{{Short description|Order of fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cenomanian|present}} | image = Lake trout fish underwater close up head.jpg | image_caption = Lake trout (''Salvelinus namaycush'') | image2 = Esox masquinongy.jpg | image2_caption = Muskellunge (''Esox masquinony'') | taxon = Salmoniformes | authority = Bleeker, 1859 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Salmonidae * Esocidae * Umbridae }}
'''Salmoniformes''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|l|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}, lit. "salmon-shaped") is an order of ray-finned fishes native to the temperate and subarctic Northern Hemisphere.'''<ref name=":1322">{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>''' It contains two suborders: Salmonoidei (containing only the Salmonidae) and Esocoidei (containing pikes and mudminnows).'''<ref name=":1322" />''' In addition, potential fossil members of the group, dating back to the Late Cretaceous, are also known from Europe and Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=101 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |bibcode=2024BPMNH..65..101N |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Both large-sized members of this order (Salmonidae and Esocidae) are important food and sport fish of the Northern Hemisphere.
== Taxonomy == The relationship between salmons, pikes, and mudminnows has long been well-attested based on phylogenetic and morphological studies, and all three groups were long placed in the Salmoniformes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Mark V. H. |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Neuman |first3=Andrew G. |date=1992 |title=Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/cretaceous-esocoidei-teleostei-early-radiation-of-the-pikes-in-north-american-fresh-waters/1886085B088AD3F7381EF8047E0A3835 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=839–846 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000020849 |bibcode=1992JPal...66..839W |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the early 21st century, pikes and mudminnows were split from the Salmoniformes and placed into their own order, Esociformes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |date=2017-07-06 |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=5501477 |pmid=28683774|bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B }}</ref> However, as recent studies have reaffirmed their close relationship, more recent taxonomic authorities again place the Esociformes as a group within the Salmoniformes (Esocoidei).'''<ref name=":1322" />'''<ref name=":0" />
The following classification is based on ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'':'''<ref name=":1322" />'''
* Order '''Salmoniformes''' ** Suborder Esocoidei *** Family Esocidae <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> - pikes **** Subfamily Dalliinae <small>Jordan, 1885</small> - blackfishes **** Subfamily Esocinae <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> - pikes *** Family Umbridae <small>Bonaparte, 1845</small> - mudminnows ** Suborder Salmonoidei *** Family Salmonidae <small>Cuvier, 1816</small> **** Subfamily Coregoninae <small>Bonaparte</small><small>, 1845</small> **** Subfamily Thymallinae <small>Gill</small><small>, 1885</small> **** Subfamily Salmoninae <small>Cuvier</small><small>, 1816</small>
The following fossil taxa are also considered much more basal members of this order:<ref name=":0" />
* †''Barcarenichthys'' <small>Gayet, 1989</small> (Cenomanian of Portugal) * †''Kermichthys'' <small>Taverne, 1992</small> (Cenomanian of Morocco)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fielitz |first=Christopher |date=2002 |title=A new Late Cretaceous (Turonian) basal euteleostean fish from Lac des Bois of the Northwest Territories of Canada |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/e02-061 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=1579–1590 |doi=10.1139/e02-061 |bibcode=2002CaJES..39.1579F |issn=0008-4077|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * †''Pyrenichthys'' <small>Gayet & Lepicard, 1985</small> (Maastrichtian of France)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=GAYET |first1=M |last2=LEPICARD |first2=B. |date=1985 |title=Salmoniforme nouveau du Maastrichtien supérieur des Petites Pyrénées (Haute-Garonne, France): Pyrenichthys jauzaci nov. gen. nov. sp |trans-title=New Salmoniforme from the Upper Maestrichtian of the "Petites Pyrénées" (Haute Garonne, France): Pyrenichthys jauzaci nov. gen. nov. sp |url=https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=8417686 |journal=Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=131–141 |issn=0181-0642}}</ref> * ?†''Stompooria'' <small>Anderson, 1998</small> (potentially a galaxiiform)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=M. Eric |title=A late Cretaceous (Maasteichtian) Galaxiid fish from South Africa |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?fs98001 |journal=Special Publication |language=English |issue=60 |pages=1–8 |issn=0075-2088}}</ref> (Maastrichtian of South Africa)
Indeterminate potential salmoniform remains are known from Santonian-aged freshwater deposits of Hungary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Szabó |first1=Márton |last2=Ősi |first2=Attila |date=2017-09-01 |title=The continental fish fauna of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút locality (Bakony Mountains, Hungary) |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/24/60/2/article-p230.xml |journal=Central European Geology |language=en-US |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=230–287 |doi=10.1556/24.60.2017.009 |bibcode=2017CEJGl..60..230S |issn=1789-3348|hdl=10831/67493 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
In the past, other euteleost fish such as the smelts or tubeshoulders were also placed within this order,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDowall |first=R. M. |date=1976 |title=Fishes of the family Prototroctidae (Salmoniformes) |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/mf/mf9760641 |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=641–659 |doi=10.1071/mf9760641 |bibcode=1976MFRes..27..641M |issn=1448-6059|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Matsui |first1=Tetsuo |last2=Rosenblatt |first2=Richard H. |date=1987 |title=Review of the Deep-Sea Fish Family Platytroctidae (Pisces: Salmoniformes) |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35v4k0ks |journal=Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography |language=en |issue=26}}</ref> but such a placement is now known to be inaccurate.'''<ref name=":1322" />''' Phylogenetic studies generally recover either the Argentiniformes or the Galaxiiformes as the closest relatives of the Salmoniformes.'''<ref name=":1322" />'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q9394365}}
Category:Actinopterygii orders Category:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker Category:Salmoniformes