Salt mining

{{short description|Mining operation extracting rock salt or halite}} {{About|mining for salt|the secret CIA prison|Salt Pit}} [[File:Salt mine 0096.jpg|thumb|Modern rock-salt mine near Mount Morris, New York]] '''Salt mining''' extracts natural salt deposits from underground. The mined salt is usually in the form of halite (commonly known as rock salt), and extracted from evaporite formations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=evaporite |title=Oilfield Glossary: Term 'evaporite' |publisher=Glossary.oilfield.slb.com |access-date=2012-02-13 |archive-date=2012-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131020924/http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=evaporite |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth-moving equipment, mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations because of rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt (both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust) and of other problems caused by accidental excessive sodium intake. Salt is now plentiful, but until the Industrial Revolution, it was difficult to come by, and salt was often mined by slaves or prisoners. Life expectancy for the miners was low.

The earliest found salt mine was in Hallstatt, Austria where salt was mined, starting in 5000BC.<ref name=Kern>{{Cite book |title=Kingdom of Salt: 7000 Years of Hallstatt. |last=Kern |others=Vienna: Natural History Museum |year=2009 |isbn=9783903096080 |publication-date=2009}}</ref>

As salt is a necessity of life, pre-industrial governments were usually keen to exercise stringent control over its production, often through direct ownership of the mines. Whereas the collection of most taxes generally required at least the grudging cooperation of the upper classes, ownership of salt mines could provide monarchs with a lucrative source of income for which they did not need to rely on the goodwill of other strata of society such as the nobility to remit to the monarch. For example, Polish king Casimir the Great relied on salt mines for over a third of his revenue in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF THE MINE - About the Salt Mines - Individual tourist - The “Wieliczka” Salt Mine |url=https://www.wieliczka-saltmine.com/individual-tourist/about-the-mine/history-of-the-mine |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.wieliczka-saltmine.com}}</ref>

Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade in mined salt.<ref name=Harris>{{Cite book |title=Studies in the History of Tax Law |last=Harris |first= Peter |others=Hart Publications |year=2017 |isbn=978-1509908370 |volume=8 |publication-date=August 10, 2017 |page=518}}</ref> They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt. The Chinese writer, poet, and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin dynasty wrote in his book ''Bowuzhi'' how people in Zigong, Sichuan, excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution.<ref name="deng">{{Cite book |title=Ancient Chinese Inventions |last=Deng |first=Yinke |year=2011 |page=41 |isbn=978-0521186926}}</ref> The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt. Salt mining was an arduous task for them, as they faced geographical and technological constraints. Salt was extracted mainly from the sea, and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production.<ref name=Höllmann>{{Cite book |title=The Land of the Five Flavors: A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine |last=Höllmann |first=Thomas O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0231161862 |publication-date=November 26, 2013 |page=33}}</ref> The Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to shore.<ref name=Harris/> In 1041, during the Song dynasty, a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production.<ref name="deng"/> In Southwestern China, natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than {{cvt|1,000|m}}, but the yields of salt were relatively low.<ref name=Höllmann/> Salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of the Imperial Chinese government's revenue and state development.<ref name=Höllmann/>

Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such as K+S, AkzoNobel, Cargill, and Compass Minerals. {{clear left}}

== Mining regions around the world == [[File:Crystal Valley (Khewra Salt Mines).JPG|thumb|The Crystal Valley region of the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan. With around 250,000 visitors a year, the site is a major tourist attraction.]] [[File:SaltMosque.JPG|thumb |A small mosque made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex]] [[File:Large hole drilling rig.jpg|thumb| Large hole drilling rig for blast-hole drilling at salt mine Haigerloch-Stetten]] {{main|List of countries by salt production}} Some notable salt mines include: {| class="wikitable" !style="width:12em;"| Country !!style="width:70em;"| Site(s) |-  | Austria || Hallstatt and Salzkammergut. </tr>

| Bosnia and Herzegovina || Tuzla </tr> |valign="top"| Bulgaria || Provadiya; and Solnitsata, an ancient town which Bulgarian archaeologists regard as the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt-production facility approximately six millennia ago.<ref name="Maugh">{{cite news |title= Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center |first= Thomas H. |last= Maugh II |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-oldest-european-town-20121101,0,3214695.story |newspaper= The Los Angeles Times |date= 1 November 2012 |access-date= 5 December 2012 |archive-date= 25 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201116/https://www.latimes.com/ |url-status= live }}</ref> </tr> |valign="top"| Canada || Sifto Salt Mine<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.goderich.ca/industry.html |title= Industries in Goderich |access-date= 2008-02-08 |quote= Sifto Canada Inc. [...] (Goderich Mine) |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226190621/http://www.goderich.ca/industry.html |archive-date= December 26, 2007 }}</ref> in Goderich, Ontario, which, at {{convert|1.5|mi|km|1|lk= on}} wide and {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} long, is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending {{convert|7|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBC-TV – Geologic Journey – Goderich, Ontario and Detroit Michigan |url=http://www.cbc.ca/geologic/field_guide/gl_goderich.html?dataPath=/photogallery/documentaries/gallery_641/xml/gallery_641.xml |publisher=CBC 2012 |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001148/http://www.cbc.ca/geologic/field_guide/gl_goderich.html?dataPath=/photogallery/documentaries/gallery_641/xml/gallery_641.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Amy Pataki, Richard Lautens, Salt at the source: a day in a Lake Huron mine, [https://projects.thestar.com/projects/salt_mine_lake_huron.html The Toronto Star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118155650/https://projects.thestar.com/projects/salt_mine_lake_huron.html |date=2021-11-18 }}, Fri Aug 15 2014.</ref> {{qn|date=January 2020}} </tr> | Colombia || Zipaquirá </tr> | England || The "-wich towns" of Cheshire and Worcestershire.</tr> | Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti || Danakil Desert, where manual labor is used.<ref>{{cite web|title= Salt mine in the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia, 2015|url= https://independent-travellers.com/ethiopia/danakil_depression/salt_mine/|website= Independent Travellers|publisher= independent-travellers.com|access-date= July 14, 2017|archive-date= March 29, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135138/https://independent-travellers.com/ethiopia/danakil_depression/salt_mine/|url-status= live}}</ref> </tr> | Germany || Rheinberg, Berchtesgaden, Heilbronn </tr> | Republic of Ireland || Mountcharles </tr> | Italy || Racalmuto, Realmonte and Petralia Soprana<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italkali.com/en/production_sites.php |title=Italkali Spa - Production Sites |access-date=2011-05-09 |format=online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331184945/http://www.italkali.com/en/production_sites.php |archive-date=2012-03-31 }}</ref> within the production sites managed by Italkali. </tr> | Morocco || Société de Sel de Mohammedia (Mohammedia Rock Salt company) near Casablanca </tr> | Northern Ireland || Kilroot, near Carrickfergus, more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km. </tr> | Pakistan || Khewra Salt Mines, the world's second largest salt-mining operation, spanning over 300 km. It was first discovered by a horse of Alexander the Great. The mine is still operation till today. </tr> | Poland || Wieliczka and Bochnia, both established in the mid-13th century and still operating, mostly as museums. Kłodawa Salt Mine.</tr> | Romania || Slănic (with Salina Veche, Europe's largest salt mine), Cacica, Ocnele Mari, Salina Turda, Târgu Ocna, Ocna Sibiului, Praid and Salina Ocna Dej. </tr> | Russia || * Solikamsk in Perm Krai (European Russia) * Seregovo in the Komi Republic (European Russia)</tr> | Ukraine || Soledar Salt Mine in Soledar, Donetsk oblast. </tr> |- |valign="top"| United States |  * Hutchinson, Kansas, underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 as the Carey Salt Company. In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company formed, then purchased the mine. In 2005 the Strataca salt mine museum and ''Underground Vaults & Storage'' constructed a new {{convert|650|ft|m|-1}} shaft to an older part of the mine for tours and storage. Also, Lyons Salt Company and Compass Minerals is located in Lyons, Kansas, and Independent Salt Company is located in Kanopolis, Kansas. * Avery Island, Louisiana * Cleveland, Ohio is home to the Whiskey Island mine owned by Cargill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DeSmit |first=Jacob |date=2023-07-31 |title=Step Inside the Cargill Salt Mines Under Lake Erie |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/the-read/articles/step-inside-the-cargill-salt-mines-under-lake-erie |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Cleveland Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The Fairport Harbor mine owned by Morton Salt is located {{cvt|30|mi|km}} to the east.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallonee |first=Laura |date=2016-05-03 |title=Venture Into a Surreal Salt Mine 2,000 Feet Below Lake Erie |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/venture-surreal-salt-mine-2000-feet-lake-erie/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209025651/https://www.wired.com/2016/05/venture-surreal-salt-mine-2000-feet-lake-erie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Detroit, Michigan, {{convert|1100|ft|m|-1}} beneath which the Detroit Salt Company's {{convert|1500|acre|km2|0|adj=on}} subterranean complex extends<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |title=The Detroit Salt Company – Explore the City under the City |access-date=2008-02-08 |format=online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212550/http://www.detroitsalt.com/home.htm |archive-date=2009-04-12 }}</ref> * Livingston County, New York, location of American Rock Salt, the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spector|first1=Joseph|title=American Rock Salt to expand in Livingston|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/vote-up/2015/01/13/largest-salt-mine-in-u-s-to-expand-in-livingston-county/21703733/|access-date=20 July 2015|publisher=Democrat and Chronicle|date=13 Jan 2015|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203233828/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/vote-up/2015/01/13/largest-salt-mine-in-u-s-to-expand-in-livingston-county/21703733/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Syracuse, New York earned the nickname "The Salt City" for its salt mining, an activity that continues in the region to the present day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cayuga-salt-mine-elevator-malfunction-traps-17-miners-underground-lansing-n491851|title=All 17 Cargill Salt Miners Trapped on Underground Elevator Freed|work=NBC News|access-date=January 7, 2016|date=January 7, 2016|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107110921/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cayuga-salt-mine-elevator-malfunction-traps-17-miners-underground-lansing-n491851|url-status=live}}</ref> * Grand Saline, Texas has a Morton Salt mine. It is one of the largest in the world. * Saltville, Virginia, the site of one of the Confederacy's main saltworks. |}

== Idiomatic use == In slang, the term {{Em|salt mines}}, and especially the phrase {{Em|back to the salt mines}}, refers ironically to one's workplace, or a dull or tedious task. This phrase originates from {{Circa|1800}} in reference to the Russian practice of sending prisoners to forced labor in Siberian salt mines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/back-to-the-salt-mines|title=Definition of back to the salt mines |website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2020-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112073049/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/back-to-the-salt-mines|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/the-salt-mines-really/22927|title=The Salt Mines. Really??|last=Houston|first=Natalie|date=2010-01-25|website=The Chronicle of Higher Education Blogs: ProfHacker|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2020-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112073052/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/the-salt-mines-really/22927|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}} {{clear right}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Salt mines}} *[https://ssm.ma Mohammedia Rock Salt Company]

Category:Salt mines Category:Ancient Roman technology Category:Chinese inventions Category:Mining by mineral