{{Short description|Political ideologies favouring social orders}} {{Redirect-multi|3|Right-wing|Political right|The Right|the term used in sport|Winger (sports)|political freedoms|Civil and political rights|other uses|Right (disambiguation)}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use British English|date=April 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Globalise|article|United States|date=November 2025|reason=Focuses heavily throughout on American views, including in sections on other countries where the United States' position on an issue is often given. Requires a thorough rewrite to address US focus.}} {{Party politics|expanded=political spectrum}}
'''Right-wing politics''', or '''rightism''', is the range of political ideologies that view certain social stratifications and orders as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,{{R|Johnson-2005|Bobbio-1996|Goldthorpe-1985a}} typically supporting this position in favour of conservatism, natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, or tradition.{{R|EB online|Carlisle|T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30|Allan Cameron pg. 37|Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203|Lukes|Clark}} Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences{{R|Smith-2003b|Gidron-2019a}} or competition in market economies.{{R|Scruton-1996|Goldthorpe-1985b|Gidron-2019b}}
Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is the most common political spectrum.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McClosky|first1=Herbert|last2=Chong|first2=Dennis|date=July 1985|title=Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/similarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals/C46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=329–363|doi=10.1017/S0007123400004221|s2cid=154330828|issn=1469-2112|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The right includes social conservatives and economic liberalists,<ref>Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, ''The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law'' (2012) pp. 7–8.</ref><ref>Alan S. Kahan, ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism'' (2010), p. 184.</ref><ref>Jerome L. Himmelstein, ''To the right: The transformation of American conservatism'' (1992).</ref> as well as ''laissez-faire'' economic policies. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal and conservative economic and social ideas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7|editor-last=Wright|editor-first=Edmund|location=New York|pages=370, 541}}</ref>
== Historical overview == [[File:William F. Buckley, Jr. 1985 (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|William Buckley, founder of National Review, and influential right-wing icon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/bill-buckley-dead-has-conservatism-died-him |access-date=March 25, 2023 |title=Bill Buckley Is Dead. Has Conservatism Died with Him? |date=February 28, 2008 |first=David |last=Boaz |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>]] The political terms ''Left'' and ''Right'' were first used in the 18th century, during the French Revolution, referencing the seating arrangement of the new National Assembly. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (''le président'') were generally supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Old Regime.<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302">Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302.</ref><ref>Linski, Gerhard, ''Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology'' (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59</ref><ref>Clark, Barry ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach'' (Praeger Paperback, 1998), pp. 33–34.</ref><ref name="Knapp" /> The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism.<ref name="Carlisle" />{{rp|693}} The expression {{lang|fr|la droite}} ('the right') increased in use after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the ultra-royalists.<ref>Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., ''Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions'' (1996) pp. 247–248.</ref>
Edmund Burke is regarded as one of the most influential conservative thinkers and political writers of the 18th century,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eaves |first=Richard Glen |title=Edmund Burke: His Enduring Influence on Political Thought |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42588766 |journal=Journal of Thought |publisher=Caddo Gap Press |location=California |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=122–131 |date=April 1978 |issn=0022-5231 |jstor=42588766}}</ref> and his writings played a significant role in influencing opinions regarding conservatism following the French Revolution in 1789, and he remains a major figure in modern conservative and right-wing circles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=Bret |title=Why Edmund Burke Still Matters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/opinion/sunday/edmund-burke.html |work=The New York Times |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Burke postulated the importance of religious institutions for the moral stability and good of the state.<ref>Bourke, Richard. ''Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke'', Princeton University Press, 2015, pp. 220–221, ''passim''.</ref> He expressed his views in a satirical book, ''A Vindication of Natural Society'' (1756). He also criticized the actions of the British government towards the American colonies, including its taxation policies. Burke supported the American colonists' right to resist metropolitan authority. He also supported Catholic emancipation.
While in the 19th century, Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals,<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Keeffe |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVO9QuYUGwwC&pg=PA93 |title=Edmund Burke |publisher=Continuum |year=2009 |isbn=978-0826429780 |editor-last=Meadowcroft |editor-first=John |page=93}}</ref> in the 20th century, Burke became widely regarded in the United States and the United Kingdom as the philosophical founder of conservatism. <ref name="auto"/><ref>F. P. Lock, ''Edmund Burke. Volume II: 1784–1797'' (Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 585.</ref> along with his ultra-royalist and ultramontane counterpart Joseph de Maistre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review {{!}} Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition, by Edmund Fawcett |url=https://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=1754 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Independent Institute |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222140853/https://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=1754 |url-status=live }}</ref> His publications influenced British conservative thought and helped establish the earliest foundations for modern conservatism.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/blog/posts/explore-the-enduring-legacy-of-edmund-burke.htm|title=Explore The Enduring Legacy Of Edmund Burke|publisher=Pepperdine University: School of Public Policy|date=January 2024}}</ref>
The chief ideologue of French ultra-royalists, Joseph de Maistre, who was lawyer, diplomat, and political philosopher, is regarded as one of intellectual forefathers of modern conservatism.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview33londuoft#page/418/mode/2up|title=Joseph de Maistre|magazine=The Dublin Review|volume=XXXIII|year=1852}}</ref> Maistre was noted for his advocacy of monarchism and social stratification in the period immediately following the French Revolution.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beum|first=Robert|year=1997|title=Ultra-Royalism Revisited|journal=Modern Age|volume=39|issue=3|page=305}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Glaudes |first=Pierre |date=2007 |chapter=Avant-propos |title=Œuvres de Joseph de Maistre |language=fr|location=Paris |publisher=Robert Laffont |pages=1–6 |isbn=978-2-221-09543-0}}</ref> Maistre is also regarded as one of the intellectual founders of the right-wing thought. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeMarco |first=Carl |date=2023-01-01 |title=A Historical and Philosophical Comparison: Joseph de Maistre & Edmund Burke |url=https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol22/iss1/7 |journal=The Gettysburg Historical Journal |volume=22 |issue=1 |issn=2327-3917}}</ref>
William F. Buckley Jr. was an American conservative writer and intellectual,<ref>{{cite web |last=Italie |first=Hillel |agency=Associated Press |title=Author, Conservative Commentator William F. Buckley Jr. Dies at 82 |date=February 27, 2008 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |publisher=KVIA.com |url=https://kvia.com/news/2008/02/27/author-conservative-commentator-william-f-buckley-jr-dies-at-82/ |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418203637/https://kvia.com/news/2008/02/27/author-conservative-commentator-william-f-buckley-jr-dies-at-82/ |url-status=live }}</ref> who in 1955, founded ''National Review'', a magazine for the development of the conservative movement in the United States. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/buckley/Standard/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100525170517/http://cumulus.hillsdale.edu/buckley/Standard/index.html|title=Cumulus.hillsdale.edu|archive-date=May 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name="NYTobit" /> Buckley is widely considered to have been one of the most influential figures in the conservative movement and right-wing politics in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William F. Buckley Jr. and the Conservative Movement |url=https://live-bri-dos.pantheonsite.io/essays/william-f-buckley-jr-and-the-conservative-movement/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |publisher=Bill of Rights Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2021 |title=The Man Behind the Modern Conservative Movement, with Sam Tanenhaus |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/the-man-behind-the-modern-conservative-movement-with-sam-tanenhaus/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |publisher=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref>
== Positions == === Anti-communism === [[File:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|thumb|American president Donald Trump is a right-wing leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is the GOP Truly Donald Trump’s Party? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-the-republican-party-really-donald-trumps-party/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> ]]
Early communists used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly anti-communist, but the conservatives' anti-communism was much stronger than the liberals'. The history of the use of the term ''right-wing'' in reference to anti-communism is complicated.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hendershot|first1=Cyndy|title=Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America|date=2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786414406|location=Jefferson, N.C.}}</ref> [[File:За единую Россію.jpg|thumb|Anti-communist propaganda poster depicting the White movement which says "For a united Russia", 1919]] By World War I, in most European monarchies, the divine right of kings had become discredited and was replaced by liberal and nationalist movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some of their power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist Soviet Union. The Russian Revolution inspired a series of other communist revolutions across Europe from 1917–1923. Many of these revolutions, such as the German Revolution, were crushed by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism was first considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists.<ref name="sticks" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolutions / 1.0 / handbook |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/revolutions/#toc_russia |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>
After World War II, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States and its NATO allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned most of its monarchist and aristocratic roots, shifting its focus to patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the Cold War, postcolonial governments in Asia, Africa, and Latin America turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying Wall Street as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This situation led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively referred to as ''McCarthyism''. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called ''right-wing'' and those on the right called liberals who favoured free speech, even free speech for communists, ''leftist''.<ref name="sticks">{{Cite news|last=Nunberg|first=Geoffrey|date=17 April 2003|title=Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=What was the Cold War—and are we headed to another one? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/cold-war |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref>
=== Economics === {{See also|Fiscal conservatism}}
In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.<ref name="Parliaments 1988 pp. 287–302" /><ref name="Appleby">{{cite book|last1=Marty|first1=Martin E.|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|last2=Appleby|first2=R. Scott|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-50878-8|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|page=91|quote=Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre.}}</ref> In Europe's history, there have been strong collectivist right-wing movements, such as in the social Catholic right, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of liberalism (including economic liberalism) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.<ref>Holland, J., ''Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age'', 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132.</ref>
In the 19th century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as Carlism in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French Nouvelle Droite, CasaPound, and American paleoconservatism—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.<ref name="Fascism">{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Stanley G.|title=Fascism: Comparison and Definition|date=1983|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-08064-8|location=Madison, Wisc.|page=19|quote=Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic.}}</ref>
==== ''Laissez-faire'' schools ==== {{see also|Austrian school of economics|Chicago school of economics}}
{{multiple image | perrow = 3 | total_width = 350 | image1 = Portrait of Milton Friedman (3x4 cropped b).jpg | image2 = Ludwig von Mises (3x4 cropped).jpg | image3 = Friedrich Hayek portrait.jpg | image4 = | footer = L–R: Milton Friedman, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, 20th century economists belonging to the Chicago and Austrian schools of economics }} In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In 1871, the Austrian school came to be with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others,<ref>Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of economic analysis, Oxford University Press 1996, {{ISBN|978-0195105599}}.</ref> originating from methodologically opposition to the Historical school, in a dispute known as ''Methodenstreit''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birner |first1=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse |title=Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution: His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas |last2=van Zijp |first2=Rudy |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-09397-2 |location=London, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/hayekcoordinatio0000unse/page/94 94]}}</ref> The Austrian school opposition to be heterodox,<ref name="Boettke and Leeson">{{Cite book |last1=Boettke |first1=Peter J. |title=A Companion to the History of Economic Thought |last2=Leeson |first2=Peter T. |author2-link=Peter T. Leeson |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-22573-7 |editor=Samuels |editor-first=Warren |editor-link=Warren Samuels |pages=446–452 |chapter=28A: The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000 |editor2=Biddle |editor-first2=Jeff E. |editor3=Davis |editor-first3=John B. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3H8gBQv5MysC&pg=PA445}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 31, 2011 |title=Heterodox economics: Marginal revolutionaries |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/12/31/marginal-revolutionaries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222004727/http://www.economist.com/node/21542174 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=February 22, 2012 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denis |first1=Andy |date=2008 |title=Dialectics and the Austrian School: A Surprising Commonality in the Methodology of Heterodox Economics? |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/3961/ |journal=The Journal of Philosophical Economics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=151–173 |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> advocating strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self interest. Austrian-school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menger |first1=Carl |url=https://cdn.mises.org/principles_of_economics.pdf |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |year=2007 |location=Auburn, Alabama |language=en-us |translator-last1=Dingwall |translator-first1=James |orig-date=1871 |translator-last2=Hoselitz |translator-first2=Bert F.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Joseph |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/methodological-individualism/ |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=1 May 2018 |via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Mises_Action">Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23.</ref>
In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late 19th century.<ref name="Knapp" /> The so-called neoliberal Right, popularised by US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, combines support for free markets, privatisation, and deregulation with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.<ref name="Lukes" />
=== Nationalism === {{Main|Nationalism}} [[File:Koki2600.jpg|thumb|1940 postcard marking the 2600th anniversary of the mythical foundation of Japan. At the time, Japan was governed by an ultranationalist political regime.]] In France, nationalism was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=William|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl|title=The Oxford History of the French Revolution|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925298-5|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|quote="An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world."}}</ref> After the period of ''boulangisme'' and the Dreyfus affair, nationalism became a trait of the right wing.<ref>Winock, Michel (dir.), ''Histoire de l'extrême droite en France'' (1993).</ref> Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.<ref name="Knapp" /> Some were supremacists, who in accordance with scientific racism and social Darwinism applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to nations and races.<ref>Adams, Ian ''Political Ideology Today'' (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68.</ref>
Right-wing nationalism was influenced by Romantic nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is cultural conservatism, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramet|first1=Sabrina|title=The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989|last2=Griffin|first2=Roger|date=1999|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0271018119|location=University Park}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
In the 21st century, neo-nationalism came to prominence after the Cold War in the Western world. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, populism, anti-globalisation, and nativism and is opposed to immigration. The ideology takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than racial concepts.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barber|first=Tony|date=2016-07-11|title=A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Neo-Nationalism - ECPS|url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/|access-date=2023-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Natural law and traditionalism === Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on natural law or tradition.<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30" /><ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37" /><ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203"/><ref name="Lukes" /><ref name="Clark"/><ref name="autogenerated68">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 68, University of Chicago Press, 1997.</ref>
Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of individualism, liberalism, modernity, and social progress, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal.<ref>Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.</ref>
=== Populism === {{Main article|Right-wing populism}}
{{multiple image | perrow = 3 | total_width = 250 | image_style = border:none | image1 = 2020-03-24 Pronunciamento do Presidente da República, Jair Bolsonaro em Rede Nacional de Rádio e Televisão - 49695919452 (cropped 2).jpg | alt1 = | image3 = 2025-02-17 ARD-Wahlarena zur Bundestagswahl 2025 by Sandro Halank–051.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Official portrait of Nigel Farage MP crop 2.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = Kaczyński & Orbán (2017).jpg | alt5 = | footer = 21st century right-wing populists seen from left to right, top to bottom: Jair Bolsonaro, Alice Weidel, Nigel Farage, Jarosław Kaczyński and Viktor Orbán }}
Right-wing populism is a combination of civic-nationalism, cultural-nationalism and sometimes ethno-nationalism, localism, along with anti-elitism, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.<ref>Mudde, Cas and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017) ''Populism: a Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.14-15, 72-73. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}</ref> According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".<ref name="Canovan">{{cite book|last1=Canovan|first1=Margaret|url=https://archive.org/details/populism00cano|title=Populism|date=1981|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0151730780|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the European Union, and of politicians in general, combined with anti-immigrant rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayward|first1=Jack|title=Elitism, Populism, and European Politics|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198280354|location=Oxford}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2026}} Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion".<ref name="Daniel Stockemer 2016">Daniel Stockemer, "Structural data on immigration or immigration perceptions? What accounts for the electoral success of the radical right in Europe?." ''JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies'' 54.4 (2016): 999-1016.</ref>
In the United States, the Tea Party movement stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2004|title=About Us|url=http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/|access-date=15 November 2016|publisher=Tea Party|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418102733/http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.<ref name="Hadiz2018">{{Cite journal |last=Hadiz |first=Vedi R. |date=2018-08-08 |title=Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=566–583 |doi=10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225 |issn=0047-2336|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This is largely due to the historical context which Islamic organisations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions are not necessarily adopted.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).<ref name="Hadiz2018" /> The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilised by Islamic cultural resources.<ref name="Hadiz2018" />
[[File:BJP Flag.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Flag of the Bharatiya Janata Party in India]] In India, supporters of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas than other Indian citizens. Under Narendra Modi, populism is a core part of the party's ideology. The party's rhetoric reflects the idea is that the ordinary, "good" individuals are continuously under attack from "bad" political forces, the media, etc. Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been considered a populist radical right party (PRR) and has also been considered a Hindu nationalist party.<ref name="AmmassariFossatiMcDonnell2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Ammassari |first1=Sofia |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=McDonnell |first3=Duncan |date=October 2023 |title=Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X22000185/type/journal_article |journal=Government and Opposition |language=en |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=807–823 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.18 |hdl=10072/415334 |issn=0017-257X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
=== Religion === In ''The Possessed'' (1872) and ''The Brothers Karamazov'' (1880), Fyodor Dostoevsky portrayed socialism as an attempt to build a kingdom of Man as opposed to the kingdom of God. According to Dostoevsky, the intention of the latter book was to portray "the seed of the idea of destruction in our time in Russia among the young people uprooted from reality". This seed is depicted as: "the rejection not of God but of the meaning of His creation. Socialism has sprung from the denial of the meaning of historical reality and ended in a programme of destruction and anarchism".<ref>Letter of May 10, 1879, quoted in {{cite book |last=Frank |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Frank (writer) |title=Dostoevsky A Writer in his Time |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691128191 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran/page/n5/mode/2up |page=788}}</ref> In his 1931 encyclical ''Quadragesimo Anno'', Pope Pius XI wrote that "true socialism" was irreconcilable with the teachings of the Catholic Church "because its concept of society itself is utterly foreign to Christian truth", stating:<ref name="autogenerated122">''Quadragesimo anno'', 115–118</ref>{{Quote|text="For, according to Christian teaching, man, endowed with a social nature, is placed on this earth so that by leading a life in society and under an authority ordained of God he may fully cultivate and develop all his faculties unto the praise and glory of his Creator; and that by faithfully fulfilling the duties of his craft or other calling he may obtain for himself temporal and at the same time eternal happiness. Socialism, on the other hand, wholly ignoring and indifferent to this sublime end of both man and society, affirms that human association has been instituted for the sake of material advantage alone"|author=Pope Pius XI|title=''Quadragesimo Anno'', 15 May 1931}}American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and same-sex marriage, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on evolution and other matters where science is perceived to disagree with the Bible.<ref>{{cite book|last=DeGette|first=Diana|url=https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege|title=Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason|publisher=The Lyons Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59921-431-3}}</ref><ref>Chris Mooney, ''The Republican War on Science: Revised and Updated'', ASIN: B001OQOIPM</ref>
The term ''family values'' has been used by right-wing parties—such as the Republican Party in the United States, the Family First Party in Australia, the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and the Bharatiya Janata Party in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes which the modern world has made in relation to how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose abortion, euthanasia, birth control andsame-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America|url=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523005435/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=23 July 2012|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/|title=How did the Republican Party become so conservative?|work=Salon|last=Rozsa|first=Matthew|date=July 5, 2019|access-date=March 7, 2022|quote=To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party.}}</ref>
Outside the West, the Hindu nationalist movement has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.<ref>Thomas Blom Hansen, ''The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India'', Princeton University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-4008-0342-X}}, 9781400803422.</ref>
In Israel, Meir Kahane advocated the belief that Israel should be a theocratic state, preferably, a Halachic state where non-Jews should have no voting rights,<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel|url=http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm|archive-date=19 February 2009|quote="Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not."}}</ref> and the far-right organization Lehava strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rubin|first1=Shira|title=Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth|url=https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/|website=Forward|date=24 December 2015}}</ref> In the United States, the FBI classified the Jewish Defence League (JDL) as "a right wing terrorist group" in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Many Islamist groups have been called right-wing, including the Great Union Party,<ref>{{cite web|author=Demirtas, Burcu|date=27 March 2009|title=Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234419/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=Turkishweekly.net|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the Combatant Clergy Association/Association of Militant Clergy,<ref>{{cite web|date=Fall 2007|title=Readings|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083545/http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm|archive-date=6 October 2012|access-date=1 June 2012|publisher=uvm.edu|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2000|author-first1=Jim|author-last1=Muir|title=Poll test for Iran reformists|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/623899.stm|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> and the Islamic Society of Engineers of Iran.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 1997|title=Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|access-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Merip.org|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030242/http://merip.org/mero/mero020101.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, ''Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution'', I.B. Tauris, 2007.</ref>
=== Social stratification === [[File:Kirk 1962.jpg|thumb|The American political philosopher Russell Kirk in 1962|upright=0.9]] Right-wing politics involves, to varying degrees, the rejection of some egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, based on the belief that social or economic inequality is natural and inevitable or the belief that it is beneficial to society.<ref name="autogenerated68" /> Right-wing ideologies and movements support social order. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" because it believed that France needed to be ruled by a strong political leader who would keep order.<ref name="Knapp" />
The conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but they are unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service".<ref name="autogenerated2003">Moyra Grant. ''Key Ideas in Politics''. Cheltenham, England, UK: Nelson Thornes, Ltd., 2003. p. 52.</ref> American conservative Russell Kirk also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity".<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> Italian scholar Norberto Bobbio argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, because he argued that equality is a relative, not an absolute, concept.<ref>Bobbio, Norberto. Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp.60-62</ref>
Right-libertarians reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining rewards for personal merits, initiatives, and enterprise.<ref name="autogenerated2003" /> In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.<ref name="autogenerated2003" />
In the view of philosopher Jason Stanley in ''How Fascism Works'', the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of fascism, which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.<ref>Stanley, Jason (2018) ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. p.13. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref>
== History == According to ''The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought'' (2003), the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:<ref>Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., ''The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought'', pp. 610–12.</ref> # The reactionary right sought a return to aristocracy and established religion. # The moderate right distrusted intellectuals and advocated the establishment of limited governments. # The radical right espoused a romantic and an aggressive form of nationalism. # The extreme right explicitly advocated the implementation of anti-immigration policies and it implicitly espoused racism. # The neo-liberal right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in patriotism, elitism and law and order.<ref name="Clark"/>{{page needed|date=August 2018}}
From the 1830s to the 1880s, the Western world's social class structure and economy shifted from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism.<ref>Alan S. Kahan. ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010. p. 88.</ref> This shift affected centre-right movements such as the British Conservative Party, which responded supporting capitalism.<ref>Ian Adams. ''Political Ideology Today''. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 57.</ref>
The populations of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms ''right'' and ''left'' to their politics until the 20th century.<ref>''The English Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics'', George Watson Allen Lane, London, 1973, p. 94.</ref> The term ''right-wing'' was originally applied to traditional conservatives, monarchists, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the ''far-right to'' denote fascism, Nazism, and racial supremacy.<ref>Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', ''Right (-wing)...and for extreme right parties racism and fascism.'', p. 465, Oxford, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-19-920780-0}}.</ref>
Rightist regimes were common in Europe during the Interwar period, 1919–1938.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bresciani |first=Marco |date=2021-01-01 |title=Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe |url=https://www.academia.edu/44836859 |journal=Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe}}</ref>
=== China === {{see also|Conservatism in China}} ==== Republic of China (1912–1949) ==== {{See also|Chiangism|Dai Jitao Thought}} [[file:Chiang Kai-shek (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Chiang Kai-shek, {{circa|1943}}]] Among Kuomintang (KMT)'s conservatives during the Republic of China, Dai Jitao and Hu Hanmin supporters formed the right-wing Western Hills Group in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=A. Wells |title=The Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen: Development and Impact |date= October 29, 2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |pages=228}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jack Gray |title=Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000 |quote=... from positions of influence not only the Communists and their allies of the left-wing Guomindang but also the right-wing Western Hills Group. |date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=228}}</ref>
Chiang Kai-shek initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after Shanghai massacre.<ref>{{cite book |author=Donald A. Jordan |title=The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928 |date=31 March 2019 |publisher=Humanities Open Books program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Gue Zarrow |title=China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |page=239}}</ref> Within the Kuomintang, both right-wing and left-wing factions existed, but the National Revolutionary Army was Chiang's led by the right-wing Kuomintang.<ref name="CKS">{{cite book |editor1=Christopher R. Lew |editor2=Edwin Pak-wah Leung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22right-wing%22+%22National+Revolutionary+Army%22&pg=PA246 |title= Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War |quote=By late 1926, the GMD leadership had split into Jiang's right-wing faction, which controlled the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), and the GMD left wing, which was allied with the Communists. |page=246 |date=July 29, 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7874-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=John Ashley Soames Grenville |title=A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century |quote=The right wing of the Kuomintang controlled the national revolutionary army it was organising. |page=77 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
==== People's Republic of China ==== Neoauthoritarianism is a current of political thought that rose in China in the late 1980s and came into ascendancy after the death of Deng Xiaoping; it advocates a powerful state to facilitate market reforms.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bramall |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475 |title=Chinese Economic Development |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19051-5}}</ref> It has been described as right-wing, classically conservative even though it incorporated some aspects of Marxist–Leninist and Maoist theories.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Yuezhi Zhao |title=Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdNqAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22right+-+wing+ideology+of+neo-+authoritarianism%22&pg=PA170 |date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |pages=170|isbn=978-0-7425-7428-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sautman|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Sautman|date=1992|title=Sirens of the Strongman: Neo-Authoritarianism in Recent Chinese Political Theory|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=129|issue=129|pages=72–102|doi=10.1017/S0305741000041230|issn=0305-7410|jstor=654598|s2cid=154374469}}</ref> Since Xi took office as CCP general secretary and became the top leader in November 2012, social conservatism has been strengthened, including the traditional gender role for women<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6330091/china-population-xi-childbirth-culture/ |title=Facing Population Decline, China's Xi Promotes 'Childbirth Culture' for Women |date=31 October 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and accelerated crackdown on LGBTQ+ activism.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2023 |title=Why the Communist Party fears gay rights |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights |access-date= 5 Dec 2025 |work=The Economist}}</ref> Within a western context, the Chinese Communist Party does not fit neatly into either left or right-wing traditions;<ref>{{cite web |date=May 5, 2015 |title=Left and Right in China |author = Boaz, David |url=https://www.cato.org/blog/left-right-china |publisher=Cato Institute}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Is there a Political "Left" or "Right" in China? Charting China's Ideological Spectrum|url=https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/there-political-left-or-right-china-charting-chinas-ideological-spectrum#:~:text=Insights%20*%20Ideological%20positions%20in%20China%20do,to%20align%20along%20pro%2D%20or%20anti%2Dregime%20positions.|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tang |first=Wenfang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uw_CwAAQBAJ |title=Populist Authoritarianism: Chinese Political Culture and Regime Sustainability |date=2016-01-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-049081-2 |language=en |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117143102/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uw_CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2025|title=China's 'smart authoritarianism' has upended ideas about autocracies' limitations. The West must cooperate to respond|author=Lind|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/11/chinas-smart-authoritarianism-has-upended-ideas-about-autocracies-limitations-west-must|publisher=|website=Chatham House|first=Jennifer}}</ref> however, it has been characterized by scholars as adapting views and policies closely related to the authoritarian right, particularly on socio-cultural issues as well as foreign policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Edward |title=Post-Deng China's Right Populist Authoritarian Foreign Policy |journal=Journal Storage |date=March 2020 |volume=25 |page=1-25 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23453359 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 Feb 2025 |author=Szatters, Konrad |title=China's strategy to consolidate itself as a global superpower |url=https://theloop.ecpr.eu/chinas-strategy-to-consolidate-itself-as-a-global-superpower/#:~:text=Under%20Xi%20Jinping%2C%20nationalist%20right,significant%20right%2Dwing%20ideological%20shift. |publisher=The Loop |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2023 |author=Mohammad, Tazia |title= Populism and Authoritarianism: The Attack on LGBTQ+ Rights in China and United States |url=https://www.cpreview.org/articles/2023/12/populism-and-authoritarianism-the-attack-on-lgbtq-rights-in-china-and-united-states |publisher=Columbia Political Review |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
=== France === {{See also|Conservatism in France}} {{Multiple image | image1 = Portrait of Joseph de Maistre (cropped).jpg | image2 = De Gaulle-OWI (cropped)-(c).jpg | caption1 = Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) | caption2 = Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970) | total_width = 350 }}
Throughout France in the 19th century, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.<ref name="Knapp">{{cite book|author=Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67ttjXHhT3wC&q=the+government+and+politics+of+france|title=The Government and Politics of France|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35732-6}}</ref>
=== Hungary === The dominance of the political right of inter-war Hungary, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian István Deák: :Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.<ref>István Deák, "Hungary" in Hans Roger and Egon Weber, eds., ''The European right: A historical profile'' (1963), p. 364–407 quoting p. 364.</ref>
=== India === {{see also|Conservatism in India}} [[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi.jpg|thumb|Current prime minister of India, Narendra Modi is often considered as a right-wing leader, who follows the ideology of Hindutva, a right-wing Hindu nationalist political ideology.]] Although freedom fighters are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election|title=Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh|publisher=osu.edu|date=1 October 2019|access-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-enters-takes-centre-stage-andhra-pradesh-politics-134277|title=Hindutva enters, takes centre-stage in Andhra Pradesh politics, by Balakrishna Ganeshan|publisher=thenewsminute.com|date=1 October 2020|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Global-Rise-of-Right-Wing-Populism-Modi-Cultural-Sociology|title=India Will Move Beyond Modi, his Party, and Right Wing Populism, by Ajay Gudavarthy|work=NewsClick |publisher=newsclick.in|date=11 July 2020|access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Jaithirth|title=The Indian Conservative : A History of Indian Right-Wing Thought|date=25 October 2019|publisher=Juggernaut Press|location= New Delhi|isbn=978-9353450625|page=280|edition=First}}</ref> Multiple political parties, however, identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right- or left-wing. Certain political parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, identify with conservative<ref>{{Cite journal|last=IWANEK|first=Krzysztof|title=Is the BJP Conservative?|s2cid-access=free|date=2019|journal=Politeja|volume=16|issue=59|pages=55–72|doi=10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04|jstor=26916353|s2cid=212822106|issn=1733-6716|doi-access=free}}</ref> and nationalist elements. Some, such as the Indian National Congress, take a liberal stance. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left and the right wing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-24|title=Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/left-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html|first1=Sagarika|last1=Ghose|access-date=2021-02-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
=== United Kingdom === {{see also|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}} [[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Winston Churchill in 1941]] In British politics, the terms ''right'' and ''left'' came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the Spanish Civil War.<ref>Charles Loch Mowat, ''Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940'' (1955), p. 577.</ref>
The Conservative Party, one of the country's two main political parties, is placed on the centre-right{{refn|name=inac|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bale |first=Tim |date=2018 |title=Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263395718754718 |journal=Politics |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=263–277 |doi=10.1177/0263395718754718 |issn=0263-3957 |quote=This article makes clear that UKIP's achievement cannot be understood without taking into account both the populist interventions and the internal politics of its mainstream centre-right competitor. We cannot, in other words, understand populist Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom unless we appreciate that, as this article has shown, the Conservatives, not UKIP, were the United Kingdom's first populist Eurosceptic party...|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=Paul |last2=Bale |first2=Tim |date=2014 |title=Why Do Tories Defect to UKIP? Conservative Party Members and the Temptations of the Populist Radical Right |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248.12130 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=961–970 |doi=10.1111/1467-9248.12130 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=For one thing, as we have already suggested, the problems posed by UKIP for the Conservatives are akin to those posed to other European centre-right parties by populist radical right challengers: there is no prima facie reason to think that if large numbers of the Tory rank-and-file are considering switching their vote to UKIP that the same does not apply to, say, members of the ÖVP in Austria (who might switch to the FPÖ), or of the Dutch VVD and CDA (who might vote for the PVV), or of Denmark's Venstre (who might cast their ballot for the DF), or of KOK in Finland (who might be tempted by the Finns Party), or even of the French UMP (who might plump for Marine Le Pen's FN).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Robert |last2=Goodwin |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Cutts |first3=David |date=2012 |title=Strategic Eurosceptics and Polite Xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament Elections |url=https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x |journal=European Journal of Political Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=204–234 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x |issn=0304-4130 |quote=The more strident Euroscepticism of the Conservative Party under David Cameron, who has withdrawn the party from the pro-integration European People's Party, appointed the strongly Eurosceptic William Hague as foreign secretary and at the 2010 general election fielded the most Eurosceptic slate of Westminster candidates in recent history, suggest the centre-right Tories have recognised the discontent among strategic UKIP supporters and are attempting to win them back.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Neil |last2=Pearson |first2=Mitya |date=2022-11-22 |title=From green crap to net zero: Conservative climate policy 2015–2022 |journal=British Politics |volume=19 |pages=154–174 |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41293-022-00222-x |issn=1746-918X |pmc=9684876 |pmid=38625241 |quote=European centre-right parties often face common strategic challenges, such as competition from the radical right, but the UK Conservative Party case study shows that responding to these challenges does not necessarily demand the abandonment of climate commitments.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Geoffrey |last2=de Geus |first2=Roosmarijn |last3=Green |first3=Jane |date=2023 |title=Boris Johnson to the Rescue? How the Conservatives Won the Radical-Right Vote in the 2019 General Election |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=984–1005 |doi=10.1177/00323217211051191 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=...By the 2019 election, however, support for UKIP and its successor anti-EU party, the Brexit Party, was effectively ended, at least for the time being. The primary beneficiaries of this electoral elimination were the Conservative Party – the mainstream centre–right party.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abou-Chadi |first1=Tarik |last2=Cohen |first2=Denis |last3=Wagner |first3=Markus |date=2021 |title=The centre-right versus the radical right: the role of migration issues and economic grievances |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=366–384 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853903 |quote=Specifically, the centre-right contains Christian Democratic parties such as the German CDU, Conservative parties such as the British Tories or the French Gaullists, and classically Liberal parties such as Venstre in Denmark or the VVD in the Netherlands.}}</ref>}} to right-wing{{refn|name=accu|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keating |first1=Michael |editor-first1=Javier |editor-first2=Cristina |editor-last1=Cremades |editor-last2=Hermida |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist)|chapter=Scotland's Constitutional Odyssey|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=London; Berlin |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7 |isbn=978-3-319-31739-7|quote=It was also, like the Labour Party at the same time, able to play the European center-left against the dominant rightwing Conservative Party.|url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turnbull-Dugarte |first1=Stuart J. |title=Do Opportunistic Snap Elections Affect Political Trust? Evidence from a Natural Experiment |quote=H2a assumes right-leaning voters are congruent with the incumbent right-wing Conservative party|journal=European Journal of Political Research|publisher=Wiley|location=New York/Oxford|date=February 2023 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=308–325 |doi=10.1111/1475-6765.12531|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Ba23>{{cite book|last1=Bale|first1=Tim|author-link=Tim Bale|title=The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation|date=March 2023|publisher=Polity|pages=3–8, 291, ''et passim''|location=Cambridge|quote=[...] rather than the installation of a supposedly more 'technocratic' cabinet halting and even reversing any transformation on the part of the Conservative Party from a mainstream centre-right formation into an ersatz radical right-wing populist outfit, it could just as easily accelerate and accentuate it. Of course, radical right-wing populist parties are about more than migration and, indeed, culture wars more generally. Typically, they also put a premium on charismatic leadership and, if in office, on the rights of the executive over other branches of government and any intermediate institutions. And this is exactly what we have seen from the Conservative Party since 2019|isbn=9781509546015|access-date=12 September 2023|url=https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914194203/https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=deGSh22>{{cite book |last1=de Geus |first1=Roosmarijn A. |last2=Shorrocks |first2=Rosalind |title=Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Conservative Women in Politics in Democracies |date=2022|chapter=Where Do Female Conservatives Stand? A Cross-National Analysis of the Issue Positions and Ideological Placement of Female Right-Wing Candidates|editor-last1=Och|editor-last2=Shames|editor-last3=Cooperman|editor-first1=Malliga|editor-first2=Shauna|editor-first3=Rosalyn |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon/New York |isbn=9781032346571 |pages=1–29 |quote=[R]ight-wing parties are also increasing the presence of women within their ranks. Prominent female European leaders include Theresa May (until recently) and Angela Merkel, from the right-wing Conservative Party in the UK and the Christian Democratic Party in Germany respectively.|url=https://www.routledge.com/Sell-Outs-or-Warriors-for-Change-A-Comparative-Look-at-Conservative-W/Cooperman-Och-Shames/p/book/9781032346571}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=José M. |last2=Andrews |first2=Rhys |title=Political Ideology and Social Services Contracting: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design |journal=Public Administration Review |date=September 2020 |location=Hoboken |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=743–754 |doi=10.1111/puar.13177|s2cid=214198195 |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129657/1/Politics%20of%20contracting%20RDD%20-%20Alonso%20and%20Andrews.pdf |quote=In particular, there is a clear partisan division between the main left-wing party (Labour) and political parties with pronounced pro-market preferences, such as the right-wing Conservative Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alzuabi |first1=Raslan |last2=Brown |first2=Sarah |last3=Taylor |first3=Karl |title=Charitable behaviour and political affiliation: Evidence for the UK |journal=Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Elsevier|doi-access=free|quote=...alignment to the Liberal Democrats (centre to left wing) and the Green Party (left wing) are positively associated with charitable behaviour at both the extensive and intensive margins, relative to being aligned with the right wing Conservative Party.|date=October 2022 |volume=100 |article-number=101917 |doi=10.1016/j.socec.2022.101917}}</ref>}} of the left–right political spectrum. Reform UK is situated on the right wing of the political spectrum, generally to the Conservative Party's right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=All of Farage's Reform UK pledges on immigration – and how the Tories compare |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/all-of-farages-reform-uk-pledges-on-immigration-and-how-the-tories-compare-3091059 |website=i (newspaper)}}</ref><ref name="John Curtice, 20242">{{cite news |last=Curtice |first=John |date=16 February 2024 |title=John Curtice: By-election results leave Tories with mountain to climb |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68305798 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Geraldine |title=Tories fear Nigel Farage and Reform UK could deliver a red wall rout |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/tories-fear-nigel-farage-and-reform-uk-could-deliver-a-red-wall-rout-v0r9pnjt6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214024012/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tories-fear-nigel-farage-and-reform-uk-could-deliver-a-red-wall-rout-v0r9pnjt6 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=The Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenyon |first=Megan |date=2025-05-07 |title=Reform faces an uphill battle in power |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2025/05/reform-faces-an-uphill-battle-in-power |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=New Statesman}}</ref>
=== United States === {{see also|Conservatism in the United States}} {{Multiple issues|section=y|{{Expand section|date=March 2021}}}}<!-- this needs to be about right wing politics in the US generally. Current version is just right wing extremism. --> [[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|Official presidential portrait of Donald Trump, 2025]] In the United States, following the Second World War, social conservatives joined forces with right-wing elements of the Republican Party to gain support among traditionally Democratic voting populations like white southerners and Catholics. Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the religious right in the United States and social conservatives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Farney|first=James|date=2012|title= Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States|url=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41?sid=bb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0@redis&vid=5&format=EB|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|page=28|isbn=978-1-4426-1260-0}}</ref>
In 2019, the United States populace leaned centre-right, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as conservative, compared to 35% moderate and 24% liberal. This was continuing a decades-long trend of the country leaning centre-right.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/275792/remained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx|title=The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019|date=9 January 2020|publisher=Gallup|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
The United States Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favour of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf|title=Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment|publisher=United States Department of Homeland Security|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120118205541/https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref>
== Types == The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Augoustinos|first1=Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYjEwFRPEQgC&pg=PA230|title=Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction|last2=Walker|first2=Iain|last3=Donaghue|first3=Ngaire|date=2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=9780761942191|edition=2nd|location=London|page=320}}</ref> According to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', in liberal democracies, the political right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, and nationalists, as well as fascists on the far-right.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McLean|first1=Iain|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics|last2=McMillan|first2=Alistair|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199205165|edition=3rd|location=Oxford|page=465}}</ref>
British academics Noël O'Sullivan and Roger Eatwell divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.<ref>Davies, p. 13.</ref> Chip Berlet wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.<ref name="Berlet, p. 117">Berlet, p. 117.</ref>
# The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian".<ref name="Berlet, p. 117" /> # The moderate right, typified by the writings of Edmund Burke, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical ''laissez-faire'' and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.<ref>Eatwell: 1999, p. 284.</ref> # Radical right is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments".<ref>Eatwell: 2004, pp. 7–8.</ref> The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes.<ref name="Berlet, p. 117" /> # The extreme right has four traits: "1) anti-democracy, 2) ultranationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state".<ref>Eatwell: 2004, p. 8, "Today four other traits feature most prominently in definitions: 1) anti-democracy; 2) nationalism; 3) racism; 4) the strong state".</ref> # The New Right consists of the liberal conservatives, who stress small government, free markets, and individual initiative.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Andrew|title=Modern Political Ideologies|date=1995|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-19507-8|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [u.a.]|quote=Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism.}}</ref>
Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.<ref>Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.</ref> * Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism. * By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favour an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalise other ethnic groups or religions.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Peter|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|last2=Davies|first2=Peter Jonathan|last3=Lynch|first3=Derek|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-21495-7|quote=far right.|access-date=13 May 2010|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Durham|first1=Martin|author-link=Martin Durham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&q=%22far+right%22|title=The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5486-0|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Merkl|first1=Peter H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&q=%22far+right%22|title=Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century|last2=Weinberg|first2=Leonard|last3=Leonard|first3=Weinberg|last4=Merkl|first4=Professor Peter|date=30 June 2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-5182-8|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Eatwell|first1=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&q=%22far+right%22|title=Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge|last2=Mudde|first2=Cas|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-36971-8|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 March 2002|title=Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1857918.stm|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: Francisco Franco in Spain, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 September 2006|title=A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth|website=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233|access-date=15 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|date=31 May 2012|title=Glenn Greenwald|work=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2007/05/04/politico_funding/|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Canovan" />{{page needed|date=November 2016}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Betz|first=Hans-Georg|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalrightwing00betz|title=Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-312-08390-8}}</ref><ref>Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote Jr., ''Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict'', "Anti-immigrant and anti-refugee feeling is being exploited by extreme right-wing parties throughout Europe...", p. 442, MIT Press, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-262-52315-8}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkVHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22extrema+derecha%22+%22Jorge+rafael+videla%22|title=La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo|date=1995|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico|isbn=978-968-36-4710-8|language=es}}</ref>
== See also == <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description WP:SEEALSO --> {{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}} * Alt-right * Antifeminism * Centre-right politics * Far-right politics ** Far-right subcultures * List of right-wing political parties * New Right * Old Right * Political violence * Radical right (Europe) * Radical right (United States) * Right realism * Right-wing antiglobalism * Right-wing dictatorship * Right-wing populism * Right-wing terrorism {{div col end}} <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order -->
== References == {{Reflist |refs= <!-- alphabetical by last name -->
<ref name="Bobbio-1996">{{cite book|last1=Bobbio|first1=Norberto|last2=Cameron|first2=Allan|title=Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction|date=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-06246-4|pages=51, 62}}</ref>
<ref name="Carlisle">{{cite book|last1=Carlisle|first1=Rodney P.|title=Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publishing|location=Thousand Oaks [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-4129-0409-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Allan Cameron pg. 37">''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.</ref>
<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=William Roberts|title=Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy|date=2003|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-472-11293-7|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}{{page needed|date=August 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="EB online">{{cite web|date=2009-04-15|title=Right|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/right|access-date=2022-05-22|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Fuchs, D. 1990. p. 203">Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter</ref>
<ref name=Gidron-2019a>{{cite journal|author1=Gidron, N|author2=Ziblatt, D.|title=Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019|year=2019|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|page=23|quotation=Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Gidron-2019b">{{cite journal|author1=Gidron, N|author2=Ziblatt, D.|title=Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019|year=2019|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|page=24|quotation=...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750|s2cid=182421002}}</ref>
<ref name="Goldthorpe-1985a">{{cite book|last1=Goldthorpe|first1=J.E.|title=An Introduction to Sociology|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-24545-6|page=156|edition=Third}}</ref>
<ref name="Goldthorpe-1985b">{{cite book|last1=Goldthorpe|first1=J.E.|title=An Introduction to Sociology|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-24545-6|page=156|edition=3rd|quote="There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one."}}</ref>
<ref name="Johnson-2005">{{cite web|work=A Politics Glossary|url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing|publisher=Auburn University website|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Right-wing, rightist|year=2005|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232535/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Lukes">{{cite book |last=Lukes |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Lukes |date=2003 |chapter=Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century |title=The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Terence |editor2-last=Bellamy |editor2-first=Richard |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.030 |isbn=9780521563543 |oclc=7334137654 <!--oclc-book=50737086--> |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-twentiethcentury-political-thought/DA22CCF70AD0B5A45671D7C6B82E3835 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-twentiethcentury-political-thought/epilogue-the-grand-dichotomy-of-the-twentieth-century/E83641F59518832F8A811962B443DBC3 |pages=610–612 <!--chapter=602–626-->}}</ref>
<ref name="Scruton-1996">Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term ''right'' does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996</ref>
<ref name="T. Alexander Smith 2003. p. 30">T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies''. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the ''social hierarchy''."</ref>
<ref name=Smith-2003b>Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies'' (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'</ref>
}} {{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading == {{Refbegin|30em}} * Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. ''Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World''. New York: Routledge. * Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right". In ''The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium'', edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|0-7425-1835-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-1835-3}}. * Davies, Peter. 2002. ''The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen''. New York, NY: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-23982-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23982-0}}. * Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'". In ''Contemporary Political Ideologies'', edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-8264-5173-X}}, {{ISBN|9780826451736}}. * —— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge". In ''Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge'', edited by R. Eatwell and C. Muddle. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-36971-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-36971-8}}. * Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. ''Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe''. Bielefeld: transcript. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-3720-5}}. * Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. ''Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present''. * {{cite book|last1=Miles|first1=Michael W.|title=The Odyssey of the American Right|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195027747}} {{Refend}}
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