Roadstead

{{short description|Open anchorage affording some protection, but less than a harbor}} [[File:Santorini AmmoudiBay tango7174.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ormos Ammoudi, a roadstead in Santorini, Greece]] thumb|''Santa Elena'' alongside ''Kriti Jade'' at Birzebbuga roadstead, Malta thumb|Ships on the roadstead "Aussenelbe Reede" in the north sea outside the river Elbe A '''roadstead''' or '''road'''{{efn|Charts and nautical publications often use ''roads'' rather than ''roadsteads''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=George K. |title=Definitions for the Law of the Sea: Terms Not Defined by the 1982 Convention |page=284 |location=Leiden |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-21160-5 |url=https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/57915/1/George%20K.%20Walker.pdf }}</ref> ''Roads'' is the earlier term.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Little|first1=William|last2=Fowler|first2=H W|last3=Coulson|first3=Jesse|last4=Onions|first4=C T|last5=Friedrichsen|first5=G. W. S.|title=The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Volume II)|date=1983|publisher=Book Club Associates|location=London|page=1838|edition=3rd}}</ref>}} is a sheltered body of water where ships can lie reasonably safely at anchor without dragging or snatching.<ref name="TM5360">United States Army technical manual, TM 5-360. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K6YXAAAAYAAJ&dq=a+roadstead+is&pg=PA22 Port Construction and Rehabilitation]''. Washington: United States. Government Printing Office, 1964.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121209030602/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/roadstead Oxford Dictionaries: Definition of ''roadstead'' in English]</ref> Many roadsteads are located near ports, but differ from ports in that they do not provide direct access to shore. Protected from rip currents, spring tides, or ocean swell, a roadstead can be open or natural, usually estuary-based, or may be created artificially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://roadstead.askdefinebeta.com/ |title=Roadstead: Extensive Definition |access-date=2014-05-21 |archive-date=2018-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606041443/http://roadstead.askdefinebeta.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In maritime law, it is described as a convenient or safe place where boats usually anchor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Henry Campbell |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan Andrew |title=Black's law dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=West |location=St. Paul, Minn |isbn=978-0314199492 |page=1443 |edition=9th}}</ref>

== Definition == A roadstead can be an area of safe anchorage for ships waiting to enter a port, or to form a convoy. If sufficiently sheltered and convenient, it can be used for the transshipment of goods, stores, and troops, either separately or in combination. The same applies in transfers to and from shore by lighters or barges.<ref name="TM5360" />{{efn| For example, in the Second World War, many merchant ships and many troops arriving at the UK were unloaded/disembarked from ships anchored at the Tail of the Bank in the upper Clyde estuary.<ref name="Robins2014">{{cite book|last=Robins|first=Nick|title=Scotland and the Sea: The Scottish Dimension in Maritime History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TwRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT175|date=21 January 2014|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|isbn=978-1-4738-3441-5|page=175|chapter=Clyde Anchorages Emergency Port}}</ref>}}

In the days of sailing ships, some voyages could only easily be made with certain wind directions, and ships would wait for favorable winds on a roadstead such as the Downs near the English Channel, or Yarmouth Roads by the North Sea.

==Notable roadsteads== {{colbegin|colwidth=27em}} *Basque Roads on the Bay of Biscay, near La Rochelle, France *Birzebbuga roadstead, near Valletta, Malta *Bolivar Roads off Galveston, Texas, USA *Roadstead of Brest, Brittany, France *Carrick Roads at the estuary of the River Fal, Cornwall, England *Castle Roads, Bermuda *Cherbourg Harbour (''la Grande Rade'') is an artificial roadstead in Normandy France *The Downs, near Deal, Kent, England *Fayal Roads in the Azores, Portugal (site of the Battle of Fayal) *Gage Roads, Fremantle, Western Australia *Hampton Roads, on Chesapeake Bay Virginia, USA *Kossol Roads, off Palau, Micronesia *Lahaina Roads off the island of Maui in Hawaii, USA *Lingga Roads at the Riau Islands, Indonesia *Roadstead of Lorient, off Morbihan in Brittany, France *Marseille Rade, France *Milford Haven Waterway in Pembrokeshire, Wales *The Nore sandbank on the Thames Estuary, England *Piraeus roadstead in the Gulf of Aegina / Saronic Gulf of Greece *Puget Sound, Washington, USA *Roosevelt Roads Naval Station / Rosy Roads off Ceiba, Puerto Rico *Royal Roads in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada *Scapa Flow sheltered among the Orkney Isles, Scotland *Schillig Roads off Friesland, Germany *Spithead on the Solent, England *Tail of the Bank by Greenock on the Clyde estuary, Scotland *Roadstead of Tallinn, Estonia *Tiefwasserreede off ports of Hamburg and Bremen, Germany *Rede van Texel was a historical roadstead off the island of Texel, Netherlands bypassed by the North Sea Canal to Amsterdam *Toulon Roads in the Mediterranean of France *Road Town on Tortola, British Virgin Islands *Trondheim roadstead, Norway *Villefranche-sur-mer roadstead off the French Riviera *Yarmouth Roads on the North Sea off Great Yarmouth, East Anglia, England {{colend}}

<gallery class="center" caption="Roadsteads around the world" widths="240px" heights="180px"> File:Singapore from above.jpg|Singapore roadstead File:MarseillesRade.jpg|Marseille Rade File:Dutch ships in the roadstead of Texel (the 'Gouden Leeuw' of Cornelis Tromp in the center)(Ludolf Backhuysen, 1671).jpg|Dutch ships in the roadstead of Texel, 1671 File:Roadstead of Villefranche-sur-mer.jpg|Roadstead of Villefranche-sur-mer File:Greek bunker vessel AGIA ZONI III at Piraeus roadstead funnel-mast 27 Jan 2007.jpg|Greek bunker vessel AGIA ZONI III at Piraeus roadstead File:Volvo Ocean Race 2012 in Lorient - Groupama 4 in the roadstead of Lorient.JPG|Volvo Ocean Race 2012 in the roadstead of Lorient File:HMS Harald Hårfagre or HMS Tordenskiold at the roadstead of Trondhjem (1906).jpg|HNoMS ''Harald Hårfagre'' or ''Tordenskiold'' at the roadstead of Trondheim, 1906 File:Jack Spurling - Golden Fleece lying at anchor in the roadstead.jpg|''Golden Fleece'' lying at anchor in the roadstead (painting by Jack Spurling, 1929) </gallery>

==See also== * Anchorage * Battle of Copenhagen (1801), a naval battle fought at the roadstead of the Port of Copenhagen

==Notes== {{notelist}}

== References == {{reflist}}

== External links == * [http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/conc4en/harbortypes.html Harbor Types of the World's Large Sized Ports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182738/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/conc4en/harbortypes.html |date=2016-03-03 }}, ''Hofstra University site'' * [http://www.searoutes.com Ports and Ocean Distances], ''searoutes.com''

Category:Roadsteads Category:Water transport Category:Coastal and oceanic landforms Category:Nautical terminology