Ruby-topaz hummingbird

{{speciesbox | name = Ruby-topaz hummingbird | image = Ruby-topaz-hummingbird chrysolampis-mosquitus-7042-cr1.jpg | image_caption = In Bonaire | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=Ruby-topaz Hummingbird ''Chrysolampis mosquitus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22687160A93142952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687160A93142952.en |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Chrysolampis | parent_authority = Boie, F, 1831 | display_parents = 2 | species = mosquitus | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | range_map = Chrysolampis mosquitus map.svg | range_map_caption = | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = | synonyms = ''Trochilus mosquitus'' (protonym) }}

The '''ruby-topaz hummingbird''' ('''''Chrysolampis mosquitus'''''), commonly referred to simply as the '''ruby topaz''', is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae, the mangoes. It is found in Aruba, Bolivia, Bonaire, Brazil, Colombia, Curaçao, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.<ref name=IOC11.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.2) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=July 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=SACCcountries>{{cite web|author1=Remsen, J. V. Jr.|author2=J. I. Areta|author3=E. Bonaccorso|author4=S. Claramunt|author5=A. Jaramillo|author6=D. F. Lane|author7=J. F. Pacheco|author8=M. B. Robbins|author9=F. G. Stiles|author10=K. J. Zimmer|version=24|date=August 2021|title=Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories|url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref><ref name=HBW2020>{{cite journal|journal=HBW and BirdLife International|date=2020|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world|version=5|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip|format=ZIP|access-date=May 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== The ruby-topaz hummingbird was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Trochilus mosquitus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=120 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727025 }}</ref> The type locality is Suriname.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=28 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480039 }}</ref> The ruby-topaz hummingbird is now the only species placed in the genus ''Chrysolampis'', which was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1831.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1831 | title=Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen | journal=Isis von Oken | language=German | at=Cols 538–548 [546]| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27512960 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Hummingbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/hummingbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=3 January 2020 }}</ref> The name ''Chrysolampis'' is from the Ancient Greek ''khrusolampis'' meaning "glow-worm". The specific name ''mosquitus'' is a Spanish diminutive and means "little fly".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=105, 261 }}</ref> The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.<ref name=IOC11.2/>

==Description== The ruby-topaz hummingbird is {{convert|8|to|9.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|2.5|to|5|g|oz|2|abbr=on}}. Its almost straight, black bill is relatively short compared to those of most other hummingbirds. The male has dark brown upperparts with an olive gloss. Its crown and nape are glossy ruby red, and the throat and breast are usually iridescent golden though sometimes emerald green. The rest of the underparts are brown and the chestnut tail is tipped black.<ref name="NOPO-BOW">{{cite journal|author1=Schuchmann, K.L.|author2=Kirwan, G.M.|date=2020|title= Ruby-topaz Hummingbird (''Chrysolampis mosquitus'')|version=1.0|journal=Birds of the World|editor=T. S. Schulenberg|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, US|doi=10.2173/bow.compot1.01 |s2cid=216407832 }}</ref>

The female ruby-topaz hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and pale grey underparts. The tail is mostly chestnut with a dark subterminal band and a white tip; the central feathers are olive green. Females on Trinidad and Tobago sometimes have a greenish throat-streak (it may appear dark). Juvenile females are similar to adult females, but with a white-tipped dusky-brown tail. Juvenile males resemble the juvenile female, but with a variable amount of iridescent orange to the throat.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

==Distribution and habitat== The ruby-topaz hummingbird is found from eastern Panama east through northern Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas into northeastern Brazil. From there it is found through central and eastern Brazil as far south as Mato Grosso and westward into eastern Bolivia. In Colombia its range extends southward between the three Andes ranges, and it is also found in the ABC Islands and Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=IOC11.2/><ref name="NOPO-BOW"/> It has been recorded as a vagrant in Argentina and Peru and there is at least one unconfirmed sight record in Paraguay.<ref name=SACCcountries/>

The ruby-topaz hummingbird inhabits the interior and edges of open savanna-like landscapes and shrubby arid hillsides; it is found in gardens and cultivated areas as well. It mostly occurs below {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} of elevation but is found as high as {{convert|1700|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

==Behavior== ===Movement=== The ruby-topaz hummingbird is migratory, though its movement pattern and timing vary across its range and are not well defined. It appears to move north and south in Brazil and east and west along the north coast of South America and the offshore islands.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

===Feeding=== The ruby-topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from a wide variety of flowering shrubs, trees, epiphytes, cacti,<ref name="Auto">{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Chrysolampis_mosquitus%20-%20Ruby%20Topaz.pdf|title=Chrysolampis mosquitus (Ruby Topaz)|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> and crops. However, they prefer the flowers of the samaan tree and the ''Ixora'' plant since these flowers have a high sugar content.<ref name="Auto"/> Males defend feeding territories. The species also catches small insects and spiders<ref name="Auto"/> on the wing and sometimes gleans them from within foliage.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

===Breeding=== The ruby-topaz hummingbird's breeding season varies across its range. In the northern part it spans from December to June and in much of Brazil from September to March. The female makes a tiny cup nest of fine plant fibers and spider silk decorated on the outside with lichens. It places it on a branch or in a branch fork, typically between {{convert|1|and|4|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=}} above the ground. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation time is 15 to 16 days with fledging usually 19 to 22 days after hatch, though sometimes as long as 28 days.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Chrysolampis-mosquitus |species=ruby-topaz hummingbird}}

===Vocalization=== The ruby-topaz hummingbird's song is "a doubled 'tliii...tliii...tliii'", which is usually given from a high perch.<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

==Status== The IUCN has assessed the ruby-topaz hummingbird as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are unknown.<ref name=IUCN/> It is a "[c]ommon resident in the lowlands and coastal ranges" and "[r]eadily accepts man-made habitats".<ref name="NOPO-BOW"/>

==Gallery== <gallery widths="200px" heights="125px"> File:Ruby-topaz hummingbird (Chrysolampis mosquitus) male in flight.jpg|Male in flight File:Beija-flor vermelho (Chlorostilbon mosquitus) RPPN Frei Caneca, Jaqueira, PE.jpg|Male in flight File:Female Ruby-topaz Hummingbird (Chrysolampis mosquitus).jpg|Female in flight File:Ruby-topaz hummingbird (Chrysolampis mosquitus) female.jpg|Female (left) File:Chrysolampis mosquitus - Tiergarten Schönbrunn.jpg|Male File:Chrysolampis mosquitus by Buffon.jpg|Male by Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707–1788) </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{cite book | last = ffrench | first = Richard | title = A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago | edition = 2nd | year = 1991 | publisher = Comstock Publishing | isbn = 0-8014-9792-2 }} *{{cite book | last = Hilty | first = Steven L. | title = Birds of Venezuela | publisher = Christopher Helm | year = 2003 | location = London | isbn = 0-7136-6418-5 }}

==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Chrysolampis mosquitus|''Chrysolampis mosquitus''}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Chrysolampis mosquitus|''Chrysolampis mosquitus''}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050730013816/http://www.hummingbirdsociety.org/photogallery/ The Hummingbird Society] - photographs of this and other hummingbird species *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000919045955/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/8606900.htm Stamps]}} (for Brazil, Guyana, Netherlands Antilles, Suriname, Venezuela) with RangeMap *[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=ruby-topaz+hummingbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Ruby-topaz Hummingbird photo gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516100505/http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=ruby-topaz+hummingbird&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 |date=2011-05-16 }} VIREO

Category:Polytminae Category:Birds of Colombia Category:Birds of Venezuela Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield Category:Birds of Brazil Category:Birds of the Caribbean Category:Hummingbird species of South America ruby-topaz hummingbird ruby-topaz hummingbird Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest