref name="Reisfield1993barrier" />

<!-- Chemistry--> Because the plant has not been well-studied in high-quality clinical research, little is known about its toxicology, adverse effects, or safety over long-term consumption.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="front" /> Its chief active psychoactive constituent is a structurally unique diterpenoid called ''salvinorin A'',<ref name=front/><ref name="Prisinzano2005p527">Prisinzano 2006, p.&nbsp;527.</ref><ref name="Imanshahidi2006p430">Imanshahidi & Hosseinzadeh 2006, p.&nbsp;430.</ref> a potent κ-opioid agonist.<ref name="Roth2002pabstract" /> Although not thoroughly assessed, preliminary research indicates ''S. divinorum'' may have low toxicity (high {{LD50}}).<ref name="Mowry2003p382" /><ref>Grundmann 2007</ref> Its effects are rapid but short-lived.<ref name=drugs/>

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==Etymology== The genus name, ''Salvia'', was first used by Pliny for a plant that was likely ''Salvia officinalis'' (common sage) and is derived from the Latin ''salvere''.<ref name="Kintzios2000">Kintzios 2000</ref><ref name="Suttion2004">Sutton 2004</ref> The specific epithet, ''divinorum'', was given because of the plant's traditional use in divination.<ref name="Reisfield1993intro">Reisfield 1993, Introduction.</ref> It is often loosely translated as "diviner's sage" or "seer's sage".<ref name="Boire2002" /> Albert Hofmann, who collected the first plants with Gordon Wasson, objected to the new plant being given the name ''divinorum'': "I was not very happy with the name because ''Salvia divinorum'' means 'Salvia of the ghosts,' whereas ''Salvia divinatorum'', the correct name, means 'Salvia of the priests'." It is now in the botanical literature under the name ''Salvia divinorum'' due to priority rules.<ref name="refGrof2001">Grof 2001</ref>

===Common names=== There are many common names for ''S. divinorum'', including ''sage of the diviners'',<ref name="Medana2005p131">Medana et al. 2005, p.&nbsp;131.</ref> ''ska maría pastora'',<ref name="Valdes1983p288">Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p.&nbsp;288.</ref> ''seer's sage'',<ref name="Boire2002" /> ''yerba de la pastora'',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SADI7|taxon=''Salvia divinorum''|access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> simply ''salvia,'' and colloquially ''sally-d'' and ''magic mint''.<ref name="DEA2020" />

==History== [[File:Huautla de Jimenez.jpg|right|thumb|Mazatec people performing a ritual dance in Huautla de Jimenez]]

''Salvia divinorum'' is native to the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Mexico, where it is still used by the Mazatec, primarily to facilitate shamanic visions in the context of curing or divination. ''S. divinorum'' is one of several plant species with hallucinogenic properties that are ritually used by Mazatec shamans. In their rituals, the shamans use only freshly harvested ''S. divinorum'' leaves. They see the plant as an incarnation of the Virgin Mary, and begin the ritual with an invocation to Mary, Saint Peter, the Holy Trinity, and other saints.<ref name="Valdés1983p287" /> Ritual use traditionally involves being in a quiet place after ingestion of the leaf—the Maztec shamans say that "''La Maria'' (''S. divinorum'') speaks with a quiet voice."<ref name="Reisfield1993barrier" />

It is also used in smaller amounts, as a diuretic, and to treat ailments including diarrhea, anemia, headaches, rheumatism, and a semi-magical disease known as ''panzón de borrego'', or a swollen belly (literally, "lamb belly").<ref name="Imanshahidi2006p430" /><ref name="Valdés1983">Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983.</ref>

The history of the plant is not well known, and there has been no definitive answer to the question of its origin. Speculation includes ''Salvia divinorum'' being a wild plant native to the area; a cultigen of the Mazatecs; or a cultigen introduced by another Indigenous group. Botanists have also not been able to determine whether it is a hybrid or a cultigen.<ref name="Marushia2002p6">Marushia 2002, p.&nbsp;6.</ref>

===Academic discovery=== [[file:Jbjohnson.jpg|thumb|Jean Basset Johnson, who studied Mazatec shamanism during the 1930s]] ''Salvia divinorum'' was first recorded in print by Jean Basset Johnson in 1939 while he was studying Mazatec shamanism.<ref name="Marushia2002p2">Marushia 2002, p.&nbsp;2.</ref> He later documented its use and reported its effects through personal testimonials of users.<ref name="Valdes1983p290">Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p.&nbsp;290.</ref> It was not until 2002 that Bryan Roth and his team identified the psychoactive mechanism.<ref name="Roth2002pabstract"/>

Gordon Wasson tentatively postulated that the plant could be the mythological ''pipiltzintzintli'', the "Noble Prince" of the Aztec codices.<ref name="Valdes1983p288" /><ref name="Wasson1963">Wasson 1963.</ref> Wasson's speculation has been the subject of further debate amongst ethnobotanists, with some scepticism coming from Leander J. Valdés,<ref name="Valdés2001">Valdés 2001.</ref> and counterpoints more supportive of Wasson's theory from Jonathan Ott.<ref name="Ott1995">Ott 1995.</ref>

The identity of another mysterious Aztec entheogen, namely that of ''poyomatli'', has also been suggested as being ''Salvia divinorum''.<ref name="Dweck1997">Dweck 1997, p.15.</ref><!--Dweck via orig.ref. Mann 1989--> Here too there are other candidate plants, notably cacahuaxochitl (''Quararibea funebris''),<ref name="Erowid2007">Erowid (Cacahuaxochitl) 2007.</ref>

==Botany== thumb|upright|alt=The top of a skinny flowering plant, with dark green oval leaves near the bottom and in the background. In the foreground is a lighter green stem with many light blue calyces|Flowering ''Salvia divinorum''

thumb|right|Flower detail, showing violet calyx and white corolla

''Salvia divinorum'' has large green ovate (often also dentate) leaves,<ref name=Giroud2000>Giroud 2000.</ref> with a yellow undertone that reach {{convert|10|to|30|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long. The leaves have no hairs on either surface, and little or no petiole.<ref name="Valdes1987"/> The plant grows to well over {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} in height,<ref name="Valdés1983p287" /> on hollow square stems which tend to break or trail on the ground, with the plant rooting quite readily at the nodes and internodes.<ref name="Clebsch"/>

The flowers, which bloom only rarely, grow in whorls on a {{convert|30|cm|in|adj=on}} inflorescence, with about six flowers to each whorl. The {{convert|3|cm|in|frac=4|adj=on}} flowers are white, curved and covered with hairs, and held in a small violet calyx that is covered in hairs and glands. When it does bloom in its native habitat, it does so from September to May.<ref name="Clebsch"/>

Early authors erred in describing the flowers as having blue corollas, based on Epling and Játiva's description. The first plant material they received was dried, so they based the flower color on an erroneous description by Hofmann and Wasson, who didn't realize that their "blue flowers, crowned with a white dome" were in fact violet calyces with unopened white corollas.<ref name="Valdés1983p287" /><ref name="Clebsch"/><ref name="Reisfield1993previousresearch">Reisfield 1993, Previous Research.</ref>

===Distribution and habitat=== ''Salvia divinorum'' is endemic to the Sierra Mazateca in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, growing in the primary or secondary cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest at elevations from {{convert|300|to|1830|m|ft}}. Its most common habitat is black soil along stream banks where small trees and bushes provide an environment of low light and high humidity.<ref name="Clebsch"/><ref name="Ott1996" />

===Reproduction=== ''Salvia divinorum'' produces few viable seeds even when it does flower—no seeds have ever been observed on plants in the wild. For an unknown reason, pollen fertility is also comparatively reduced. There is no active pollen tube inhibition within the style, but some event or process after the pollen tube reaches the ovary is aberrant. The likeliest explanations are inbreeding depression or hybridity,<ref name="Reisfield1993barrier">Reisfield 1993, The Barrier to Fertility.</ref> although the latter was rejected in 2010.<ref name="Jenks"/> All of the Mazatec populations appear to be clonal.<ref name="Marushia2002p4">Marushia 2002, p.&nbsp;4.</ref> The plant's square stems break easily and tend to trail on the ground, rooting easily at the nodes and internodes.<ref name="Reisfield1993distribution">Reisfield 1993, Distribution, Ecology, & Flower Initiation.</ref>

===Taxonomy=== ''Salvia divinorum'' was first documented in 1939; yet, it was many years before botanists could identify the plant due to Mazatec secrecy about the growing sites.<ref name=Reisfield1993intro/> Flowers were needed for a definitive identification of the species. In 1962, the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann and ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson traveled throughout the Sierra Mazateca researching Mazatec rituals while looking for specimens of the plant. They were unable to locate live plants. Eventually, the Mazatec provided them some flowering specimens.<ref name="Marushia2002p2" /> These specimens were sent to botanists Carl Epling and Carlos D. Játiva, who described and named the plant as ''Salvia divinorum'', in reference to its use in divination and healing by the Mazatec.<ref name="Reisfield1993intro" /> By 1985, up to fifteen populations of the plant had been located.<ref name="Clebsch">Clebsch & Barner 2003, p. 106.</ref>

Until 2010, there were differing opinions as to whether ''Salvia divinorum'' is an interspecific hybrid. The plant's partial sterility was suggestive of a hybrid origin, though no two parent species have been found with an obvious affinity to ''Salvia divinorum''.<ref name="Valdes1987"/><ref name="Marushia2002p3"/><ref name="Reisfield1993barrier" /> One other possibility for the plant's partial sterility is that long-term cultivation and selection have produced an inbred cultigen.<ref name="Reisfield1993barrier" /><ref group="nb">Botanist Valdés (1987), wrote that, "It is doubtful that the Salvia is a true cultigen", based partly on his belief that it was first "collected in the highlands and planted in more accessible places, where it becomes naturalized". The main cultigen proponent is Gordon Wasson, who is not a botanist.</ref>

In 2010, a molecular phylogenetic approach by DNA sequencing of ''Salvia divinorum'' and a number of related species suggested that the species is not a hybrid.<ref name="Jenks">{{cite journal |last1=Jenks |first1=Aaron A. |last2=Walker |first2=Jay B. |last3=Kim |first3=Seung-Chul |title=Evolution and origins of the Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, ''Salvia divinorum'' (Lamiaceae): a molecular phylogenetic approach |journal=Journal of Plant Research |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s10265-010-0394-6 |pmid=21125306 |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=593–600|s2cid=28382245 }}</ref> One earlier proposed parent was ''Salvia cyanea'' (a synonym for ''Salvia concolor''), which Epling and Játiva believed to be closely allied to ''Salvia divinorum''.<ref name="Ott1996">Ott 1996</ref><ref name="Reisfield1987">Reisflield 1987, p. 199.</ref><ref group="nb">Reisfield is unsure why Epling "used the invalid name (the synonym rather than the valid name ''S. concolor''), nor why he considered this species close to ''S. divinorum''".</ref> The 2010 study demonstrated ''Salvia divinorum''{{'}}s closest relative to be ''Salvia venulosa''—a rare and endemic ''Salvia'' that is native to Colombia, growing in shaded, wooded gullies at {{convert|1500|to|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} elevation. It also showed that ''Salvia divinorum'' does not belong to the ''Salvia'' section ''Dusenostachys'', as believed earlier. The genetic study also indicated that ''Salvia venulosa'' was likely misplaced into ''Salvia'' section ''Tubiflorae'', and that it may not be related to other Colombian ''Salvia'' species, though further tests are needed.<ref name="Jenks"/> A 2013 follow-up analysis of more ''Salvia'' species reported the same result.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenks |first1=Aaron A. |last2=Walker |first2=Jay B. |last3=Kim |first3=Seung-Chul |title=Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data |journal=Journal of Plant Research |date=July 2013 |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=483–496 |doi=10.1007/s10265-012-0543-1|pmid=23263465 |bibcode=2013JPlR..126..483J |s2cid=10118010 }}</ref>

The origin of ''Salvia divinorum'' was still a mystery as of 1993, one of only three plants in the extensive genus ''Salvia'' (approximately 900 species) with unknown origins—the other two being ''Salvia tingitana'' and ''Salvia buchananii''.<ref name="Foley">Foley 1993, p. 56.</ref>

===Strains=== thumb|alt=Three short green plants in a pot filled with soil. There are many oval-shaped green leaves and no flowers.|Three ''Salvia divinorum'' plants There are two commonly cultivated strains which are known to be distinct. One is the strain that was collected in 1962 by ecologist and psychologist Sterling Bunnell (the ''Bunnell'' strain), colloquially mis-attributed as the ''Wasson-Hofmann strain''. The other was collected from Huautla de Jiménez in 1991 by anthropologist Bret Blosser (the ''Blosser'' or ''Palatable'' strain).<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_timeline.php Erowid, Salvia Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419113826/http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_timeline.php |date=2009-04-19 }}.</ref><ref>Siebert 2003.</ref> There are other strains that are not as well documented, such as the ''Luna'' strain (possibly ''Bunnell'') isolated from a Hawaiian patch of ''Salvia divinorum'' clones, featuring unusually serrated and rounded rather than ovate leaves.<ref>[http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvlf.html Siebert, 'Luna' Clone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720063623/http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvlf.html |date=2009-07-20 }}.</ref>

===Cultivation===

====Propagation by cuttings==== ''Salvia divinorum'' is usually propagated through vegetative reproduction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spectral Mindustries |title=The Salvia Divinorum Grower's Guide |url=https://files.shroomery.org/cms/5093093-SalviaGrowersGuide.pdf |website=Shroomery}}</ref> Small cuttings, between {{convert|2|and|8|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, cut off of the mother plant just below a node, will usually root in plain tap water within two or three weeks.<ref name=SiebertGrow>Siebert (Cultivation advice).</ref><ref name=Beifuss1997>Beifuss 1997.</ref>

====Flowering==== Blooms occur when the day length becomes shorter than 12 hours (beginning in mid-October in some places), necessitating the use of shade cloth in urban environments with exposure to light pollution caused by HPS lighting. Both Siebert and hobbyist reports indicate that viable seeds can, on occasion, be produced under cultivation, following hand-pollination or hummingbird pollination.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = McCall | first1 = Carl P. |last2= Siebert | first2= Daniel |url = https://seamac.info/sageseeds/ |title = Growing your OWN Salvia divinorum Seeds: A Simple Step by Step Illustrated Guide |access-date = 2011-02-10 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110112205758/http://members.cox.net/sageseeds/ |archive-date = 2011-01-12 }}</ref>

==Chemistry== {{Further|Salvinorin A}} class=skin-invert-image|alt=A chemical structure diagram showing benzene rings and various bonding with oxygen and hydrogen molecules|thumb|Salvinorin A

The known active constituent of ''Salvia divinorum'' is a ''trans''-neoclerodane diterpenoid known as '''salvinorin A''' (chemical formula C₂₃H₂₈O₈).<ref name="Prisinzano2005p528">Prisinzano 2006, p.&nbsp;528.</ref> This compound is present in the dried plant at about 0.18%.<ref name="Ott1995" />

Salvinorin A is not an alkaloid (meaning it does not contain a basic nitrogen), unlike most known opioid receptor ligands.<ref name="Harding2006p107">Harding, Schmidt & Tidgewell 2006, p.&nbsp;107.</ref> Salvinorin A is the first documented diterpene hallucinogen.<ref name=Giroud2000/>

Similar to many psychoactive herbs, ''Salvia divinorum'' synthesizes and excretes its active constituent (salvinorin A) via trichomes, of the peltate-glandular morphology, located just beneath the cuticle (subcuticular) layer.<ref>Siebert 2004.</ref><ref>Kunkel 2004.</ref>

===Potency=== By mass, salvinorin A "is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen."<ref name="Imanshahidi2006p431">Imanshahidi & Hosseinzadeh 2006, p.&nbsp;431.</ref> It is active at doses as low as 200 μg.<ref name="Marushia2002p11">Marushia 2002, p.&nbsp;11.</ref><ref name="Prisinzano2005p528" /><ref name="Imanshahidi2006p431" /> Synthetic chemicals, such as LSD (active at 20–30&nbsp;μg doses), can be more potent.<ref name="greiner">{{cite journal |author1=Greiner T |author2=Burch NR |author3=Edelberg R | title=Psychopathology and psychophysiology of minimal LSD-25 dosage; a preliminary dosage-response spectrum | journal=AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry | year=1958 | pages=208–10 | volume=79 | issue=2 | pmid=13497365 | doi=10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340020088016}}</ref> Research has shown that salvinorin A is a potent and selective κ-opioid (kappa-opioid) receptor agonist.<ref name="Roth2002pabstract">Roth et al. 2002, p.&nbsp;abstract.</ref><ref name="Prisinzano2005p528" /> It has been reported that the effects of salvinorin A in mice are blocked by κ-opioid receptor antagonists.<ref name="Roth2002pabstract"/><ref name="Zhang2005pabs">Zhang et al. 2005, p.&nbsp;abstract.</ref> However, it is an even more potent D₂ receptor partial agonist, and it is likely this action plays a significant role in its effects as well.<ref name="Seeman2009">Seeman et al. 2009.</ref> Salvinorin A has no actions at the 5-HT_2A serotonin receptor, the principal molecular target responsible for the actions of 'classic' hallucinogens, such as mescaline and LSD, nor is it known to have affinity for any other sites to date.<ref name="Roth2002pabstract"/>

In experiments, salvinorin A has shown little toxicity. Rodents chronically exposed to levels many times greater than those to which humans expose themselves show no signs of organ damage.<ref name="Mowry2003p382">Mowry, Mosher & Briner 2003, p.&nbsp;382.</ref>

===Other terpenoids=== Other terpenoids have been isolated from ''Salvia divinorum'', including other salvinorins and related compounds named divinatorins and salvinicins.<ref>Harding 2005.</ref> None of these compounds has shown significant (sub-micromolar) affinity at the κ-opioid receptor, and there is no evidence that they contribute to the plant's psychoactivity.<ref name="Bigham2003">Bigham et al. 2003.</ref><ref name="Rizzacasa2003">Munro & Rizzacasa 2003.</ref>

===Other pharmaceutical action=== Salvinorin A is capable of inhibiting excess intestinal motility (e.g. diarrhea), through a combination of κ-opioid and cannabinoid (mainly CB₁ receptor) receptors in ''inflamed'' but not normal gut ''in vivo''. The mechanism of action for Salvinorin A on ileal tissue has been described as 'prejunctional', as it was able to modify electrically induced contractions, but ''not'' those of exogenous acetylcholine.<ref>Capasso 2006.</ref> Results from a study at the University of Iowa indicate that it may have potential as an analgesic and as a therapeutic tool for treating drug addictions.<ref>Masis 2007-02-28 (US Media)</ref><ref name="PrisinzanoTidgewellHarding2005">Prisinzano, Tidgewell & Harding 2005.</ref>

A pharmacologically important aspect of the contraction-reducing (antispasmodic) properties of ingested Salvinorin A on gut tissue is that it is only pharmacologically active on ''inflamed'' and ''not'' normal tissue, thus reducing possible side-effects.<ref>Capasso 2008.</ref>

==Ingestion== There are a few ways to consume ''Salvia divinorum''. In traditional Mazatec ritual, shamans use only fresh ''Salvia divinorum'' leaves. Modern methods have been developed to more effectively absorb the active principle, salvinorin A. If enough salvinorin A is absorbed, an altered state of consciousness can occur. The duration of experience varies with the method of ingestion and the amount of salvinorin A absorbed.

===Traditional methods=== Mazatec shamans crush the leaves to extract leaf juices from about 20 to 80 or more fresh leaves (i.e. about {{convert|50-200|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=on|disp=or}}). They usually mix these juices with water to create an infusion or 'tea' which they drink to induce visions in ritual healing ceremonies.<ref name="Valdés1983" />

Chewing and swallowing a large number of fresh leaves is the other Mazatec method.<ref name=SiebertSdUG/><ref name=HarrisonShepherdess>Harrison. The Leaves of the Shepherdess. 2000.</ref> Oral consumption of the leaf makes the effects come on more slowly, over a period of 10 to 20 minutes. The experience, from the onset of effects, lasts from about 30 minutes up to one and a half hours.<ref name=SiebertFAQVI/>

Doses for chewing vastly exceed doses used for smoking. By calculating the concentrations per leaf ("an average concentration of 2.45&nbsp;mg per gram" of leaf),<ref name=SiebertFAQX>Siebert (FAQ)—Section X.</ref> the average weight per leaf ("about 50&nbsp;g" per 20 leaves, or 2.5&nbsp;g/leaf),<ref name=Valdes1983>Valdes 1983.</ref> and the standard dose for chewing (about 8–28 leaves),<ref name=SiebertSdUG/> the doses can range from about 50&nbsp;mg to 172&nbsp;mg.

===Modern methods=== Modern methods of ingestion include smoking or chewing the leaf, or using a tincture, as described in the following sections.

thumb|alt=A pile of brownish-dark green dried leaf pieces, with a ruler for measurement. The pieces are generally round with diameters of 1 to 4 mm. Some pieces are rectangular, about 1 to 3 mm wide and 3 to 8 mm long.|right|0.5&nbsp;g. of 25x ''S. divinorum'' extract<nowiki> </nowiki>''Salvia divinorum'' is becoming more widely known and used in modern culture. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual US based survey sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), for 2006 estimated that about 1.8 million persons aged 12 or older had used ''Salvia divinorum'' in their lifetime, of which approximately 750,000 had done so in that year.<ref>SAMHSA 2006.</ref> The following year, 2007, saw the annual figure rise from 750,000 to 1 million US users.<ref name=Sullum2009>Sullum 2009.</ref>

====Smoking==== Dry leaves can be smoked in a pipe, or through the use of a water pipe to cool the smoke.<ref name="SiebertSmokeAdvice">Siebert (Smoke advice).</ref> The temperature required to release salvinorin from the plant material is quite high (about 240&nbsp;°C). A cooler flame will work, but the direct application of a more intense flame, such as that of a torch lighter, is often preferred.<ref name="SiebertSmokeAdvice" />

Some find that untreated dry leaf produces unnoticeable or only light effects.<ref name=SiebertSdUG/> Concentrated preparations or extracts which may be smoked in place of untreated leaves, have become widely available. This enhanced (or "fortified") leaf is described by a number followed by an x (e.g. ''5x'', ''10x''), the multiplicative factors being generally indicative of the relative amounts of leaf concentrate, though there is no accepted standard for these claims. Other sources may use a system of color codes to form their own standards of potency; for example, "green", "yellow", and "red."

These grades of potency may be roughly indicative of the relative concentration of the active principle, (salvinorin A), but the measure should not be taken as absolute. Overall extract potency will depend on the (naturally varying) strength of the untreated leaf used in preparing the extract, as well as the efficiency of the extraction process itself. Extracts reduce the overall amount of inhalations needed to ingest a given amount of active principle, thus facilitating more powerful experiences.<ref name="SiebertFAQIV">Siebert (FAQ)—Section IV.</ref>

If salvia is smoked, then the main effects are experienced quickly. The most intense 'peak' is reached within a minute or so and lasts for 1–5 minutes, followed by a gradual tapering off. At 5–10 minutes, less intense yet still noticeable effects typically persist, giving way to a returning sense of the everyday and familiar until back to baseline after about 15 to 20 minutes.<ref name="SiebertFAQVI">Siebert (FAQ)—Section VI.</ref>

====Quid chewing==== The traditional method of chewing the leaves has continued in modern use. However, salvinorin A is generally considered to be inactive when orally ingested, as salvinorin A is effectively deactivated by the gastrointestinal system.<ref>Siebert 1994.</ref> Therefore, in what's understood to be a modern innovation, the 'quid' of leaves is held in the mouth as long as possible in order to facilitate absorption of the active constituents through the oral mucosa.<ref name="Ott1996"/> 'Quid' refers to the fact that at the end of this method the user spits out the leaves rather than swallowing them because ingesting the leaves has no known effect. Chewing consumes more of the plant than smoking, and produces a longer-lasting experience.

====Using a tincture==== Less commonly, some may ingest salvia in the form of a tincture. This is administered sublingually, usually with the aid of a glass dropper. It may be taken diluted with water just before use, which may slightly reduce the intensity of its effects, but can also serve to lessen or avoid a stinging sensation in the mouth caused by the presence of alcohol. Tinctures vary in potency, and the effects can range from inducing a mild meditative state to bringing about a more intense hallucinatory one.<ref name=SiebertSdUG>Sage Student - Sd User Guide.</ref>

When taken as a tincture the effects and duration are similar to other methods of oral ingestion, though they may be significantly more intense, depending on extract potency.<ref name=SiebertSdUG/>

==Effects== {{See also|Salvinorin A#Pharmaceutical action}} thumb|Common effects of Salvia Divinorum

<!--Please take particular care when editing this section—Wikipedia is not simply a platform for you to post your own experience --> Aside from individual reported experiences, there has been a limited amount of published work summarizing salvia divinorum's effects. A survey of salvia users found that 38% described the effects as unique in comparison to other methods of altering consciousness. 23% said the effects were like yoga, meditation, or trance.<ref name="Baggott2004p14">Baggott & Erowid 2004, p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Users have written prose about their experiences;<ref name="Lizard2001">Lizard 2001.</ref><ref name="SiebertArts">Siebert (Arts)</ref> some describing their visions pictorially, and there exist examples of 'salvia-inspired' visionary art. Others claim musical inspiration from the plant.<ref name="SiebertArts" />

=== Near-death experience === A 2019 large-scale study found that ketamine, ''Salvia divinorum'', and DMT (and other classical psychedelic substances) are linked to near-death experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martial |first1=C |last2=Cassol |first2=H |last3=Charland-Verville |first3=V |last4=Pallavicini |first4=C |last5=Sanz |first5=C |last6=Zamberlan |first6=F |last7=Vivot |first7=RM |last8=Erowid |first8=F |last9=Erowid |first9=E |last10=Laureys |first10=S |last11=Greyson |first11=B |last12=Tagliazucchi |first12=E |title=Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |date=March 2019 |volume=69 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 |pmid=30711788|hdl=2268/231971 |s2cid=73432875 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Vaporization=== Ethnobotanist Daniel Siebert cautions that inhaling hot air can be irritating and potentially damaging to the lungs. Vapor produced by a heat gun needs to be cooled by running it through a water pipe or cooling chamber before inhalation.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.erowid.org/ask/ask.php?ID=3139 |title = Ask Erowid : ID 3139 : Do vaporizers work with ''Salvia divinorum''?}}</ref>

===Research (US)=== In 2007 an ABC news report said excitement over research into salvia "could vanish overnight if the federal government criminalized the sale or possession of salvia, as the Drug Enforcement Agency [sic] is considering doing right now."<ref name="Terry20071006">Terry 2007-10-03 (US Media).</ref> Scientists worry that such legislation would restrict further work.<ref name="Roth2007">Roth 2007.</ref><ref name="Schaper20060320">Schaper 2006-03-20 (US Media).</ref>

==Controversy== thumb|alt=A rectangular plastic re-sealable zipper storage bag that appears to be approximately 10 by 15 centimeters. The bag has a white label and a large wavy orange stripe. The top of the label reads: "THE STANDARDIZED SALVIA DIVINORUM" in large letters and "STANDARDIZED 20X EXTRACT" in smaller letters immediately below. The bottom of the label reads "8 mg STANDARDIZED SALVINORIN-A EXTRACT" in small letters. Affixed to the bag is an orange price tag reading "SPECIAL $5.99."|Salvia extract as it is commonly sold in stores where it is legal The relatively recent emergence of ''Salvia divinorum'' in modern Western culture, in comparison to its long continuing traditions of Indigenous use, contrasts widely differing attitudes on the subject.

Opinions range from veneration of the plant as a spiritual sacrament or "a gift from the gods"<ref name="Valdés1983" /><ref name="Schultes1992">Schultes 1992.</ref> to a "threat to society," to be banned as quickly as possible in order to "spare countless families the horror of losing a loved one to the relentless tentacles of drug abuse".<ref name="Cardall20061128">Cardall 2006-12-12 (US Media).</ref>

===Media coverage=== Interest in ''Salvia divinorum'' escalated in the news media in the late 2000s, particularly in the United States, where an increasing number of newspaper reports have been published and television news stories broadcast.<ref>Shafer 2008-05-06 (US Media).</ref>

These stories generally raise alarms over salvia's legal status, for example comparing it to LSD,<ref name="Martell20070618">Martell 2007-06-18 (US Media).</ref><ref name="Devine20070219">Devine 2007-02-19 (US Media).</ref><ref name="Blake20061113">Blake 2006-11-13 (US Media).</ref> or describing it as "the new pot",<ref name="Sanchick20070214">Sanchick 2007-02-14 (US Media).</ref> with parental concerns being raised by particular focus on salvia's use by younger teens.

Story headlines may also include 'danger' keywords, such as "Dangerous Herb is Legal..."<ref name="Dujanovic20061127">Dujanovic 2006-11-27 (US Media).</ref> or "Deadly Dangers Of A Street Legal High".<ref name="Quinones20061130">Quinones 2006-11-30 (US Media).</ref>

Mainstream news coverage and journalistic opinion has widely been negative on the subject. In a local news report aired on ABC affiliate WJLA in Washington, DC on July 11, 2007, the anchors are seen to exchange expressions of incredulity when referring to a salvia story with the following introduction "Now, an exclusive I-Team investigation of a hallucinogenic drug that has begun to sweep the nation. What might amaze you is that right now the federal government is doing nothing to stop it."<ref name="Baskin20070711">Baskin 2007-07-11 (US Media).</ref>

In March 2008, a Texas news report aired with the story "A legal drug that teenagers are now using to get high could soon be banned here in San Antonio - all because of a Fox News 4 investigation," going on to say, "The drug is legal in Texas, at least for now. But a News 4 investigation could lead to a new ordinance to protect your kids."<ref name=Chancellor20080314>Chancellor 2008-03-14 (US Media).</ref>

Many salvia media stories headline with comparisons to LSD. However, while LSD and salvinorin A may have comparative potencies, in the sense that both can produce their effects at low dosages, they are otherwise quite different. The two substances are not chemically similar or related, as salvinorin A is found naturally in a single plant while LSD is chemically semisynthesized from lysergamides like ergotamine. They are ingested in different ways and produce different effects, which manifest themselves over different timescales. For example, the effects of salvia when smoked typically last for only a few minutes as compared to LSD, whose effects can persist for 8 to 12 hours.<ref name="SiebertFAQVI"/><ref>Shulgin 1997.</ref>

===Brett's law=== {{Main|Brett's law}} A particular focus of many US media stories is the long-running coverage of the case of Brett Chidester,<ref name="Baskin20070711" /><ref name="Anderson20060413" /> a 17-year-old Delaware student who committed suicide in January 2006 by carbon monoxide poisoning.

Reportedly, some months before this, Brett's mother Kathleen Chidester had learned about his salvia use and questioned him about it. Brett said that he had ceased his experimentation, but his parents did not believe that he was telling the truth. They have instead argued that salvia-induced depression was largely to blame for his death. Some of Brett's earlier writings about his salvia experiences have been used to suggest that it made him think "existence in general is pointless." Some media stories have referred to these earlier written experience reports as if they were part of Brett's suicide note.<ref name=Schaper20060320/><ref name="Anderson20060413"/> A law was soon passed in Delaware classifying the herb as a Schedule I controlled substance in that state. This legislation was nicknamed Brett's law (formally referred to as Senate bill 259).<ref>Peterson 2006.</ref>

Although the Chidester story has been given continued exposure by US media, there has not been anywhere else, either before or since this controversial incident, any other reported cases involving or alleging ''Salvia divinorum'' as a serious factor in suicide, overdose, accidental, or any other kind of death. Regarding this, San Francisco attorney Alex Coolman has commented, "It's remarkable that Chidester's parents, and ''only'' Chidester's parents, continue to be cited over and over again by the mainstream media in their coverage of the supposed 'controversy' over the risks of ''Salvia divinorum''."<ref>Coolman 2007.</ref>

Kathleen Chidester has continued campaigning for "Schedule I"-like legislation beyond their home state of Delaware. For example, three years after Brett's death, in written testimony in support of Senator Richard Colburn's proposed Senate Bill to the Maryland State Legislature, saying, "My hope and goal is to have salvia regulated across the US. It's my son's legacy and I will not end my fight until this happens."<ref>Michael 2009-01-28 (US Media).</ref>

===Usage shown on YouTube=== {{update|date=October 2020}} In 2007, videos were shared on YouTube of alleged salvia users laughing uncontrollably, apparently unable to perform simple tasks or to communicate.<ref name="Baskin20070711" /><ref name="Sontaya20070510">Sontaya 2007-05-10 (US Media).</ref> In an interview published in the San Francisco Chronicle in June 2007, Daniel Siebert said that the videos "make salvia look like some horrible drug that makes people nuts and dangerous ..." and that it stops people from realizing "there are sensible ways to use something like this."<ref name="Allday20070627">Allday 2007-06-27 (US Media).</ref>

Waco Representative Charles Anderson (R), who is sponsoring one of several bills to ban salvia in Texas,{{#tag:ref|In fact the video is one in a series of parodies featuring Erik J. Hoffstad, a production assistant in Los Angeles. In the film Hoffstad smokes salvia in a parked car (his friends reportedly making sure he did not have the real keys).<ref name=Sack20080908/>|group=nb}} told colleagues at a legislative hearing about a video that depicts a salvia user behind the wheel of a car. "What we really worry about, is youngsters doing this and then getting in a vehicle or getting on a motorcycle or jumping in a pool somewhere."<ref name="Sack20080908">Sack 2008-09-08 (US Media).</ref>

Michigan Representative Michael Sak (D) submitted a bill which proposed Schedule I classification of ''Salvia divinorum'' and salvinorin A.<ref>Sak 2008.</ref> He said that if people had questions about the deleterious effects of salvia, they should go on YouTube to watch the videos. A reporter questioned Sak as to whether he had ever seen a "Girls Gone Wild" video, and whether that would incite him to make alcohol illegal (Sak replied that he hadn't yet had a chance to review the material).{{#tag:ref|The reporter noted that Sak had received more money from the Michigan Beer and Wine Wholesalers Association than anyone else in the House.<ref>McNamara 2008-04-30 (US Media).</ref> According to the National Institute on Money in State Politics, the Michigan Beer and Wine Wholesalers Association was the highest contributor to Zak's 2006 political campaign.<ref name="MiSP2006" />|group=nb}}

Nebraska Senator Vickie McDonald responded with "Anytime anything's on YouTube it's an issue," and "Legislators, parents, grandparents, we need to be on top of these things,"<ref>White 2008-01-08 (US Media).</ref><ref name=Berry20080107>Berry 2008-01-07 (US Media).</ref> McDonald proposed Schedule I listing ''Salvia divinorum'' as part of their Controlled Substances Act, under which possession of salvia would have been considered a Class IV felony with a penalty of up to five years and trafficking would have fallen under a Class III felony with up to a 20 year penalty.<ref name=Berry20080107/>

In Massachusetts, YouTube videos were shown by a retired police officer to public health and judiciary committees as evidence in favor of outlawing it there.<ref name=Sege20080722>Sege 2008-07-22 (US Media).</ref>

The issue has been raised of whether the salvia videos are in breach of YouTube's own community guidelines, which ask users not to "cross the line" and post videos showing "bad stuff" like "drug abuse".<ref>YouTube Guidelines 2008.</ref> The question is considered as particularly problematical as the videos may be something of an enforcement grey area.<ref>Sarno 2008-09-12 (US Media).</ref>

==Legal status== {{Main|Legal status of Salvia divinorum}} Many countries control ''Salvia divinorum'' in some manner.<ref name="DEA2008" /><ref name="ErowidLegalStatus">Erowid (Legal status).</ref> As of 2015, it is illegal in Australia, Belgium, parts of Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, South Korea, Sweden, and Switzerland. It is legal to possess and grow in Chile, France and&nbsp;Spain, but not to sell. In Russia, it is legal to possess, but not grow or sell. Estonia, Finland, Iceland, and Norway treat it as a medicinal herb that requires a prescription.<ref name="SiebertLegalStatus">Siebert (Legal status).</ref>

The prohibitive degree of ''Salvia divinorum'' legislation varies widely from country to country. Australia has imposed its strictest 'schedule 9' (US Schedule I equivalent), and Italy has also placed salvia in its 'Table I' of controlled substances (also US Schedule I equivalent). In Spain, there are controls focusing only on the commercial trade of ''Salvia divinorum'', personal cultivation (i.e. for non-commercial use) is not targeted.<ref name="SiebertLegalStatus" /><ref name="ErowidLegalStatus" />

Legislation may prove difficult to enforce. The plant has a nondescript appearance; unlike many other drug plants, the leaves are non-descript, and without a detectable odour. ''Salvia divinorum'' can be grown as an ordinary houseplant without the need of special equipment such as hydroponics or high-power lights.<ref name="Shulgin2003">Shulgin 2003.</ref><ref name="Chalmers20060506">Chalmers 2006-05-06 (US Media).</ref>{{#tag:ref|The case of North Dakota resident Kenneth Rau is reported as likely being the first person charged for ''Salvia divinorum'' possession in the United States.<ref name="ReferenceA">DRCNet 2008-04-25 (US Media).</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Michael 2008-08-03 (US Media).</ref>}}

===United Kingdom=== In the United Kingdom, following a local newspaper story in October 2005,<ref name="Worksop20051014">Worksop 2005-10-14 (UK Media).</ref> a parliamentary Early Day Motion was raised calling for ''Salvia divinorum'' to be banned there. However, it only received 11 signatures.<ref name="Mann2005">Mann 2005.</ref> A second motion raised in October 2008 attracted 18 signatures,<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2007-08/2235 Early day motion 2235] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012150925/http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2007-08/2235 |date=2017-10-12 }}. Parliament UK. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</ref> and it was reported that Mann had also written to Jacqui Smith, then Home Secretary. The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, the independent body that advises UK government on drugs, was asked to investigate further.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/26/drugs-legal-substances-highs There are many drugs that help people get out of their minds yet stay within the law - they're called 'legal highs'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429085053/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/26/drugs-legal-substances-highs |date=2009-04-29 }}. The Guardian. Published 26 April 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</ref>

On the 28 January 2016, the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 was passed. The act came into force on 26 May 2016, across the entire United Kingdom, making ''S. divinorum'' illegal to possess with intent to supply, possess on custodial premises, import for human consumption, or produce for human consumption. The two sponsors for the bill were Conservative House of Lords member Michael Bates and Conservative MP Theresa May.<ref>[http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2015-16/psychoactivesubstances.html Psychoactive Substances Act 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427095152/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2015-16/psychoactivesubstances.html |date=2017-04-27 }}. Parliament. Retrieved 7 May 2017.</ref>

===Australia=== ''Salvia divinorum'' is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard. Under the Standard, schedule 9 prohibited substances are defined as "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, supply or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2025L00599/asmade/text|title=Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2025) Instrument 2025|website=Federal Register of Legislation|date=28 May 2025|publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>

===United States=== {{Main|Legal status of Salvia divinorum in the United States}} National legislation for amendment of the Controlled Substances Act to place salvinorin A and ''Salvia divinorum'' in Schedule I at the federal level in the United States was proposed in 2002 by Representative Joe Baca (D- California). Those opposed to bill HR 5607 include Daniel Siebert, who sent a letter to Congress arguing against the proposed legislation,<ref name="Siebert2002">Siebert 2002.</ref> and the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE), who sent key members of the US Congress a report on ''Salvia divinorum'' and its active principle,<ref name="Boire2002">Boire 2002.</ref> along with letters from an array of scientists who expressed concern that scheduling ''Salvia divinorum'' would negatively impact important research on the plant. The bill did not pass.<ref name="Baca2002">Baca 2002.</ref><ref>DEA 2003.</ref><ref name="CCLE2002">CCLE 2002.</ref>

Although salvia is not regulated under the Controlled Substances Act, as of 2009, it had been made illegal in 13 states.<ref>Honeycutt 2009-02-09 (US Media)</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Mason 2009-01-30 (US Media).</ref> Delaware banned it after salvia use was reported to have played a role in the suicide of a teenager.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and other states have passed their own laws.<ref name="DEA2008" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Code of Alabama 1975|url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeOfAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm|publisher=Alabama Legislature|access-date=17 March 2011|page=Section 13A–12–214.1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706135040/http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/CodeofAlabama/1975/coatoc.htm|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/HB124/2013|title=Texas HB124 &#124; 2013-2014 &#124; 83rd Legislature|website=Legiscan.com|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> Several other states have proposed legislation against salvia, including Alaska, California, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Many of these proposals have not made it into law, with motions having failed, stalled or otherwise died, for example at committee review stages.<ref name="SiebertLegalStatus" /><ref name="ErowidLegalStatus" />

Where individual state legislation does exist, it varies from state to state in its prohibitive degree.<ref name="SiebertLegalStatus" />

Legal consequences may also exist even in states without bans on salvia in particular. Christian Firoz, a Nebraska store owner, was charged for selling salvia, but not under the auspices of any specific law against ''Salvia divinorum''. Firoz was instead charged under a general Nebraskan statute which makes it illegal to sell a product to induce an intoxicated condition. Firoz was found not guilty.<ref>{{cite web | last=Boetel | first=Ryan | title=Proposed bill would make possessing salvia a felony | website=The Daily Nebraskan | date=February 13, 2009 | url=https://www.dailynebraskan.com/news/proposed-bill-would-make-possessing-salvia-a-felony/article_cc45f34c-9ef0-5b14-bace-fab0fba119f7.html | access-date=December 3, 2025}}</ref>. See also the legal status of salvia in North Dakota and Nebraska.

''Salvia divinorum'' has been banned by various branches of the U.S. military and some military bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_law.shtml |title=Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault : Legal Status |publisher=Erowid.org |access-date=2011-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_law3.pdf|title=Awareness Training On Salvia Divinorum|date=February 2004|website=Erowid.org|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Sheri Kangas |url=http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123068724 |title=Hallucinogenic Salvia illegal for military members |publisher=.hurlburt.af.mil |date=2007-09-19 |access-date=2011-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112026/http://www2.hurlburt.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123068724 |archive-date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>

====Internet sale==== Some internet vendors will not sell live ''salvia'' cuttings, leaf, or leaf products to states where its use is restricted or prohibited.<ref name=Hoyle20080312>Hoyle 2008-03-12 (US Media).</ref> Per their drugs and drug paraphernelia policy, eBay does not permit sale of ''Salvia divinorum'' or derived products (despite legality in most areas).<ref>eBay Policy 2009.</ref>

===Opinions and arguments=== {{Main|Legal status of Salvia divinorum#Opinions and arguments}} Concerns expressed by some politicians on the subject of salvia reflect those of the media, with comparisons to LSD and particular focus on "protecting our children" being echoed;<ref name=Martell20070618/><ref>Clark 2007-03-05 (US Media).</ref><ref>Reboletti 2007 (Mar).</ref> and with legislative proposals following soon after news stories breaking.<ref name=Dujanovic20061127/><ref name=Chancellor20080314/><ref name=Dujanovic20061128>Dujanovic 2006-11-28 (US Media).</ref><ref name=Sanchick20070215>Sanchick 2007-02-15 (US Media).</ref><ref>Eckenrode 2007-03-08 (US Media).</ref>

Some arguments against salvia have been of a preventative nature, "We need to stop this before it gets to be a huge problem not after it gets to be a huge problem,"<ref name="KXMBTV20070131">KXMBTV 2007-01-31 (US Media).</ref> or of an imitative nature, "The Australians have clearly found a problem with it. There's obviously a risk in people taking it."<ref name=Worksop20051014/> Concerns about driving while under the influence of salvia have also been expressed.<ref>NBC10 2006-04-11 (US Media).</ref><ref>Smith 2007-09-25 (US Media).</ref>

Opponents of more prohibitive measures against salvia argue that such reactions are largely due to an inherent prejudice and a particular cultural bias rather than any actual balance of evidence, pointing out inconsistencies in attitudes toward other more toxic and addictive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine.<ref>Nutt et al. 2007.</ref>{{#tag:ref|According to the National Institute on Money in State Politics, which indicates the major sources of campaign contributions for U.S. politicians, a large part of contributions to U.S. Congressional campaigns comes from alcohol and tobacco industries.<ref>[http://www.followthemoney.org/database/IndustryTotals.phtml?PHPSESSID=f986b516d7f425bdb038468d79c1d2eb&f=0&s=0&b%5B%5D=A1300&i%5B%5D=57&i%5B%5D=143 Follow The Money, Industry Influence].</ref>

For example, Oregon Representative John Lim"s third largest individual campaign sponsor in 2006 was the Oregon Beer & Wine Distributors Association<ref name=MiSP2006>MiSP 2006.</ref> Lim(R) argued for Schedule I classification of Salvia in Oregon.

Former Delaware Senator Karen Peterson's second largest group campaign donations in 2006 came from "Beer, Wine & Liquor" industries.<ref name=MiSP2006/> Peterson(D) introduced Schedule I classification of ''Salvia divinorum'' in Delaware.

Senator Tim Burchett(R) sponsored Salvia legislation in Tennessee. In 2006, his second largest individual campaign donation came from the Tennessee Malt Beverage Association.<ref name=MiSP2006/>

In the same period alcohol and tobacco related contributions amounted to the fourth largest industry contributions for Utah Representative Paul Ray(R).<ref name=MiSP2006/> Representative Ray submitted a bill calling for Schedule I classification of Salvia in that state.<ref name="Dujanovic20061128" />

Alcohol related contributions also featured highly for Illinois Representative Dennis Reboletti(R) "Beer, Wine & Liquor" was his ninth highest industry contributor in 2006 and 2008.<ref name=MiSP2006/> Representative Reboletti sponsored a bill for Schedule I classification of Salvia divinorum in Illinois.<ref name="Reboletti2007JanFTp7">Reboletti 2007 (Jan), full text - p.7.</ref>|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref|The worldwide number of alcohol-related deaths is calculated at over 2,000 people per day,<ref>Lopez 2005, Table 2.</ref> in the US the number is over 300 deaths per day.<ref>NIAAA 2001.</ref>|group=nb}} While not objecting to some form of legal control, in particular with regard to the sale to minors or sale of enhanced high-strength extracts, most salvia proponents otherwise argue against stricter legislation.<ref name="SiebertLegalStatus" />

Those advocating consideration of ''Salvia divinorum''{{'}}s potential for beneficial use in a modern context argue that more could be learned from Mazatec culture, where salvia is not really associated with notions of drug taking at all and it is rather considered as a spiritual sacrament. In light of this it is argued that ''Salvia divinorum'' could be better understood more positively as an entheogen rather than pejoratively as a hallucinogen.<ref name="BlosserLessons">Blosser (Mazatec Lessons).</ref>{{#tag:ref|Other entheogenic plants with continuing traditions principally of spiritual use include peyote (and other psychoactive cacti), iboga, virola, ayahuasca, and various types of psychoactive fungi.<ref name="OtherEntheogenicPlants">see peyote, iboga, virola, ayahuasca, etc.</ref> Current U.S. Federal law allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. The Native American Church is permitted use of peyote; the União do Vegetal (or UDV) is permitted use of ayahuasca.<ref name="USLegislation">see Native American Church and União do Vegetal.</ref> Although not consistently granted (varying from state to state), the principal grounds for such concessions are constitutional,<ref>Madison 1789.</ref> with further grounds following from the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.|group=nb}}

====Public opinion==== Despite its growing notoriety in some circles, media stories generally suggest that the public at large are still mostly unaware of salvia, with the majority perhaps having never even heard of it.<ref name="Anderson20060413">Anderson 2006-04-13 (US Media).</ref>

Although published responses may not necessarily be representative of public opinion as a whole, some news agencies generally support reader and viewer feedback in connection with their stories.<ref name=Cardall20061128 /><ref name=Martell20070618 /><ref name=Chancellor20080314 /><ref name=Anderson20060413 /><ref name=Tompkins20070713>Tompkins 2007-07-13 (US Media).</ref>

== References == {{Reflist|20em}}

=== Citations === {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} <!-- see Wikipedia:Citation_templates --> * <cite id=refBabu2008>{{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = Opioid receptors and legal highs: ''Salvia divinorum'' and Kratom | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–152 | doi = 10.1080/15563650701241795 |author1=Babu, Kavita M. |author2=McCurdy, Christopher R. |author3=Boyer, Edward W. | pmid = 18259963 | s2cid = 32501470 }}</cite> * {{cite web |author = Baca, Rep. Joe |title = To amend the Controlled Substances Act to place Salvinorin A in Schedule I (H.R.5607) |work = Bills, Resolutions |publisher = The Library of Congress (THOMAS) |url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.05607: |date = October 2002 |access-date = 2007-10-14 |ref = refBaca2002 |archive-date = 2013-10-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131025072045/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.05607: |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last1=Baggott | first1=Matthew | first2=E. & F. | last2=Erowid | date=June 2004 | title=A Survey of ''Salvia divinorum'' Users | journal=Erowid Extracts | volume=6 | pages=12–14 | url=http://www.erowid.org/general/newsletter/erowid_newsletter6.pdf | access-date=2007-05-04 | ref=refBaggott2004 }} * {{cite web |last = Beifuss |first = Will |date = Summer 1997 |url = http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_cultivation1.shtml |title = Cultivating Diviner's Sage - A step by step guide to cultivation, propagation, and keeping your Salvia plants happy |work = Issue 1 |publisher = The Resonance Project |access-date = 2009-11-16 |ref = refBeifuss1997 }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Bigham |first1 = Andrea K. |first2 = Thomas A. |last2 = Munro |first3 = Mark A. |last3 = Rizzacasa |first4 = Roy M. |last4 = Robins-Browne |date = July 2003 |title = Divinatorins A-C, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from the Controlled Sage ''Salvia divinorum''. |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/divinatorinsa-c.pdf |journal = Journal of Natural Products |volume = 66 |issue = 9 |pages = 1242–1244 |doi = 10.1021/np030313i |access-date = 2007-06-25 |pmid = 14510607 |ref = refBigham2003 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.693.6690 }} * {{cite web |last = Blosser |first = Brett |title = Lessons in The Use of Mazatec Psychoactive Plants |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/lessons.html |access-date = 2007-10-19 |ref = refBlosserLessons }} * {{cite web |author1=Boire, Richard Glen |author2=Russo, Ethan |author3=Fish, Adam Richard |name-list-style=amp |date=October 2002 |title=Salvia divinorum ~ Information Concerning the Plant and its Active Principle—(re. H.R. 5607) |work=The Salvia divinorum Defense Fund |publisher=Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics (CCLE) |url=http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/dll/salvia_rpt.html |access-date=2007-10-16 |ref=refBoire2002 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509015414/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/dll/salvia_rpt.html |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |last = Burchett |first = Sen. Tim |year = 2006 |title = Senate Bill No. 3247 |work = Public Acts, 2006, Chapter No. 700 |publisher = The General Assembly the State of Tennessee |url = http://tennessee.gov/sos/acts/104/pub/pc0700.pdf |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refBurchett2006 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071004232218/http://tennessee.gov/sos/acts/104/pub/pc0700.pdf |archive-date = 2007-10-04 }} * {{cite journal | year = 2006 | title = The hallucinogenic herb ''Salvia divinorum'' and its active ingredient salvinorin A inhibit enteric cholinergic transmission in the guinea-pig ileum | journal = Neurogastroenterology & Motility | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–75 |author1=Capasso, R. |author2=Borrelli, F. |author3=Capasso, F. |author4=Siebert, D. J. |author5=Stewart, D. J. |author6=Zjawiony, J. K. |author7=Izzo, A. A. | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00725.x | pmid = 16371085 | s2cid = 4498185 |ref=refCapasso2006}} * {{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = The hallucinogenic herb ''Salvia divinorum'' and its active ingredient salvinorin A reduce inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice | journal = Neurogastroenterology & Motility | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–148 |author1=Capasso, R. |author2=Borrelli, F. |author3=Zjawiony, J. K. |author4=Kutrzeba, L. |author5=Aviello, G. |author6=Sarnelli, G. |author7=Capasso, F. |author8=Izzo, A. A. | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00994.x | pmid = 17931335 | s2cid = 25081755 |ref=refCapasso2008}} * {{cite journal | date=October 2005 | title=Depressive-Like Effects of the κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A on Behavior and Neurochemistry in Rats | journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume=316 | issue=1 | pages=440–447 | url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/1/440 | doi=10.1124/jpet.105.092304 | pmid=16223871 | access-date=2007-05-04 | last1=Carlezon | first1=William A. | first2=Cécile | last2=Béguin | first3=Jennifer A. | last3=DiNieri | last4=Baumann | first4=MH | last5=Richards | first5=MR | last6=Todtenkopf | first6=MS | last7=Rothman | first7=RB | last8=Ma | first8=Z | last9=Lee | first9=DY | last10=Cohen | first10=BM Cohen | display-authors=3 | ref=refCarlezon2005 | citeseerx=10.1.1.693.4079 | s2cid=6862162 }} * {{cite web |author = CCLE |title = HR 5607 Archive |work = The Entheogens and Drug Policy Project |publisher = Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics |url = http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/dll/hr5607_archive.htm |year = 2002 |access-date = 2007-10-14 |ref = refCCLE2002 |archive-date = 2007-10-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007070239/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/dll/hr5607_archive.htm |url-status = dead }} * {{cite book |last = Clebsch |first = Betsy |author2 = Carol D. Barner |year = 2003 |title = The New Book of Salvias |publisher = Timber Press |isbn = 978-0-88192-560-9 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NM0iwB8GrQYC&pg=PA106 |ref = refClebsch2003 }} * {{cite web |author = Coolman, Alex |title = Brett Chidester and Salvia: "Suicide Solution" Redux |work = Drug Law, Policy and Politics in California, the Ninth Circuit, and the United States |url = http://druglaw.typepad.com/drug_law_blog/2007/10/on-brett-chides.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117105446/http://druglaw.typepad.com/drug_law_blog/2007/10/on-brett-chides.html |archive-date = 2008-01-17 |year = 2007 |access-date = 2009-07-26 |ref = refCoolman2007 }} * {{cite web |author = DEA (US Dept. Justice) |title = 21 USC Sec. 812 01/22/02 |work = Controlled Substances Act—Title 21—Food and Drugs Chapter 13—Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Subchapter I—Control and Enforcement Part B—Authority To Control; Standards and Schedules—Section 812. Schedules of controlled substances |publisher = U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) |url = http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/812.htm |date = January 2002 |access-date = 2007-10-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930064509/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/812.htm |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |ref = refDEA2002 }} * {{cite journal |author = DEA (US Dept. Justice) |date = June 2003 |title = Information Bulletin: Salvia Divinorum |url = http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0603/mg0603.html |journal = Microgram Bulletin |volume = XXXVI |issue = 6 |access-date = 2007-10-14 |ref = refDEA2003 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014013930/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg0603/mg0603.html |archive-date = 2007-10-14 }} * {{cite journal | last = Diaz | first = J.L. | date = April 1977 | title = Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Psychoactive Plants Used by the Indians of Mexico | journal = Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology | volume = 17 | pages = 647–675 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.003243 | pmid = 17363 |ref=refDiaz1977}} * <cite id="refDweck1997"> Dweck, Anthony C. (1997) [http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Salvia.pdf Chapter One: The Folklore and Cosmetic Use of Various Salvia Species.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062443/http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Salvia.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }} Retrieved July 21, 2007. </cite> * {{cite web |author = Erowid |title = Salvia Legal Status |publisher = Erowid |url = http://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/salvia_law.shtml |access-date = 2007-10-14 |ref = refErowidLegalStatus }} * {{cite web |author = eBay |year = 2009 |title = Drugs and drug paraphernalia policy |url = http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/drugs-drug-paraphernalia.html |publisher = eBay |access-date = 28 November 2009 |ref = refEBayPolicy2009 }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.erowid.org/plants/cacahuaxochitl/cacahuaxochitl.shtml | title = Cacahuaxochitl | access-date = 2007-08-16 | author = Erowid | date = August 2007 | ref = refErowid2007 }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Foley |first1 = Michael J. |first2 = Ian |last2 = Hedge |first3 = Michael |last3 = Moller |year = 2008 |title = The enigmatic ''Salvia tingitana'' (''Lamiaceae''): a case study in history, taxonomy and cytology |journal = Willdenowia |volume = 38 |issue = 1 |pages = 41–59 |issn = 0511-9618 |url = http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia/w-pdf/wi38-1Foley+al.pdf |access-date = 2009-04-02 |doi = 10.3372/wi.38.38102 |bibcode = 2008Willd..38...41F |s2cid = 86251521 |ref = refFoley2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318023126/http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia/w-pdf/wi38-1Foley+al.pdf |archive-date = 2009-03-18 }} * {{cite journal |last = Giroud |first = C. |author2 = Felber F. |author3 = Augsburger M. |year = 2000 |title = ''Salvia divinorum'': an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/giroudetal.pdf |journal = Forensic Science International |volume = 112 |issue = 2 |pages = 143–150 |doi = 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00180-8 |pmid = 10940599 |ref = refGiroud2000 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Grof | first1=Stanislav | date=Fall 2001 | title=Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California, 1984 | journal=Maps: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies | volume=XI | issue=2 | url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v11n2/11222gro.html | ref=refGrof2001 }} * {{cite journal | author=Grundmann | year=2007 | title=''Salvia divinorum'' and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology | journal=Planta Medica | volume=73 | issue=10 | pages=1039–46 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-981566 | pmid=17628834 | url=https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-2007-981566.pdf | access-date=2009-10-04 | ref=refGrundmann2007 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2007PlMed..73.1039G }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Hanes |first1 = Karl R. |date = December 2001 |title = Antidepressant Effects of the Herb Salvia Divinorum: A Case Report |journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology |volume = 21 |issue = 6 |pages = 634–635 |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/jclinpsych.html |access-date = 2007-05-08 |doi = 10.1097/00004714-200112000-00025 |pmid = 11763023 |ref = refHanes2001 |url-access= subscription }} * <cite id=refHarding2005>{{cite journal |last1=Harding |first1=Wayne W. |last2=Tidgewell |first2=Kevin |last3=Schmidt |first3=Matthew |last4=Shah |first4=Kushal |last5=Dersch |first5=Christina M. |last6=Snyder |first6=John |last7=Parrish |first7=Damon |last8=Deschamps |first8=Jeffrey R. |last9=Rothman |first9=Richard B. |last10=Prisinzano |first10=Thomas E. |title=Salvinicins A and B, new neoclerodane diterpenes from ''Salvia divinorum'' |journal=Organic Letters |date=2005 |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=3017–3020 |doi=10.1021/ol0510522|pmid=15987194 |pmc=2535573 }}</cite> * {{cite journal | last1=Harding | first1=Wayne W. | first2=Matthew | last2=Schmidt | first3=Kevin | last3=Tidgewell |date=January 2006 | title=Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from ''Salvia divinorum'': Semisynthesis of Salvinicins A and B and Other Chemical Transformations of Salvinorin A |journal=Journal of Natural Products | volume=69 | issue=1 | pages=107–112 |pmid=16441078 | doi=10.1021/np050398i | last4=Kannan | first4=P | last5=Holden | first5=KG | last6=Gilmour | first6=B | last7=Navarro | first7=H | last8=Rothman | first8=RB | last9=Prisinzano | first9=TE | pmc=2544632 | bibcode=2006JNAtP..69..107H |ref=refHarding2006}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html | title=The Leaves of the Shepherdess | last=Harrison | first=Kathleen | year=2000 | work=Sisters of the Extreme | access-date=2010-04-03 | quote=The curandero unrolled banana-leaf bundles of hand-sized Salvia divinorum leaves, slightly wilted, and sorted them into pairs... He doled out forty pairs to me, rolled them into a long wad, rather like a salad rolled into a cigar. He explained that after he said the invoking prayers and we stated aloud our intentions, I was to eat the leaves. I was told not to hesitate at their bitterness, not to stop until I had eaten them all. | ref=refHarrisonShepherdess }} * {{cite journal |author1=Hingson, Ralph |author2=Timothy Heeren, Michael Winter |author3=Henry Wechsler |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2005 | title = Magnitude of Alcohol-Related Mortality and Morbidity Among U.S. College Students Ages 18–24: Changes from 1998 to 2001 |journal=Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 26 | pages = 259–279 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144652| doi-access=free | pmid = 15760289 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721005050/http://www.marininstitute.org/Youth/alcohol_youth.htm figures cited by the Marin Institute] * {{cite journal |last1=Imanshahidi |first1=Mohsen |first2=Hossein |last2=Hosseinzadeh |date=April 2006 |title=The Pharmacological Effects of ''Salvia'' species on the Central Nervous System |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=20 |pages=427–437 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1898 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1898 |access-date=2007-03-24 |pmid=16619340 |issue=6 |s2cid=35676076 |quote=However, when smoked (in a manner similar to free base cocaine), the compound is effective in doses of 200–500 μg and produces visions that last from 30 min to an hour or two, while doses over 2 mg are effective for much longer. At doses greater than 500 μg the subject is often no longer aware of their surroundings and may enter an uncontrollable delirium. This compound is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen thus far isolated. |ref=refHingson2005 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last=Kintzios |first=Spiridon E. |title=Sage: The Genus Salvia |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |page=10 |isbn=978-90-5823-005-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE7-nuI9S7UC&pg=PA10 |ref=refKintzios2000 }} * {{cite web |author = Kunkel, Dennis |year = 2004 |title = Leaf glandular trichome (Salvia divinorum) |url = http://www.denniskunkel.com/DK/Plants/24071B.html |work = Scientific stock photography library of light microscope pictures and electron microscopy images featuring science and biomedical microscopy photos |publisher = Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc |access-date = 2009-04-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071031030340/http://denniskunkel.com/DK/Plants/24071B.html |archive-date = October 31, 2007 |ref = refKunkel2004 }} * {{cite web |author = Lizard |year = 2001 |title = Green Gnosis (from Salvia Divinorum Inspired Arts) |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/greengnosis.html |access-date = 2007-06-28 |ref = refLizard2001 }} * {{cite journal | author = Lopez, Alan D |date=April 2005 | title = The evolution of the Global Burden of Disease framework for disease, injury and risk factor quantification: developing the evidence base for national, regional and global public health action | journal = Globalization and Health | volume = 1 | issue = 5 | doi = 10.1186/1744-8603-1-5 | pmid = 15847690 | article-number = 5 | pmc = 1143783|ref=refLopez2005 |doi-access=free }} [http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/5/table/T2 Table 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031090445/http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/5/table/T2 |date=2007-10-31 }}. Global burden of disease and injury attributable to selected risk factors, 1990. * <cite id=refMadison1789 >Madison, James ''et al.''. The Bill of Rights, the First Amendment (with regard to the United States Constitution), approved September 25, 1789, ratified December 15, 1791.</cite> * <cite id="refMann2005">{{cite web |author = Mann, John (MP) |title = EDM 796—Salvia divinorum |work = Early Day Motion |publisher = Parliamentary Information Management Systems (pims) |url = http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=29114&SESSION=875 |date = October 2005 |access-date = 2007-10-14 |archive-date = 2007-12-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071231103109/http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=29114&SESSION=875 |url-status = dead }}</cite> * {{cite journal |last=Marushia |first=Robin |date=June 2003 |title=''Salvia divinorum'': The Botany, Ethnobotany, Biochemistry and Future of a Mexican Mint |journal=Ethnobotany |url=http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Salvia.pdf |access-date=2007-05-04 |ref=refMarushia2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007165306/http://www.cyjack.com/Cognition/Salvia.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-07 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Medana | first1=Claudio | first2=Cristina | last2=Massolino | first3=Marco | last3=Pazzi | first4=Claudio | last4=Baiocchi |date=December 2005 | title=Determination of salvinorins and divinatorins in ''Salvia divinorum'' leaves by liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry |journal=Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=131–136 |doi=10.1002/rcm.2288 | pmid=16331747 |ref=refMedana2005|doi-access=free }} * <cite id="refMercuryHouse"> Mercury House Publishing Home Page. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831115152/http://www.mercuryhouse.org/pendell.html Mercury House Authors: Dale Pendell.] Retrieved July 21, 2007. </cite> * {{cite journal |last1 = Munro |first1 = Thomas A. |first2 = Mark A. |last2 = Rizzacasa |date = April 2003 |title = Salvinorins D-F, New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids from ''Salvia divinorum,'' and an Improved Method for the Isolation of Salvinorin A |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvinorind-f.pdf |journal = Journal of Natural Products |volume = 66 |issue = 5 |pages = 703–705 |doi = 10.1021/np0205699 |access-date = 2007-06-25 |pmid = 12762813 |ref = refMunro2003 }} [http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvinorinsd-f-supporting.pdf supporting information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062445/http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvinorinsd-f-supporting.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }} * {{cite web |author = MiSP |year = 2006 |title = Follow the Money |url = http://www.followthemoney.org/Institute/index.phtml |work = e. g. Delaware/Peterson, Oregon/Lim, Tennessee/Burchett, Ray/Utah, Illinois/Reboletti |publisher = The National Institute on Money in State Politics |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refMiSP2006 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Mowry | first1=Mark | first2=Michael | last2=Mosher | first3=Wayne | last3=Briner | date=July 2003 | title=Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume=35 | issue=3 | pages=379–382 | url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/mowryetal.pdf | pmid=14621136 | access-date=2007-05-04 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2003.10400021 | s2cid=25466672 | ref=refMowry2003 }} * {{cite web |last = Nance |first = Rep. John |year = 2006 |title = House Bill No. 2485 |work = 2nd Session of the 50th Legislature |publisher = The State of Oklahoma |url = http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2005-06bills/HB/HB2485_CCS.RTF |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refNance2006 |archive-date = 2020-02-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200228051152/http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/2005-06bills/HB/HB2485_CCS.RTF |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |author= |date=August 2001 |title=Number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 population for categories of alcohol-related (A-R) mortality, United States and States, 1979–96. |work=Database Resources / Statistical Tables |publisher=National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) |url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/Other/armort01.htm |access-date=2007-10-20 |ref=refNIAAA2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807093311/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/Other/armort01.htm |archive-date=2007-08-07 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Nutt | first1=David | first2=Leslie | last2=King | first3=William | last3=Saulsbury | first4=Colin | last4=Blakemore |date=March 2007 | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse |journal=The Lancet | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 | pmid=17382831 | s2cid=5903121 |ref=refNutt2007}} * {{cite journal | last = Ott | first = Jonathan | author-link = Jonathan Ott | year = 1995 | title = Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of ''Salvia divinorum'' and Salvinorin A | journal = Curare | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–129 | url = http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6810 | access-date = 2007-08-16 | ref = refOtt1995 }} * {{cite journal | last = Ott | first = Jonathan | author-link = Jonathan Ott | year = 1996 | title = Psychoactive Card IV. Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva: Leaves of the Shepherdess | journal = Eleusis | volume = 4 | issue = April | pages = 31–39 | url = http://www.entheology.org/salvia-ott/ottonsalvia.htm | access-date = 2009-04-04 | ref = refOtt1996 }} * {{cite book |last = Pendell |first = Dale |author-link = Dale Pendell |title = Pharmako/Poeia: Plant Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft |chapter = The Salvia divinorum chapter |chapter-url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/pharmakopoeia.html |year = 1995 |publisher = Mercury House |location = San Francisco |isbn = 978-1-56279-069-1 |ref = refPendell1995 }} * {{cite web |last = Peterson |first = Sen. Karen |year = 2006 |title = Chapter 256—Formerly Senate Bill No 259 (aka "Brett's Law") |work = An Act to Amend Title 16 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Uniform Controlled Substances Act |publisher = The General Assembly of the State of Delaware |url = https://legis.delaware.gov/SessionLaws/Chapter?id=18387 |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refPeterson2006 }} * {{cite journal |last = Prisinzano |first = Thomas E. |year = 2005 |title = Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage ''Salvia divinorum'' |journal = Life Sciences |volume = 78 |pages = 527–531 |pmid = 16213533 |issue = 5 |doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.008 |ref = refPrisinzano2005 }} * <cite id=refPrisinzanoTidgewellHarding2005>{{cite journal | last = Prisinzano | first = Thomas |author2=Kevin Tidgewell |author3=Wayne W. Harding | year = 2005 | title = k Opioids as potential treatments for stimulant dependence | journal = The AAPS Journal | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = E592–E599 | issn = 1550-7416 | doi = 10.1208/aapsj070361 | pmid = 16353938 | pmc = 2751263 |ref=refImanshahidi2006}}</cite> * {{cite journal |author1 = Przekop P |author2 = Lee T |year = 2009 |title = Persistent psychosis associated with salvia divinorum use |url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/166/7/832 |journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume = 166 |issue = 7 |page = 832 |pmid = 19570943 |doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121759 |ref = refPrzekop2009 |url-access= subscription }} * {{cite web |last = Reboletti |first = Rep. Dennis |date = January 2007 |title = Full Text of HB0457 |work = Cont Sub-Salvia divinorum |publisher = Illinois General Assembly |url = http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?DocName=&SessionId=51&GA=95&DocTypeId=HB&DocNum=457&GAID=9&LegID=27398&SpecSess=&Session= |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refReboletti2007Jan }} * {{cite web | last = Reboletti | first = Dennis <!--| author-link = Dennis Reboletti--> | title = Reboletti Passes First Bill, Bans "Magic Mint" | publisher = Illinois State Representative Dennis M. Reboletti (R) 46th District | date = March 2007 | url = http://www.reboletti.com/articles/3-01-07.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927085749/http://www.reboletti.com/articles/3-01-07.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | access-date = 2007-06-08 | ref = refReboletti2007Mar | url-status = usurped }} * {{cite journal |last = Reisfield |first = Aaron S. |year = 1993 |title = The botany of Salvia divinorum (Labiatae) |journal = SIDA, Contributions to Botany |volume = 15 |issue = 3 |pages = 349–366 |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/reisfield.html |access-date = 2007-05-04 |ref = refReisfield1993 }} * {{cite thesis |last = Reisfield |first = Aaron S. |year = 1987 |type = MS thesis |publisher = University of Wisconsin - Madison |title = Systematic studies in ''Salvia'' L. (Lamiaceae) with special emphasis on subgenus ''Calosphace'' (Benth.) Benth. section ''Dusenostachys'' Epl. |page = 199 |url = http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11724?show=full |access-date = 2009-04-05 |ref = refReisfield1987 }} * {{cite journal | author1-link=Bryan Roth | last1=Roth | first1=Bryan L. | first2=Karen | last2=Baner | first3=Richard | last3=Westkaemper | first4=Daniel | last4=Siebert | first5=Kenner C. | last5=Rice | first6=SeAnna | last6=Steinberg | first7=Paul | last7=Ernsberger | first8=Richard B. | last8=Rothman |date=September 2002 | title=Salvinorin A: A potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa к opioid selective agonist |journal=PNAS | volume=99 | issue=18 | pages=11934–11939 | doi=10.1073/pnas.182234399 | pmid=12192085 | pmc=129372 |ref=refRoth2002| bibcode=2002PNAS...9911934R | doi-access=free }}- supporting info [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/1 table 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220937/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/1 |date=2007-09-30 }}, [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/2 table 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045812/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/2 |date=2007-10-01 }}, [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/4 table 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001061549/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/data/182234399/DC1/4 |date=2007-10-01 }}. * {{cite web | last = Roth | first = Bryan L. | title = Fast Moving Fronts—Comments by Professor Bryan Roth | publisher = Essential Science Indicators (ESI) | url = http://www.esi-topics.com/fmf/2007/july07-BryanRoth.html | date = July 2007 | access-date = 2007-10-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011173336/http://esi-topics.com/fmf/2007/july07-BryanRoth.html | archive-date = 2007-10-11 | url-status = dead | ref = refRoth2007 }} * {{cite journal |last = Rothman |first = RB |author2 = DA Gorelick |author3 = SJ Heishman |date = April 2000 |title = An open-label study of a functional opioid kappa antagonist in the treatment of opioid dependence |url = http://opioids.com/kappa/index.html |journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment |volume = 18 |issue = 3 |pages = 277–281 |doi = 10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00074-4 |pmid = 10742642 |ref = refRothman2000 |display-authors = etal |url-access= subscription }} * {{cite web |last = Sak |first = Rep. Michael |date = February 2008 |title = House Bill 5700 |url = http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(x4svk3fwsekp4145gg2fdm55))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=2008-HB-5700 |publisher = Michigan Legislature |access-date = 2007-10-16 }} - [http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2007-2008/billintroduced/House/htm/2008-HIB-5700.htm Full Text of HB5700] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322173326/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2007-2008/billintroduced/House/htm/2008-HIB-5700.htm |date=2008-03-22 }} * <cite id="refSAMHSA2006">{{cite web | author = SAMHSA | title = The NSDUH Report: Use of Specific Hallucinogens: 2006 | url = http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k8/hallucinogens/hallucinogens.htm | publisher = Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies | date = February 2008 | access-date = 2008-05-09 | ref = refSak2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510170802/http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k8/hallucinogens/hallucinogens.htm | archive-date = 2008-05-10 }}</cite> * {{cite journal | last1 = Schenk | first1 = S. | first2 = B. | last2 = Partridge |date=April 2001 | title = Effect of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U69593, on reinstatement of extinguished amphetamine self-administration behavior |journal = Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 629–34 | pmid = 11526958 | doi = 10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00478-0 | s2cid = 44815791 |ref=refSchenk2001}} * {{cite book |last = Schultes |first = Richard Evans |author-link = Richard Evans Schultes |author2 = Albert Hofmann |title = Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing and Hallucinogenic Powers |url = http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/plants_of.html |year = 1992 |publisher = Healing Arts Press |location = Rochester, Vermont |isbn = 978-0-89281-406-0 |access-date = 2007-06-27 |ref = refSchultes1992 |author2-link = Albert Hofmann |archive-date = 2007-07-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070730025915/http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/plants_of.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal |author1=Seeman P |author2=Guan HC |author3=Hirbec H |date=August 2009 | title = Dopamine D2^High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil | journal = Synapse | volume = 63 | issue = 8 | pages = 698–704 | pmid = 19391150 | doi = 10.1002/syn.20647 |s2cid=17758902 |ref=refSeeman2009}} * {{cite book |last = Shulgin |first = Dr. Alexander |author-link = Alexander Shulgin |author2 = Ann Shulgin |year = 1997 |chapter = LSD-25 |chapter-url = http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml |title = PiHKAL |location = Berkeley |publisher = Transform Press |isbn = 978-0-9630096-9-2 |ref = refShulgin1997 |title-link = PiHKAL |author2-link = Ann Shulgin }} * {{cite web |author = Shulgin, Alexander |title = Ask Dr. Shulgin Online |work = Salvia Divinorum, Law, & Medicine |publisher = Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics |url = http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/salvia_legal.htm |date = June 2003 |access-date = 2007-10-14 |ref = refShulgin2003 }} * {{cite journal | last=Siebert | first=Daniel |date=June 1994 | title=''Salvia divinorum'' and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=53–56 |pmid=7526076 | doi=10.1016/0378-8741(94)90116-3 |ref=refSiebert1994}} * {{cite web |last = Siebert |first = Daniel |title = A Prominent Salvia Divinorum Researcher Speaks Out: Letter to Congress (RE: Bill H.R. 5607) |work = The Entheogens and Drug Policy Project |publisher = Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics |url = http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/drug_policy/Daniel_Siebert_salvia_letter.html |year = 2002 |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refSiebert2002 |archive-date = 2007-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002558/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/drug_policy/Daniel_Siebert_salvia_letter.html |url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal |author = Siebert, Daniel |year = 2003 |title = The history of the first ''Salvia divinorum'' plants cultivated outside of Mexico |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/salviahistory.html |journal = The Entheogen Review |volume = XII |issue = 4 |access-date = 2009-11-28 |ref = refSiebert2003 }} * {{cite journal | author = Siebert, Daniel | year = 2004 | title = Localization of Salvinorin A and Related Compounds in Glandular Trichomes of the Psychoactive Sage, ''Salvia divinorum'' | url= | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 763–71 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mch089 | pmid = 15087301 | pmc = 4242294 |ref=refSiebert2004}} * {{cite web |last = Siebert |first = Daniel |title = How to Propagate and Grow Salvia divinorum |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/salvgrow.html |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |access-date = 2009-11-16 |ref = refSiebertGrow }} * {{cite web |last = Siebert |first = Daniel |title = How to obtain effects from smoked ''Salvia divinorum'' |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/smokeadvice.html |access-date = 2007-06-19 |ref = refSiebertSmokeAdvice }} * {{cite web |last = Siebert |first = Daniel |title = The ''Salvia divinorum'' FAQ |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://sagewisdom.org/faq.html |access-date = 2007-07-05 |ref = refSiebertFAQ }} * {{cite web |author = Sage Student |author2 = Daniel Siebert |title = The ''Salvia divinorum'' User's Guide |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/usersguide.html |access-date = 2007-06-27 |ref = refSiebertSdUG }} * {{cite web |last = Siebert |first = Daniel |title = Salvia Divinorum Inspired Arts |publisher = The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/arts.html |access-date = 2007-06-28 |ref = refSiebertArts }} * {{cite web | last=Siebert | first=Daniel | title=The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum | publisher=The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center | url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/legalstatus.html | access-date=2007-03-04 | ref=refSiebertLegalStatus }} * {{cite journal |author = Singh, Sundeep |date = May 2006 |title = Case Report: Adolescent salvia substance abuse |url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117967934/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105060728/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117967934/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2013-01-05 |journal = Addiction |volume = 102 |issue = 5 |pages = 823–824 |doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01810.x |pmid = 17493110 |ref = refSingh2006 |hdl = 2027.42/73578 |hdl-access = free }} * <cite id="refStrain2005">{{cite web |author = Strain, Rep. Michael G. |year = 2005 |title = Louisiana Law, Revised Statutes, Rule Number 40, Section Number 989.1 — Unlawful production, manufacture, distribution, or possession of hallucinogenic plants |url = http://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=321523 |publisher = The Louisiana State Legislature |access-date = 2008-09-15 |archive-date = 2008-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125659/http://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=321523 |url-status = dead }}</cite> * {{cite web |author = Sullum, Jacob |date = December 2009 |title = The Salvia Ban Wagon |url = http://reason.com/archives/2009/11/19/the-salvia-ban-wagon/singlepage |publisher = Reason Magazine |access-date = 2009-12-16 |ref = refSullum2009 }} * {{cite book |last=Sutton |first=John |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-88192-671-2 |ref=refSutton2004}} * <cite id="refTeel2006"> Assemblymen Jack Conners and Herb Conaway (April 21, 2006). "[http://www.politickernj.com/assemblymen-jack-conners-and-herb-conaway-1 Conners/Conaway to sponsor bill outlawing herbal hallucinogen Salvia divinorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229155457/http://www.politickernj.com/assemblymen-jack-conners-and-herb-conaway-1 |date=2008-12-29 }}: Potent 'Diviner's Sage' Plant Produces Powerful LSD-Like High; Legal Substance Attracts Teen-age Interest via Internet Sites" (press release). Retrieved from PolitickerNJ.com on July 21, 2009. </cite> * {{Cite journal |last1 = Tidgewell |first1 = Kevin |first2 = Wayne |last2 = Harding |first3 = Ken |last3 = Holden |first4 = Christina |last4 = Dersch |first5 = Eduardo |last5 = Butelman |first6 = Richard |last6 = Rothman |first7 = Thomas |last7 = Prisinzano |date = September 2004 |title = Neoclerodane Diterpenes as Potential Drug Abuse Therapeutics |url = http://www.aapspharmsci.org/theme_issues/abstracts/view.asp?art=Front-04-00022&pdf=yes |journal = The AAPS Journal |volume = 6 |issue = |access-date = 2007-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080120110808/http://www.aapspharmsci.org/theme_issues/abstracts/view.asp?art=Front-04-00022&pdf=yes |archive-date = 2008-01-20 }} * {{cite book |last = Turner |first = D.M. |author-link = D. M. Turner |title = Salvinorin—The Psychedelic Essence of Salvia Divinorum |url = http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/salvinorin/salvinorin.shtml |chapter = Effects and Experiences |chapter-url = http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/salvinorin/fx.shtml |access-date = 2007-05-20 |date = August 1996 |publisher = Panther Press |location = San Francisco, CA |isbn = 978-0-9642636-2-8 |ref = refTurner1996 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Valdés | first1=Leander J. III | first2=José Luis | last2=Díaz | first3=Ara G. | last3=Paul | date=May 1983 | title=Ethnopharmacology of ''ska María Pastora'' (''Salvia divinorum'', Epling and Játiva-M) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=287–312 | url=http://www.salvia-divinorum-scotland.co.uk/salvia/ethnopharmacology.htm | doi=10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1 | access-date=2007-05-04 | pmid=6876852 | ref=refValdes1983 | hdl=2027.42/25229 | hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02858975 | last1=Valdés | first1=Leander J. III | first2=G. M. | last2=Hatfield | first3=M. | last3=Koreeda | first4=A. G. | last4=Paul | date=May 1987 | title=Studies of ''Salvia divinorum'' (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic Mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico | journal=Economic Botany | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages=283–291 | bibcode=1987EcBot..41..283V | s2cid=37408381 | url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/valdes87.html | access-date=2009-04-05 | ref=refValdes1987 | url-access=subscription }} * {{cite journal | last = Valdés | first = Leander J. III | year = 2001 | title = The Early History of ''Salvia divinorum'' | journal = The Entheogen Review | volume = X | issue = 1 | pages = 73–75 | url = http://www.sagewisdom.org/earlysdhistory.html | access-date = 2007-08-16 | ref = refValdes2001 }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Wasson |first1 = R. Gordon |author1-link = R. Gordon Wasson |date = November 1963 |title = Notes on the Present Status of Ololiuhqui and the Other Hallucinogens of Mexico |journal = Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University |volume = 20 |issue = 6 |pages = 161–212 |doi = 10.5962/p.168541 |s2cid = 163113826 |ref = refWasson1963 |doi-access= free }} * {{cite web |author = YouTube |title = YouTube Community Guidelines |url = https://www.youtube.com/t/community_guidelines |year = 2008 |publisher = YouTube |access-date = 2008-09-17 |ref = refYouTubeGuide2008 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Yong | first2=Eduardo R. | last2=Butelman | first3=Stefan D. | last3=Schlussman | first4=Ann | last4=Ho | first5=Mary Jeanne | last5=Kreek |date=May 2005 | title=Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at κ-Opioid receptors |journal=Psychopharmacology | volume=179 | issue=3 | pages=551–558 |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2087-0 | pmid=15682306 | s2cid=4533805 |ref=refZhang2005}} {{Refend}}

=== Notes === {{Reflist|group="nb"|colwidth=30em}}

=== News references === <!-- Latest story at top within each country -->

====UK==== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite news | author = Doward, Jamie | title = There are many drugs that help people get out of their minds yet stay within the law - they're called 'legal highs'. | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/26/drugs-legal-substances-highs | publisher = The Observer | date = 2009-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090429085053/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/26/drugs-legal-substances-highs | archive-date = 2009-04-29 | url-status = live | access-date = 2009-04-26 | ref = refDoward20090426 }} * {{cite news | author = Sherwell, Philip | title = Salvia: more powerful than LSD, and legal | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5090078/Salvia-more-powerful-than-LSD-and-legal.html | publisher = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2009-04-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412171333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5090078/Salvia-more-powerful-than-LSD-and-legal.html | archive-date = 2009-04-12 | url-status = dead | access-date = 2009-04-17 | ref = refSherwell20090406 }} * {{cite news | author = Rohrer, Finlo | title = The mystery sage | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7071010.stm |work = BBC News | date = 2007-11-01 |access-date=2007-11-01 |ref=refBBCNews20071101}} * {{cite news | author = Vince, Gaia | title = Mind-altering drugs: does legal mean safe? | url = https://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19125711.000-legal-highs-on-the-rise.html |publisher = New Scientist | date = 2006-09-29 |access-date=2006-09-29 |ref=refGaia20060929}} {{Refend}}

==== U.S. ==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} <!-- latest media stories at the top --> * {{cite news |author = Michael, Jenny |title = Man gets deferred sentence for salvia charge |url = http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2009/04/22/news/local/183138.txt |publisher = Bismarck Tribune |date = 2009-04-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090426191251/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2009/04/22/news/local/183138.txt |archive-date = 2009-04-26 |url-status = dead |access-date = 2009-04-22 |ref = refMichael20090422 }} North Dakota. * <cite id="refHoneycutt20090209">{{cite news | author = Honeycutt Spears, Valarie | title = Proposal would outlaw hallucinogenic plant salvia | url = http://www.kentucky.com/181/story/688321.html | publisher = www.kentucky.com | date = 2009-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090210074314/http://www.kentucky.com/181/story/688321.html | archive-date = 2009-02-10 | url-status = live | access-date = 2009-02-09 }} Kentucky.</cite> * <cite id="refDWC20090130">{{cite news | title = Salvia Divinorum: Nebraska Man is Acquitted of Sales Charge, But the Plant is Under Continued Attack There and Elsewhere | url = http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/570/christian_firoz_salvia_nebraska_dakota_maryland_texas | publisher = the Drug Reform Coordination Network (DRCNet) | date = 2009-01-30 }} Nebraska.</cite> * <cite id="refMason20090130">{{cite news |author = Mason, Edward |title = City politician seeks to snuff out fad |url = http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/2009_01_30_City_politician_seeks_to_snuff_out_fad:_Pushes_ban_on_hallucinogenic_herb |publisher = The Boston Herald |date = 2009-01-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613120248/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/2009_01_30_City_politician_seeks_to_snuff_out_fad:_Pushes_ban_on_hallucinogenic_herb |archive-date = 2011-06-13 |access-date = 2009-02-06 |url-status = dead }}</cite> * {{cite news | author = Michael, Sara | title = Lawmakers seek to make hallucinogenic herb illegal | url = http://www.baltimoreexaminer.com/local/politics/0128emsSALVIA.html | publisher = The Baltimore Examiner | date = 2009-01-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070921/http://www.baltimoreexaminer.com/local/politics/0128emsSALVIA.html | archive-date = 2011-07-22 | access-date = 2009-02-06 | url-status = dead | ref = refMichael20090128 }} Maryland. * <cite id="refSarno20080912">{{cite news |author=Sarno, David |title=Inspecting YouTube's ban on "drug abuse" videos |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/09/inspecting-yout.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-09-12 |access-date=2008-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916001516/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/09/inspecting-yout.html |archive-date=2008-09-16 |url-status=live }}</cite> * {{cite news |author1=Sack, Kevin |author2=Brent McDonald |name-list-style=amp |title=Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical Uses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/us/09salvia.html?_r=0&ei=5124&en=aa0342b715969c4c&ex=1378699200&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |work=The New York Times |date=2008-09-08 |access-date=2008-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405052906/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/us/09salvia.html?_r=0&ei=5124&en=aa0342b715969c4c&ex=1378699200&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all |archive-date=April 5, 2014 |url-status=live |ref=refSack20080908 }} * {{cite news |author = Michael, Jenny |title = Drug outlawed in North Dakota puts man on the spot |url = http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/08/03/news/topnews/161483.txt |publisher = Bismarck Tribune |date = 2008-08-03 |access-date = 2008-08-25 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20240524055439/https://www.webcitation.org/5aKqI00O7?url=http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2008/08/03/news/topnews/161483.txt |archive-date = 2024-05-24 |url-status = dead |ref = refMichael20080803 }} North Dakota. * <cite id="refSege20080722">{{cite news |author=Sege, Irene |title=Trying to outlaw an herbal high |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/07/22/trying_to_outlaw_an_herbal_high/ |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=2008-07-22 |access-date=2008-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108194626/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/07/22/trying_to_outlaw_an_herbal_high/?page=1 |archive-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=live }} Massachusetts.</cite> * <cite id="refShafer20080506">{{cite news |author=Shafer, Jack |title=Salvia Divinorum Hysteria - The Press Helps Fuel The Next 'Drug Menace' |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2008/05/salvia_divinorum_hysteria.html |publisher=Slate Magazine/Washington Post |date=2008-05-06 |access-date=2008-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510181341/http://www.slate.com/id/2190781/pagenum/all/ |archive-date=2008-05-10 |url-status=live }}</cite> * {{cite news |author=McNamara, Neal |title=A trip down salvia lane... |url=http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/lansing/article-1844-a-trip-down-salvia-lane.html |publisher=City Pulse - Lansing |date=2008-04-30 |access-date=2008-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233348/http://lansingcitypulse.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1844&Itemid=29 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live |ref=refMcNamara20080430 }} Michigan. * <cite id="refDWC20080425">{{cite news | title = North Dakota Man Facing Years in Prison After Buying Salvia Divinorum On eBay | url = http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/533/north_dakota_first_salvia_arrest_kenneth_rau | publisher = the Drug Reform Coordination Network (DRCNet) | date = 2008-04-25 }} North Dakota.</cite> * <cite id="refChancellor20080314">{{cite news |author=Chancellor, Aubrey Mika |title=Salvia Ban in San Antonio? |url=http://www.woai.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=96d091b3-cf16-4e29-a829-1d520f62596f |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090214085511/http://www.woai.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=96d091b3-cf16-4e29-a829-1d520f62596f&p=Comments |archive-date=2009-02-14 |url-status=dead |publisher=WOAI - News 4 |date=2008-03-14 |access-date=2008-03-17 }}Texas</cite> (+ ). * <cite id="refHoyle20080312">{{cite news |author1=Hoyle, Suzanne |author2=Harris, Alexander |title=Salvia's herbal high spurs push for ban |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/519/story/453175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908032442/http://www.miamiherald.com/519/story/453175.html |archive-date=2008-09-08 |publisher=The Miami Herald |date=2008-03-12 |access-date=2009-07-20 |url-status=dead }} Florida (story includes online poll).</cite> * <cite id="refWhite20080108">{{cite news |author = White, Steve |title = Lawmakers Want to Ban YouTube Drug |url = http://www.nebraska.tv/Global/story.asp?S=7590482&nav=menu605_2 |publisher = Nebraska TV |date = 2008-01-08 |access-date = 2008-01-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110235514/http://www.nebraska.tv/Global/story.asp?S=7590482&nav=menu605_2 |archive-date = 2008-01-10 |url-status = dead }}</cite> * {{cite news |author=Berry, Jeniffer |title=Salvia becomes new drug threat among teens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124033604/http://new.khastv.com/modules/news/article.php?com_mode=flat&com_order=0&storyid=12191 |publisher=KHAS TV News 5 |date=2008-01-07 |url=http://new.khastv.com/modules/news/article.php?com_mode=flat&com_order=0&storyid=12191 |archive-date=2009-01-24 |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-01-08 |ref=refBerry20080107 }} Nebraska. * <cite id="refWallace20071126">{{cite news |author=Wallace, Todd |title=Indiana's Legal High: Teens Turned On To Powerful Drug |url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/14694672/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128044455/http://www.theindychannel.com/news/14694672/detail.html |archive-date=2007-11-28 |url-status=dead |work=Indianapolis News (6News) |publisher=TheIndyChannel.com |date=2007-11-26 |access-date=2007-11-27 }} Indiana (story includes online poll).</cite> : Follow-up story: {{cite news |title=Indiana's Legal High: Regulating Substance Faces Long Road |url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/14703208/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203000655/http://www.theindychannel.com/news/14703208/detail.html |archive-date=2007-12-03 |date=2007-11-27 |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-11-29 }} * <cite id="refTerry20071003">{{cite news |author1=Moran, Terry |author2=Max Culhane |name-list-style=amp |title=Parents Blame Exotic Plant for Son's Suicide |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3685391&page=1&singlePage=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405054047/https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3685391&page=1&singlePage=true |archive-date=April 5, 2014 |url-status=live |work=Nightline |publisher=ABC News |date=2007-10-03 |access-date=2007-10-06 }}</cite> * {{cite news |author = Smith, Tracy |title = Mom Says Legal Herb Killed Son |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mom-says-legal-herb-killed-son/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012231512/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/25/earlyshow/contributors/tracysmith/main3295276.shtml |archive-date = 2007-10-12 |url-status = live |work = CBS News |date = 2007-09-25 |access-date = 2007-10-22 |ref = refSmith20070925 }} * {{cite news |author = Viren, Sarah |title = 'Magic mint' Salvia drug gains attention |url = http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4410218 |publisher = Houston Chronicle |date = 2007-08-23 |access-date = 2009-07-20 |ref = refViren20070823 }} * {{cite news | author=Chalmers, Mike | date=2007-08-03 | page=B.1 | title=Parents sue over dead son's salvia use <!-- Brett's law story --> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184825/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070803%2FNEWS%2F708030343%2F-1%2FNEWS01 | newspaper=The News Journal | url=http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070803/NEWS/708030343/-1/NEWS01 | archive-date=2007-09-30 | access-date=2007-08-08 | ref=refChalmers20070803 | url-status=live }} [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1743909551.html?FMT=ABS Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228033029/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1743909551.html?FMT=ABS |date=2013-02-28 }} * {{cite news |author = Baskin, Roberta |title = Exclusive I-Team Investigation of a hallucinogenic drug that has begun to sweep the nation <!--anchor headline--> |url = http://news.wjla.com/news/stories/0707/438484.html <!--alt. url http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0707/438484.html <-alt. url --> |publisher = abc7News(WJLA-TV) |date = 2007-07-11 |access-date = 2007-07-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183108/http://news.wjla.com/news/stories/0707/438484.html |archive-date = September 27, 2007 }} Washington. * <cite id="refTompkins20070713">{{cite news |author = Tompkins, Al |title = More Seeking Salvia, the Legal High (Q&A with WJLA-TV's Roberta Baskin) |url = http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=2&aid=126587 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070815092447/http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=2&aid=126587 |archive-date = 2007-08-15 |url-status = dead |publisher = The Poynter Institute |date = 2007-07-13 |access-date = 2007-07-13 |ref = refBaskin20070711 }}</cite> * {{cite news |author=Allday, Erin |title=Legal, intense hallucinogen raises alarms |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/06/27/NEWDRUG.TMP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629123538/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F06%2F27%2FNEWDRUG.TMP |archive-date=2007-06-29 |url-status=dead |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=2007-06-27 |access-date=2007-06-27 |ref=refAllday20070627 }} California. * <cite id="refMartell20070618"> <!-- LSD comparisons -->{{cite news |author = Martell, Chris |date = 2007-06-18 |title = Herb is as potent as LSD |publisher = Wisconsin State Journal |url = http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/wsj/2007/06/18/0706170218.php |access-date = 2009-07-26 }}</cite> * {{cite news |author=Rose, Sontaya |date=2007-05-10 |title=New High Sweeping Central Valley Teens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605132734/http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=local&id=5290482 |url=http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=local&id=5290482 |archive-date=2007-06-05 |publisher=abc30ActionNews |access-date=2007-05-10 |url-status=dead |ref=refSontaya20070510 }} California. * <cite id="refEckenrode20070308">{{cite news |author = Eckenrode, Vicky |title = Ban on mind-altering herb weighed in legislature |url = http://savannahnow.com/node/239324 |publisher = Savannah Morning News |date = 2007-03-08 |access-date = 2007-10-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090123040053/http://savannahnow.com/node/239324 |archive-date = 2009-01-23 |url-status = dead }} Georgia.</cite> * <cite id="refClark20070305">{{cite news |author=Clark, Aaron |title=Oregon lawmakers consider banning legal hallucinogenic |url=http://www.theworldlink.com/articles/2007/03/05/news/news12030507.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095457/http://www.theworldlink.com/articles/2007/03/05/news/news12030507.txt |archive-date=2008-10-07 |url-status=live |publisher=The Worldlink/Associated Press |date=2007-03-05 |access-date=2007-10-16 }} Oregon.</cite> * <cite id="refMasis20070228"> <!-- therapeutic studies -->{{cite news |author=Masis, Julie |date=2007-02-28 |title=Mexican drug gains U.S. following |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509154740/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N24424552.htm |publisher=Reuters |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N24424552.htm |archive-date=2007-05-09 |access-date=2007-08-22 |url-status=dead }} Boston.</cite> * <cite id="refDevine20070219"> <!-- LSD comparisons -->{{cite news |author=DeVine, Josh |title=New legal herb may do more damage than LSD |url=http://abclocal.go.com/wjrt/story?section=local&id=5048914 |publisher=abc12(WJRT) |date=2007-02-19 |access-date=2007-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222051045/http://abclocal.go.com/wjrt/story?section=local&id=5048914 |archive-date=February 22, 2007 }} Michigan.</cite> * <cite id="refSanchick20070215">{{cite news |author=Sanchick, Myra |title=Salvia: Underground Drug Getting Attention |url=http://www.myfoxmilwaukee.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=2395758&version=2&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1 |publisher=Fox6News Milwaukee WITI-TV |date=2007-02-15 |access-date=2007-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017011636/http://www.myfoxmilwaukee.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=2395758&version=2&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1 |archive-date=October 17, 2007 }}</cite> * {{cite news |author = Sanchick, Myra |title = Salvia: The New Pot |url = http://www.myfoxmilwaukee.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=2385437&version=1&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135135/http://www.myfoxmilwaukee.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=2385437&version=1&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1 |archive-date = October 11, 2007 |publisher = Fox6News Milwaukee WITI-TV |date = 2007-02-14 |access-date = 2007-06-27 |ref = refSanchick20070214 }} * {{cite news |author = Haskell, Meg |title = Amended salvia bill limits sales |url = http://bangordailynews.com/news/t/news.aspx?articleid=146136&zoneid=500 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070222044942/http://bangordailynews.com/news/t/news.aspx?articleid=146136&zoneid=500 |archive-date = 2007-02-22 |publisher = Bangor Daily News, Maine |date = 2007-02-08 |access-date = 2007-10-16 |ref = refHaskell20070208 }} * {{cite news |title=Lawmakers hear about a new drug |url=http://www.kxma.com/getARticle.asp?ArticleId=91151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506183637/http://www.kxma.com/getARticle.asp?ArticleId=91151 |archive-date=2007-05-06 |url-status=dead |publisher=KXMBTV |date=2007-01-31 |access-date=2007-07-17 |ref=refKXMBTV20070131 }} * {{cite news |author = Haskell, Meg |title = Lawmakers hear arguments on salvia ban |url = http://bangordailynews.com/news/t/news.aspx?articleid=145495&zoneid=500 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220023714/http://bangordailynews.com/news/t/news.aspx?articleid=145495&zoneid=500 |archive-date = 2007-02-20 |publisher = Bangor Daily News |date = 2007-01-23 |access-date = 2007-07-16 |ref = refHaskell20070123 }} * {{cite news <!-- noted headline --> | author = Quinones, Todd | title = Deadly Dangers Of A Street Legal High | url = http://cbs3.com/specialreports/local_story_333213310.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071230201450/http://cbs3.com/specialreports/Salvia.Divinorum.Legal.2.304828.html |archive-date= 2007-12-30 |publisher = CBS 3 Philadelphia | date = 2006-11-30 |access-date= 2007-07-17 |ref=refQuinones20061130}} <!-- KSL story, with editorial referenced from main article text --> * {{cite news |author=Dujanovic, Debbie |title=Dangerous Herb is Legal in Utah |url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=679822 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506022450/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=679822 |archive-date=2007-05-06 |url-status=live |publisher=KSL |date=2006-11-30 |access-date=2007-07-17 |ref=refDujanovic20061127 }} : <cite id="refDujanovic20061128">Follow-up story: [http://www.ksl.com/?sid=682728&nid=148 Lawmaker Responds to Investigative Report on Dangerous Herb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506055425/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=682728 |date=2007-05-06 }}, 2006-11-28.</cite><!-- 'Lawmaker Responds' archived at: https://www.webcitation.org/5QQplduEh?url=http://www.ksl.com/?sid%3D682728%26nid%3D148 & https://www.webcitation.org/5QQpzPrmP?url=http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid%3D148%26sid%3D682728%26comments%3Dtrue --> : <cite id="refCardall20061212"> Cardall, Duane. [http://www.ksl.com/?nid=238&sid=687501 KSL Editorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506032623/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=238&sid=687501 |date=2007-05-06 }}, 2006-12-01.</cite><!--KSL editorial archived at https://www.webcitation.org/5QQok2kXe?url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid%3D238%26sid%3D687501 )--> * {{cite news |author=Blake, Katherine |date=2006-11-13 |title=DEA Warns Over-The-Counter Drug Is Like Acid |publisher=CBS 4 Denver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130074502/http://cbs4denver.com/investigates/local_story_317232334.html |archive-date=2006-11-30 |url=http://cbs4denver.com/investigates/local_story_317232334.html |access-date=2007-06-27 |ref=refBlake20061113 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite news | author=Chalmers, Mike | title=Salvia's Banned, but now the tough part. | url=http://www.salvia.net/articles.php?id=3 <!--orig. url http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060506/NEWS/605060321/1006/rss <-orig. url --> <!--orig. article is also cited from Erowid Extracts, June 2006, No.10 page 2 https://www.erowid.org/general/newsletter/erowid_newsletter10.pdf --> <!--archived item from publisher - https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1769063011.html?FMT=ABS --> | newspaper=The News Journal | page=B.1 | date=2006-05-06 | access-date=2007-10-14 | ref=refChalmers20060506 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917005249/http://www.salvia.net/articles.php?id=3 | archive-date=2007-09-17 }} * {{cite news |author=Cooper, Anderson |title=Salvia: Legal but Lethal |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0604/13/lol.03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525214635/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0604/13/lol.03.html |archive-date=2007-05-25 |url-status=live |publisher=CNN |date=2006-04-13 |access-date=2007-07-17 |ref=refAnderson20060413 }} : [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/04/herb-induces-hallucinations-proposed.html viewer feedback] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829142341/http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/04/herb-induces-hallucinations-proposed.html |date=2011-08-29 }}—[http://www.salvia-divinorum-scotland.co.uk/mediastories/government/brettslaw/cnn_video.ws.asx asx video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719221201/http://www.salvia-divinorum-scotland.co.uk/mediastories/government/brettslaw/cnn_video.ws.asx |date=2011-07-19 }} <small>(save & use media player)</small> * {{cite news |title = Cheap, Legal And Dangerous—Salvia Hits Area |url = http://www.nbc10.com/news/8628557/detail.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105212407/http://www.nbc10.com/news/8628557/detail.html |archive-date = 2008-01-05 |publisher = NBC10 |date = 2006-04-11 |access-date = 2007-10-22 |ref = refNBC1020060411 }} * {{cite news |author=Schaper, David |date=2006-03-20 |title=Scientists See Research Value in Salvia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030150129/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5290545 |publisher=NPR (National Public Radio) |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5290545 |archive-date=2007-10-30 |access-date=2007-10-06 |url-status=live |ref=refSchaper20060320 }} [https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5290545 Broadcast transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233346/https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5290545 |date=2018-12-30 }}. * <cite id="refJones20010609">{{cite news |author=Jones, Richard Lezin |title=New Cautions Over a Plant With a Buzz |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401EEDA1038F93AA35754C0A9679C8B63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229003112/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401EEDA1038F93AA35754C0A9679C8B63 |archive-date=2007-12-29 |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=2001-06-09 |access-date=2007-12-11 }}</cite> {{Refend}}

==External links== * {{Cite web | url = https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/salvia_en | publisher = European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) | title = Salvia divinorum}}

{{Wikispecies|Salvia divinorum}} {{Commons category|Salvia divinorum}} {{Hallucinogens}} {{Dopamine receptor modulators}} {{Opioid receptor modulators}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q320584}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Entheogens Category:Endemic flora of Mexico Category:Flora of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Category:Hallucinogenic kappa-opioid receptor agonists Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens divinorum