Sabal

{{Short description|Genus of palms}} {{For|a native name of a Bornean tree species|Dacryodes patentinervia}} {{Use dmy dates |date=February 2023}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Late Cretaceous to Recent (Campanian-Holocene), {{fossil range|77|0}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manchester |first=Steven R. |last2=Lehman |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Wheeler |first3=Elisabeth A. |date=2010 |title=Fossil Palms (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae) Associated with Juvenile Herbivorous Dinosaurs in the Upper Cretaceous Aguja Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/653688 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=679–689 |doi=10.1086/653688}}</ref> |name = Palmetto |image = SabalPalm.jpg |image_caption = ''Sabal palmetto'' |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Sabal |authority = Adans.<ref name="Adanson1763">{{cite book|author=Michel Adanson|author-link=Michel Adanson|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=chez Vincent|url=https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada|series=2|year=1763|language=fr|pages=[https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada/page/n1040 495], 599}}</ref> |type_species = ''Sabal adansonii'' |type_species_authority = Guers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameDetails.aspx?nameid=40028117 |title=''Sabal'' Adans. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621 |title=''Sabal'' Adans. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-10-15 |access-date=2010-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160313/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621 |archive-date=2009-08-26 }}</ref> |synonyms = * ''Inodes'' O.F.Cook }}

'''''Sabal''''' is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of ''Sabal'', including one hybrid species.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=M. Patrick|last2=De Freitas|first2=John|last3=Barros|first3=Michelle|last4=Noblick|first4=Larry R.|date=2017|title=Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=303|pages=56–64|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Distribution == The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.

== Description == Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of ''Sabal'' are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in ''Sabal palmetto'' and ''Sabal etonia'') or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate (as in ''Sabal minor''). Like many other palms, the fruit of ''Sabal'' are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature.

== Taxonomy == The name ''Sabal'' was first applied to members of the group by Michel Adanson in the 18th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ramp |first1=Paul F. |last2=Thien |first2=Leonard B. |date=1995 |title=A Taxonomic History and Reexamination of Sabal minor in the Mississippi Valley |journal=Principes |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=77–83}}</ref> Previous names that this genus was associated with include ''Corypha'', ''Chamaerops'', ''Rhapis''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zona |first=Scott |date=1990 |title=A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae) |journal=Aliso |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=583–666 |doi=10.5642/aliso.19901204.02 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This section highlights important phylogenetic work done within the genus ''Sabal.''

In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of ''Sabal.'' Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of ''Sabal''.<ref name=":1" /> Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona recognized four distinct clades.<ref name=":1" /> The clades within his study include: *Clade 1 ''Sabal minor'' *Clade 2 ''Sabal bermudana, Sabal palmetto, Sabal miamiensis,'' and ''Sabal etonia'' *Clade 3 ''Sabal maritima, Sabal domingensis, Sabal causiarum, Sabal maurittiformis, Sabal yapa, Sabal mexicana,'' and ''Sabal guatemalensis'' *Clade 4 ''Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos''.<ref name=":1" />

These clades associate closely with geographic distributions.<ref name=":1" /> Most of the species within Clade 3 occur in the Greater Antilles and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico.<ref name=":1" /> Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country.<ref name=":1" /> The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern United States although ''S. palmetto'' and ''S. minor'' are also known from Cuba and the Bahamas ''(S. palmetto)'' and northern Mexico ''(S. minor).''<ref name=":1" /> ''Sabal bermudana'' is only known from Bermuda.<ref name=":1" />

In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on ''Sabal'' that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Heyduk |first1=Karolina |last2=Trapnell |first2=Dorset W. |last3=Barrett |first3=Craig F. |last4=Leebens-Mack |first4=Jim |date=2015-05-13 |title=Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1111/bij.12551 |issn=0024-4066 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of ''Sabal.''<ref name=":2" /> The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of "Clade 4" (''Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos'') which split and integrate these species throughout the phylogeny of ''Sabal.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The largest of the clades identified by Zona, "Clade 3" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Although ''Sabal causiarum'' and ''S. domingensis'' retain their relationship as sister species, they are included in a clade that also includes ''S. maritima'' and ''S. rosei.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of "Clade 1" and "Clade 2" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Species === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Image !! Scientific name !'''Common name'''!! Distribution |- | || ''Sabal antillensis'' M.P.Griff. |Antillean palmetto|| Curaçao<ref name=":3" /><ref name="griffith">{{Cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=M. Patrick|last2=Coolen|first2=Quirijn|last3=Barros|first3=Michelle|last4=Noblick|first4=Larry R.|date=2019|title=''Sabal lougheediana'' (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336408064|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=420|pages=095–102|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1|s2cid=208559842 }}</ref> |- |120px || ''Sabal bermudana'' L.H.Bailey |Bermuda palmetto|| Bermuda |- |frameless|158x158px |''Sabal'' ''brazoriensis'' D.H.Goldman, Lockett & Read |Brazoria palmetto |United States (Texas) |- |120px || ''Sabal causiarum'' (O.F. Cook) Becc. |Puerto Rico palmetto|| United States (Puerto Rico), British Virgin Islands, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) |- |120px || ''Sabal domingensis'' Becc. |Hispaniola palmetto|| Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti) |- |120px || ''Sabal etonia'' Swingle ex Nash |Scrub palmetto|| United States (Florida) |- |120px || ''Sabal gretheriae'' H.J.Quero.R. |Yucatán palmetto|| Mexico (Quintana Roo) |- | || ''Sabal lougheediana'' M.P.Griff. |Bonaire palmetto|| Bonaire<ref name="griffith" /> |- |120px || ''Sabal maritima'' (Kunth) Burret |Jamaica palmetto||Jamaica, Cuba |- |120px || ''Sabal mauritiiformis'' (H.Karst.) Griseb. & H.Wendl. |Savannah palm or ''palma de vaca''|| ''S''outhern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinida)) |- |120px || ''Sabal mexicana'' Mart. |Mexican palmetto|| United States (southern Texas) south through Mexico to Nicaragua |- |120px || ''Sabal miamiensis'' |Miami palmetto|| United States (Southern Florida) |- |120px || ''Sabal minor'' (Jacq.) Pers. |Dwarf palmetto|| Northeastern Mexico, Southeastern United States (Florida north to North Carolina, west to Texas) |- |120px || ''Sabal palmetto'' (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. |Cabbage palmetto|| Cuba, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States (Florida north to North Carolina) |- |120px || ''Sabal pumos'' (Kunth) Burret |Royal palmetto|| Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán, Puebla) |- |120px || ''Sabal rosei'' (O.F.Cook) Becc. |Rosei palmetto||Northwestern Mexico |- |120px || ''Sabal uresana'' Trel. |Sonoran palmetto|| Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) |- |120px || ''Sabal yapa'' C.Wright ex Becc. | || Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula), Belize, Cuba, Guatemala<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40028117 |title=Subordinate taxa of ''Sabal'' Adans. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Sabal'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075230/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |}

thumb|240px|right|Fossil of ''S. major''

===Prehistoric taxa=== Extinct species within this genus include:<ref name=XX/> * †''Sabal bigbendense'' Manchester et al. 2010 * †''Sabal bracknellense'' (Chandler) Mai<ref name="Manchester">{{cite journal |first=Steven R. |last=Manchester |title=Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |journal=Palaeontographica Americana |year=1994 |volume=58 |pages=1–205 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270051359 }}</ref> * †''Sabal grayana'' Brown 1962 * †''Sabal imperialis'' Brown 1962 * †''Sabal jenkinsii'' (Reid & Chandler) Manchester 1994<ref name="Manchester"/> * †''Sabal lamanonis'' * †''Sabal raphipholia''

Plants of the genus lived from the late Cretaceous to the Quaternary period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in the United States, as well as in Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Greece, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, France) and Japan.<ref name=XX>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=338231 Paleobiology Database]</ref> Leaf fossils of ''Sabal lamanonis'' have been recovered from rhyodacite tuff of Lower Miocene age in southern Slovakia near the town of Lučenec.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Vojtko | first=Rastislav | title=Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín | journal=Acta Geologica Slovaca | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=2016-10-21 | issn=1338-0044 | pages=65–70 | url=http://www.geopaleo.fns.uniba.sk/ageos/articles/abstract.php?path=kucerova&vol=1&iss=1 | language=sk | access-date=2019-07-08 | trans-title=Miocene flora from the localities Kalonda and Mučín | archive-date=17 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017024431/http://www.geopaleo.fns.uniba.sk/ageos/articles/abstract.php?path=kucerova&vol=1&iss=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 27 million year old ''Sabal lamanonis'' and ''Sabal raphipholia'' leaf fossils in volcanic rocks have been described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006 | doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006 | title=Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece | year=2014 | last1=Velitzelos | first1=Dimitrios | last2=Bouchal | first2=Johannes M. | last3=Denk | first3=Thomas | journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume=204 | pages=56–117 | bibcode=2014RPaPa.204...56V | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Formerly placed in ''Sabal'' === * ''Serenoa repens'' (W.Bartram) Small (as ''S. serrulata'' (Michx.) Nutt. ex Schult. & Schult.f.)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>

== Ecology == ''Sabal'' species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including ''Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus,'' and ''Drycopus pileatus)'' as well as insects, such as ''Caryobruchus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=i Monteys|first1=Víctor Sarto|last2=Aguilar|first2=Lluís|last3=Saiz-Ardanaz|first3=Marienza|last4=Ventura|first4=Daniel|last5=Martí|first5=Mercè|date=June 2005|title=Comparative morphology of the egg of the castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)|journal=Systematics and Biodiversity|volume=3|issue=2|pages=179–201|doi=10.1017/S1477200005001635|bibcode=2005SyBio...3..179I |s2cid=85748924|issn=1477-2000}}</ref> and various species of Hymenoptera. American black bears (''Ursus americanus)'' and raccoons (''Procyon lotor)'' are also known to feed on fruit of various species of ''Sabal. Sabal palmetto'' is recorded to have its own lichen, ''Arthonia rubrocincta,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grube|first1=Martin|last2=Lucking|first2=Robert|last3=Umana-Tenorio|first3=Loengrin|date=September 2004|title=A New Isidiate Species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica|journal=Mycologia|volume=96|issue=5|pages=1159–1162|doi=10.2307/3762099|issn=0027-5514|jstor=3762099|pmid=21148936}}</ref> that only occurs on its leaf bases. In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species ''Paysandisia archon'' has become a prominent pest whose larvae are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of ''Sabal.''

==Uses== Arborescent species are often [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st575 transplanted] from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants and because several species are relatively cold-hardy, can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of ''Sabal'' ''palmetto'' is edible and, when cooked, is known as [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv038 'swamp cabbage']. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208122458/http://palmguide.org/images.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Sabal ''Sabal'' images] at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080927054215/http://www.scanpalm.no/sabal_english.html ''Sabal''] at Scanpalm

Category:Sabal Category:Arecaceae genera Category:Flora of the Neotropical realm Category:Taxa named by Michel Adanson