Right-wing terrorism

{{Short description|Form of terrorism motivated by right-wing or far-right beliefs}} {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} [[File:FEMA - 1545 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 04-26-1995 in Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|230x230px|The Alfred P. Murrah building in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, April 1995. The bombing was perpetrated by Timothy McVeigh and was motivated by anti-government beliefs.]] {{Terrorism}} {{Overlink|date=May 2026}} '''Right-wing terrorism''', '''hard right terrorism''', '''extreme right terrorism''' or '''far-right terrorism''' is terrorism that is motivated by a variety of different right-wing and far-right ideologies. It can be motivated by racism, ultraconservatism, nationalism, neo-Nazism, extreme anti-communism, neo-fascism, ecofascism, ethnonationalism, religious nationalism, anti-immigration, anti-multiculturalism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-government sentiment, patriot movements, secessionist or sovereign citizen beliefs, and occasionally, it can be motivated by opposition to abortion, anti-disabled people sentiment, anti-homeless people sentiment, anti-poor people sentiment, misogyny and/or homophobia.{{verify source|reason=Are these ALL actually in the sources?|date=April 2026}}{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}}<ref name="Vincent A" /> Modern right-wing terrorism largely emerged in Western Europe in the 1970s, and after the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, it emerged in Eastern Europe and Russia.{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|p=57}}

Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them with right-wing regimes.{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}} They believe that their actions will trigger events that will ultimately lead to the establishment of these authoritarian governments.<ref name="Cameron, Gavin 1999, p. 115">Cameron, Gavin. ''Nuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the 21st Century''. Springer, 1999, p. 115.</ref> Although they frequently take inspiration from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany with some exceptions, right-wing terrorist groups frequently lack a rigid ideology.{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|p=58}} Right-wing terrorists tend to target people who they consider members of foreign communities, but they may also target political opponents, such as left-wing groups and individuals. The attacks which are perpetrated by right-wing terrorists are not indiscriminate attacks which are perpetrated by individuals and groups which simply seek to kill people; the targets of these attacks are carefully chosen. Because the targets of these attacks are often entire sections of communities, they are not targeted as individuals, instead, they are targeted because they are representatives of groups which are considered foreign, inferior and threatening by them.<ref name="Cameron, Gavin 1999, p. 115"/><ref>Hoffman, Bruce. "The contrasting ethical foundations of terrorism in the 1980s". ''Terrorism and Political Violence'' 1, no. 3 (1989): 361–377, p. 10.</ref>

According to an analysis by the Institute for Economics and Peace, there has been a surge in far-right terror incidents since 2010, with a 320% increase between 2014 and 2018.<ref name="Vincent A">{{cite journal |last1=Auger |first1=Vincent A. |title=Right-Wing Terror: A Fifth Global Wave? |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |date=2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=87–97 |jstor=26918302 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26918302 |access-date=18 November 2023 |issn=2334-3745}}</ref>

==Causes== ===Economy=== German economist Armin Falk ''et al.'' wrote in a 2011 article that Right-Wing Extremist Crime (REC), which includes anti-foreigner and racist motivations, is associated with unemployment rates; as unemployment rates increase, REC also increases.<ref name="FalkKuhn2011">{{cite journal|last1=Falk|first1=Armin|last2=Kuhn|first2=Andreas|last3=Zweimüller|first3=Josef|title=Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime*|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Economics| volume=113|issue=2|year=2011|pages=260–285|issn=0347-0520|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9442.2011.01648.x|s2cid=2569289|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/55794/1/UnemploymentRXcrime_FINALversion.pdf}}</ref> A 2014 paper argues that right-wing terrorism increases with economic growth, seemingly due to its proponents often being people who lose out under economic modernisation.<ref>Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Liebert, Helge; and Schulze, Günther G. (2014) "On the heterogeneity of terror". ''European Economic Review''. v. 68, pp. 116–136.</ref> Conversely, a 2019 study found that economic predictors did not predict right-wing terrorism in Europe, rather, levels of extra-European immigration did; right-wing terrorists did not want immigrants in their countries and they sought to drive them out with force. Thus, increased migration caused greater resentment and thus, their greater resentment was a greater motive for their attacks.<ref>McAlexander, Richard J. "How are immigration and terrorism related? An analysis of right-and left-wing terrorism in Western Europe, 1980–2004". Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 179–195.</ref>

===Right-wing populist politics=== In 2016, Thomas Greven suggested that right-wing populism is a cause of right-wing terrorism. More simply put, populism supports the advancement of "the average citizen", not the agendas of the privileged elite. Greven defines right-wing populists as those who support ethnocentrism, and oppose immigration. Because right-wing populism creates a climate of "us versus them", terrorism is more likely to occur.<ref name="Greven">{{Citation | last = Greven| first = Thomas | date = May 2016 | title = The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective | publisher = Friedrich Ebert Foundation | location = Germany | pages = 9}}</ref> Vocal opposition to Islamic terrorism by Donald Trump has been obscuring right-wing terrorism in the US,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neiwert |first1=David |title=Trump's fixation on demonizing Islam hides true homegrown US terror threat |url=https://www.revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Reveal |date=21 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Givetash |first1=Linda |last2=Bennett |first2=Geoff |title=Trump downplayed the white nationalist threat. Experts say it's growing. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/after-new-zealand-shooting-trump-downplayed-white-nationalist-threat-experts-n984136 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=NBC News |date=March 17, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> where right-wing terror attacks outnumber Islamist, left-wing, and refugee attacks combined in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=German |title=The radicalization of white Americans |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/8/18/16151924/radicalization-white-supremacists-nazis |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Vox |date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

In the wake of the Christchurch mosque shootings at the Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, expert on terrorism Greg Barton, at Deakin University in Australia (the home country of Tarrant), wrote about the "toxic political environment that allows hate to flourish". Saying that although right-wing extremism in Australia is not nearly as serious as the European neo-Nazi movements or the various types of white supremacy and toxic nationalism seen in American politics, both major parties attempted to win votes by repeating some of the tough language and inhumane policies which appeared to reward right-wing populists. He further argued: "The result has been such a cacophony of hateful rhetoric that it has been hard for those tasked with spotting the emergence of violent extremism to separate it from all the background noise of extremism."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/christchurch-attacks-are-a-stark-warning-of-toxic-political-environment-that-allows-hate-to-flourish-113662|title=Christchurch attacks are a stark warning of toxic political environment that allows hate to flourish|first=Greg|last=Barton|date=17 March 2019|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>

===Fringe groups=== {{Main|Far-right subcultures}} {{Further|Radical right (Europe)|Radical right (United States)}} {{hatnote|References to individual groups may also appear by country below. This section is related to their role in inspiring terrorism.}} According to Moghadam and Eubank (2006), groups which are associated with right-wing terrorism include white power skinhead gangs, far-right hooligans, and their sympathizers. The "intellectual guides" of right-wing terrorist movements espouse the view that the state must "rid itself of the foreign elements that undermine it from within" so the state can "provide for its rightful, natural citizens".{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|pp=57–58}}

In Australia, experts, police and others have been commenting on the failure of the authorities to act effectively in order to combat right-wing radicalisation,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-isn-t-doing-enough-to-combat-right-wing-radicals-say-extremism-experts|first=Nick|last=Baker|title=Australia isn't doing enough to combat right-wing radicals, say extremism experts|date=22 March 2019|publisher=SBS News|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/australia-s-right-wing-extremist-problem-are-we-doing-enough-20190318-p5155q.html|publisher=The Age|title=Australia's right-wing extremist problem: Are we doing enough?|first1=David|last1=Wroe|first2=Max|last2=Koslowski|date=19 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> and the government has vowed to put right-wing extremist individuals and groups under greater scrutiny and pressure, with the home affairs secretary Mike Pezzullo making strong comments to a parliamentary committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-22/home-affairs-warning-white-supremacists-following-christchurch/10929012|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation News|date=22 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque attack prompts Home Affairs boss to threaten greater scrutiny on white supremacists|first=Andrew|last=Greene|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> A week after the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch, New Zealand, it emerged that three years earlier, Australian-born Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of the shootings, had been active on the Facebook pages of two Australian-based white nationalist groups, the United Patriots Front (UPF) and True Blue Crew (TBC) and praised the UPF's leader neo-Nazi Blair Cottrell as they all celebrated Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election in the United States. Tarrant was also offered but declined a membership in the Lads Society, a white nationalist fight club which was founded by Cottrell.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-23/christchurch-shooting-accused-praised-blair-cottrell/10930632|title=Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant supports Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell| first1=Alex|last1=Mann|first2=Kevin| last2=Nguyen| first3=Katharine |last3=Gregory|date=23 March 2019|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/threats-from-white-extremist-group-that-tried-to-recruit-tarrant-20190501-p51j5w.html|title=Threats from white extremist group that tried to recruit Tarrant|last=Begley|first=Patrick|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref>

In the United States, Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino and former NYPD officer, wrote about the growth of white nationalism by saying that the political climate of polarization "has provided an opportunity for violent bigots, both on- and offline. Times of change, fear and conflict offer extremists and conspiracists a chance to present themselves as an alternative to increasingly distrusted traditional mainstream choices." He quotes former FBI agent Erroll Southers' view that white supremacy "is being globalized at a very rapid pace", and he urged the government to hold hearings to investigate homegrown extremism.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/5555396/white-supremacist-attacks-rise-new-zealand/|title=Why White Supremacist Attacks Are on the Rise, Even in Surprising Places|first=Brian|last=Levin|date=21 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321235844/http://time.com/5555396/white-supremacist-attacks-rise-new-zealand/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sociologists at the University of Dayton pointed to the origin of white nationalism in the US and its spread to other countries, and they also noted that the Christchurch attacker's hatred of Muslims was inspired by American white nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/white-nationalism-born-in-the-usa-is-now-a-global-terror-threat-113825 |title=White nationalism, born in the USA, is now a global terror threat|first1=Art|last1=Jipson|first2=Paul J.|last2=Becker|date=20 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

The Anti-Defamation League reports that white supremacist propaganda and recruitment efforts both on and around college campuses have been increasing sharply, with 1,187 incidents in 2018 compared to 421 incidents in 2017, far exceeding any previous year.<ref>{{cite web |title=White Supremacists Step Up Off-Campus Propaganda Efforts in 2018 |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/white-supremacists-step-up-off-campus-propaganda-efforts-in-2018 |website=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=26 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Far-right terrorists rely on a variety of strategies such as leafleting, the performance of violent rituals, and house parties in order to recruit, mostly targeting angry and marginalized youth who are looking for solutions to their problems. But their most effective recruitment tool is extremist music, which avoids monitoring by moderating parties such as parents and school authorities. Some risk factors which are facilitating recruitment include exposure to racism during childhood, dysfunctional families such as divorced parents, neglect, and physical, emotional and sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite book |author1=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism |title=Recruitment and Radicalization among US Far-Right Terrorists |date=November 2016 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |pages=1–4 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_RecruitmentRadicalizationAmongUSFarRightTerrorists_Nov2016.pdf |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

==Copycat terrorism== In the cases of far-right extremists, they will sometimes seek inspiration from other mass murderers and use it as a template to carry out future terrorist attacks. A notable case of this is Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings that killed 51 and injured 49; he cited several earlier far-right attackers, including Anders Behring Breivik, who carried out the 2011 Norway attacks; and Dylann Roof, who killed nine black people in the Charleston church shooting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/christchurch-mass-shooting-extremism.html|title=New Zealand Massacre Highlights Global Reach of White Extremism|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/accused-new-zealand-shooter-had-canadian-mass-murderers-name-on-weapon/|title=Accused New Zealand Shooter Had Canadian Mass Murderer's Name On Weapon|last=Lamourex|first=Mack|work=Vice Media|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com/elpais/2019/03/15/inenglish/1552653061_637620.html|title=New Zealand mosque shooting: New Zealand attacker had name of Spanish killer on weapon|last=Diego Quesada|first=Juan|work=El País|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 15, 2010}}</ref> Tarrant has directly inspired at least six other shootings.<ref name="Raffaello">{{cite journal |last1=Pantucci |first1=Raffaello |last2=Ong |first2=Kyler |title=Persistence of Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the West |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |date=2021 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=118–126 |jstor=26979992 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979992 |access-date=18 November 2023 |issn=2382-6444}}</ref>

John T. Earnest, the perpetrator of an arson attack on a mosque in Escondido, California, and a mass shooting in a synagogue in nearby Poway, wrote an open letter in which he stated that he was inspired by Tarrant and Robert Bowers, the perpetrator of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Following the Escondido arson attack, he had left graffiti that read "For Brenton Tarrant, -t /pol/", and prior to the synagogue shooting, he published the said open letter on 8chan and attempted to livestream the attack on Facebook Live, just like Tarrant. In the open letter, Earnest also mentioned "The Day of the Rope", a talking point in white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles which refers to the execution of all non-whites, Jews, and liberals, as it is detailed in the 1978 novel ''The Turner Diaries''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/anti-jewish-manifesto-john-t-earnest-san-diego-synagogue-shooter|title=The Anti-Jewish Manifesto of John T. Earnest, The San Diego Synagogue Shooter|last=Davis|first=Michael|work=Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=May 15, 2019}}</ref>

Patrick Crusius, the 21-year-old suspect in the mass shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, on August 3, 2019, which killed 23 people and injured 23 others (almost all of whom were Hispanic Americans and Mexicans), wrote an online manifesto titled ''The Inconvenient Truth''; in it, he stated that he supported Tarrant and his manifesto. Just like Tarrant, Crusius posted his manifesto on 8chan, as well as a Collin College notification letter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror|title=The El Paso Shooting and the Gamification of Terror|last=Evans|first=Robert|author-link = Robert Evans (journalist)| work=Bellingcat|access-date=August 4, 2019|date=August 4, 2019}}</ref>

==Role of the media== ===Social media=== {{Main|Cyberterrorism}} {{Further|Racism on the Internet}} Social media platforms have been one of the principal means by which right-wing extremist ideas and hate speech have been shared and promulgated, leading to extensive debates about the limits of free speech and their impact on terrorist actions and hate crimes.<ref name=NYTNZ>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/21/world/asia/new-zealand-attacks-social-media.html|work=New York Times|title=In New Zealand, Spreading the Mosque Shooting Video Is a Crime|first=Charlotte|last=Graham-McLay|date=21 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> In 2018, researchers in the US identified the YouTube recommendation system as promoting a range of political positions from mainstream libertarianism and conservatism to overt white nationalism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Becca |title=How YouTube is quietly radicalizing the next generation — and making millions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/forget-facebook-youtube-videos-are-radicalizing-millions-young-people-company-ncna916341 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=NBC News |date=October 4, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Rebecca |title=Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube |url=https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DS_Alternative_Influence.pdf |website=datasociety.net |publisher=Data and Society |access-date=26 March 2019 |date=September 2018}}</ref> Many other online discussion groups and forums are used for online right-wing radicalization.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manavis |first1=Sarah |title=The Christchurch shooting shows how a far-right web culture is driving radicalisation |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/internet/2019/03/christchurch-new-zealand-shooter-pewdiepie-youtube-facebook-video-shows-we-need-take-online-radicalisation |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=New Statesman |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Andrew |last2=Morton |first2=Frances |title=NZ Authorities Have Been Ignoring Online Right-Wing Radicalisation For Years |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nz-authorities-have-been-ignoring-online-right-wing-radicalisation-for-years/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Vice |date=21 March 2019 |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Justin |title=Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald |journal=Hatewatch |date=April 19, 2018 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/19/day-trope-white-nationalist-memes-thrive-reddits-rthedonald |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> Robert Bowers the perpetrator of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting at Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was a regular verified user on Gab, a "free speech" alternative to Twitter, and spread antisemitic, neo-Nazi, and Holocaust denial propaganda as well as interacted with and/or reposted at least five alt-right figures: Brad "Hunter Wallace" Griffin of ''Occidental Dissent'' and League of the South (LS), Daniel "Jack Corbin" McMahon, a self-described "Antifa Hunter" and "fascist", former California Republican Patrick Little, Jared Wyand of Project Purge and Daniel "Grandpa Lampshade" Kenneth Jeffreys of ''The Daily Stormer'' and ''Radio Aryan''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/11/01/gab-domestic-terrorist-robert-bowers-engaged-several-influential-alt-right-figures|title=On Gab, domestic terrorist Robert Bowers engaged with several influential alt-right figures|last1=Amend|first1=Alex|work=Southern Poverty Law Center/Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI)|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=November 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grandpa-lampshade-neo-nazi-white-supremacist_n_5c5b12f9e4b00187b557717a|title=The Neo-Nazi Podcaster Next Door|last1=Schulberg|first1=Jessica|last2=O'Brien|first2=Luke|last3=Mushtare|first3=Oliva|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=February 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-robert-bowers-worked-on-gab-to-dox-left-wing-blogger|title=Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Worked on Gab to Dox Left-Wing Blogger|last=Weill|first=Kelly|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> Twitter was found to be offering advertisements targeted to 168,000 users in a white genocide conspiracy theory category, which they removed shortly after being contacted by journalists in the wake of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Rhett |title=Facebook Offered Advertisers 'White Genocide' Option |url=https://gizmodo.com/facebook-offered-advertisers-white-genocide-option-1830190052 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=Gizmodo |date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> After a Brooklyn synagogue was vandalized with death threats, the term "Kill all Jews" was listed as a trending topic on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Notopoulos |first1=Katie |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |title=Twitter Is Sorry For Listing "Kill All Jews" As A Trending Topic |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katienotopoulos/twitter-is-sorry-for-listing-kill-all-jews-as-a-trending |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=BuzzFeed News |date=November 2, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Australian-born terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, recorded a video of the attacks on Facebook Live which was shared extensively on social media as well as spreading his manifesto ''The Great Replacement'' on his Facebook and Twitter accounts and on 8chan /pol/ where he would announce the attacks and prior to this his social media was filled with white nationalist, anti-Islamic and neo-fascist material and his profile picture was "The Australian Shitposter" an image of a tanned, blonde-haired Akubra hat wearing man from Australia used to represent users on 4chan and 8chan as well as the alt-right subculture "The Dingoes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/03/brenton-tarrant-social-media-twitter-video|title=Brenton Tarrant Social Media: Twitter Rants, Live Video|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/03/brenton-tarrant-manifesto|title=Brenton Tarrant Manifesto: The 'Great Replacement' Rant|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2019/03/15/shitposting-inspirational-terrorism-and-the-christchurch-mosque-massacre|title=Shitposting, Inspirational Terrorism, and the Christchurch Mosque Massacre|last=Evans|first=Robert|work=Bellingcat|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-mosque-shooter-s-meme-popular-with-australian-far-right-group-20190315-p514ns.html|title=Alleged mosque shooter's meme popular with Australian far-right group|last=Begley|first=Patrick|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> The government of New Zealand already had laws in place relating to terrorism under which people sharing the video can be prosecuted, and it was announced that this would be vigorously pursued. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern also vowed to investigate the role played by social media in the attack and take action, possibly alongside other countries, against the sites that broadcast the video.<ref name=NYTNZ/>

Facebook and Twitter became more active in banning extremists from their platform in the wake of the tragedy. Facebook pages associated with Future Now Australia had been removed from the platform, including their main page, Stop the Mosques and Save Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theunshackled.net/rundown/future-now-facebook-pages-deleted/|website=unshackled.net|date=22 March 2019|title=Future Now Facebook pages deleted|first=Tim|last=Wilms|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Far-right activist leaders in Australia urged their supporters to follow them on Gab after being banned from Twitter and Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/australia-s-far-right-moves-to-shadowy-messaging-service-amid-crackdown-on-digital-giants-20190320-p515tw.html|publisher=The Age| title=Australia's far-right moves to shadowy messaging service amid crackdown on digital giants| first=Max|last=Koslowski|date=20 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> On March 28, 2019, Facebook announced that they have banned white nationalist and white separatist content along with white supremacy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Joseph |last2=Koebler |first2=Jason |title=Facebook Bans White Nationalism and White Separatism |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/facebook-bans-white-nationalism-and-white-separatism/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=Motherboard |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> Patrick Crusius, the man responsible for the 2019 El Paso shooting which killed 23 people and injured 23 others, had prior to the incident liked, posted, and retweeted content on his Twitter account in support of Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/08/patrick-crusius-donald-trump-twitter|title=Patrick Crusius: Suspect's Twitter Page Shows Trump Support|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=August 4, 2019|date=August 4, 2019|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610045121/https://heavy.com/news/2019/08/patrick-crusius-donald-trump-twitter/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Mass media=== Owen Jones wrote in ''The Guardian'' about how the press in Britain can play a role in helping to radicalise far-right terrorists, quoting Neil Basu, Britain's counter-terrorism chief. Basu cited the ''Daily Mail'' and ''Daily Mirror'' as particular culprits, while Jones also give examples from ''The Times'', ''The Telegraph'', ''The Spectator'' and others, with articles bemoaning so-called Cultural Marxism and misleading headlines such as "1 in 5 Brit Muslims" sympathizing with jihadists (''The Sun'').<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/media-far-right-radicalisation-politics-hatred|first=Owen|last=Jones|title=Why we need to talk about the media's role in far-right radicalisation|date=28 March 2019|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

==Africa== ===South Africa=== In 1993, Chris Hani, general secretary of the South African Communist Party was murdered by the Polish far-right anti-communist Janusz Waluś who was given the firearm by the pro-apartheid parliamentarian Clive Derby-Lewis.

In 2010, South African authorities foiled a plot to commit attacks by far-right terrorists who wanted to avenge the murder of Eugène Terre'Blanche, seizing explosives and firearms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/07/south-africa-white-extremist-bomb|title=South African police foil white extremist bomb plot|first=David|last=Smith|date=7 May 2010|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Americas== ===Argentina=== The Argentine Patriotic League (''Liga Patriótica Argentina'') was a ''Nacionalista'' paramilitary group, founded in Buenos Aires on January 16, 1919, during the Tragic week. It was merged into the Argentine Civic Legion in 1931.<ref>Patrick Frank. ''Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917–1935''. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. p. 206.</ref>

===Brazil=== The Para-SAR example<ref name="para-sar2-br">{{cite news|title=Brasileiros magazine|url=http://brasileiros.com.br/2014/03/o-paraquedista-que-evitou-um-banho-de-sangue/|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415012349/http://brasileiros.com.br/2014/03/o-paraquedista-que-evitou-um-banho-de-sangue/|archive-date=2015-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="para-sar1-br">{{cite news|title=Fatos magazine|date=June 1, 1985|url=http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R04927.pdf}}</ref> was revealed by Brazilian Air Force captain Sérgio Ribeiro Miranda de Carvalho in 1968 before it reached the execution phase as it was made public to the press after a meeting with his superior Brigadier General João Paulo Burnier and chief of Para-SAR unity. Burnier discussed a secret plan to bomb a dense traffic area of Rio de Janeiro known as "Gasômetro" during commute and later claim that Communists were the perpetrators. He expected to be able to run a witch-hunt against the growing political military opposition. Burnier also mentioned his intentions on making the Para-SAR, a Brazilian Air Force rescue unity, a tool for eliminating some military regime political oppositors throwing them to the sea at a wide distance of the coast. On both of these events, no military involved on these actions or planning was arrested, charged or faced retaliation from the Brazilian military dictatorship. The only exception is captain Sérgio de Carvalho which had to leave the air force for facing his superiors retaliation after whistleblowing brigadier Burnier's plan.

[[File:Aracruz attack, firing.jpg|thumb|The 2022 Aracruz school shootings, in which four people were killed]] On November 25, 2022, shootings took place at two schools in Aracruz, Espírito Santo. Four people died, and 12 others were injured. The suspect, a 16-year-old former student at one of the schools, was arrested approximately four hours later.<ref name=AP.Shooting>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/shootings-education-caribbean-brazil-9829399a1b55a1c4f54b00bcd35d80c1|title=Shootings at Brazil schools leave 3 dead, 13 wounded|publisher=Associated Press|last=Bridi|first=Carla|date=November 25, 2022|access-date=November 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="noticias.uol.com.br">{{Cite web |title=Filho de PM, atirador usou armas e carro do pai em Aracruz, diz polícia |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/25/quem-e-suspeito-atentado-escolas-de-aracruz-es.htm |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aracruz: Atentado a tiros em duas escolas no ES deixam ao menos 3 mortos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/25/atiradores-invadem-e-atacam-2-escolas-no-es-policia-confirma-mortes.htm |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> He was reportedly active in online neo-Nazi communities that promoted accelerationism<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Terrorgram, a network of neo-Nazi channels, is spreading across Brazil |url=https://nucleo.jor.br/english/2024-08-28-terrorgram-neonazi-channels-telegram/ |work=Nucleo |quote=These radical and extremist propagandas from Terrorgram have real-world effects. In 2022, a 16-year-old Brazilian teenager killed four people in a school attack in Aracruz, Espírito Santo. It was discovered that the teenager had been radicalized through Telegram channels connected to the collective.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Brazilian court bans Telegram for failing to hand over data from neo-Nazi groups |url=https://www.engadget.com/brazilian-court-bans-telegram-for-failing-to-hand-over-data-from-neo-nazi-groups-100853097.html |work=Engadget}}</ref> and wore attire during the attacks that strongly resembled uniforms worn by members of the terrorist organization Atomwaffen Division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Dangerous Organizations and Bad Actors: Atomwaffen Division | Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/dangerous-organizations-and-bad-actors-4 |website=www.middlebury.edu}}</ref>

===Colombia=== Colombian paramilitary groups were responsible for most of the human rights violations in the latter half of the ongoing Colombian conflict.<ref name="icc-paras">{{cite news|title=International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes |first=Constanza |last=Vieira |work=Inter Press Service |date=August 27, 2008 |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43696 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224121/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43696 |archive-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref> According to several international human rights and governmental organizations, right-wing paramilitary groups were responsible for at least 70 to 80% of political murders in Colombia per year during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="icc-paras"/><ref name="hrw-killnet-iii">HRW, 1996: [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/killer3.htm "III: The Intelligence Reorganization"]</ref> The first paramilitary groups were organized by the Colombian government following recommendations made by U.S. military counterinsurgency advisers who were sent to Colombia in the early 1960s, during the Cold War, to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Dennis M. |last=Rempe |date=Winter 1995|title=Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965|journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies|volume=6|issue=3|pages=304–27|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|doi=10.1080/09592319508423115|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330101500/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|archive-date=March 30, 2010|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="bandits">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330101500/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|url-status=dead|title=None|archive-date=March 30, 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Livingstone|2003|p= 155}}

These groups were financed and protected by elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, right-wing politicians and multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schulte-Bockholt|first=Alfredo|title=The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power|publisher=Lexington|year=2006|page=95}}</ref><ref name="chernick-para-nacla">{{cite journal|title=The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia|first=Marc|last=Chernick|journal=NACLA Report on the Americas|date=March–April 1998|volume=31|issue=5|page=28|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brittain|2010|pp=129–31}}<ref name="evil-hour-68-69">{{cite book|first=Forrest|last=Hylton|title=Evil Hour in Colombia|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-551-7|pages=68–69| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yF1WxzySuEgC|page=68}}}}</ref> Paramilitary violence and terrorism has principally been targeted towards peasants, unionists, indigenous people, human rights workers, teachers and left-wing political activists or their supporters.<ref name="getting-away">{{cite journal|title=Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States|first=Elizabeth F.|last=Schwartz|journal=The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review|volume= 27|issue= 2|date=Winter 1995–1996|pages=381–420}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Dispossessed: Chronicles of the desterrados of Colombia|first=Alfredo|last=Molano|publisher=Haymarket|year=2005|page=113}}</ref><ref>''Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', "Colombia: Activities of a Colombian social cleansing group known as 'Jóvenes del Bien' and any state efforts to deal with it", 2 April 2004</ref>{{sfn|Brittain|2010|pp=132–35}}

===Nicaragua=== The Contras were a right-wing militant group, backed by the United States, that fought against the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua. They were responsible for numerous human rights violations and carried out over 1300 terrorist attacks.<ref>Feldmann, Andreas E.; Maiju Perälä (July 2004). "Reassessing the Causes of Nongovernmental Terrorism in Latin America". Latin American Politics and Society. 46 (2): 101–132. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00277.x.</ref><ref>Gary LaFree; Laura Dugan; Erin Miller (2014). Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. Routledge. p. 56. {{ISBN|1134712413}}.</ref>

===United States=== {{Main|Terrorism in the United States|Domestic terrorism in the United States|Political violence in the United States|Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States}}

{{Further|Anti-Catholicism#United States|Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Antisemitism by country#United States|Antisemitism in the United States|History of antisemitism in the United States|Discrimination in the United States|Far-right politics#United States|Far-right subcultures#United States|Fascism in the United States|Racism in the United States|Radical right (United States)}} {{ multiple image | total_width=450 | image1= 1975- Ideology of political murders - US.svg |thumb |caption1= Cumulative presentation of politically motivated terrorism since 1975<ref name=Time_and_Cato/> | image2= 1990- Victims of ideologically motivated homicides - US.svg |caption2= Annual presentation of politically motivated terrorism since 1990<ref name=CCJLS_20210726/> }} Cumulatively over five decades, right-wing perpetrators in the US killed substantially more people than left-wing or Islamist-inspired perpetrators (excluding data from the Sept. 11 attacks).<ref name=Time_and_Cato>{{cite web |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |title=Trump Called for a Crackdown on the 'Radical Left.' But Right-Wing Extremists Are Responsible for More Political Violence |url=https://time.com/7317383/political-violence-america-trump-crackdown-right/ |website=time.com |publisher=Time magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918205014/https://time.com/7317383/political-violence-america-trump-crackdown-right/ |archive-date=18 September 2025 |date=16 September 2025 |url-status=live}} ●{{nbsp}}For data, Schneid cites {{cite web |last1=Nowrasteh |first1=Alex |title=Politically Motivated Violence Is Rare in the United States |url=https://www.cato.org/blog/politically-motivated-violence-rare-united-states |publisher=The Cato Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917050147/https://www.cato.org/blog/politically-motivated-violence-rare-united-states |archive-date=17 September 2025 |date=11 September 2025 |url-status=live}} Table 2.</ref> In almost all individual years since 1990, right-wing ideologically motivated homicides in the US have substantially outnumbered those perpetrated by left-wing actors.<ref name=CCJLS_20210726>{{cite journal |last1=Duran |first1=Celinet |title=Far-left versus Far-right Fatal Violence: An Empirical Assessment of the Prevalence of Ideologically Motivated Homicides in the United States |journal=Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society |date=26 July 2021 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=8 (Figure 2) |url=https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26973-far-left-versus-far-right-fatal-violence-an-empirical-assessment-of-the-prevalence-of-ideologically-motivated-homicides-in-the-united-states |issn=2332-886X}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250911043329/https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/articles/26973-far-left-versus-far-right-fatal-violence-an-empirical-assessment-of-the-prevalence-of-ideologically-motivated-homicides-in-the-united-states.pdf archive])</ref>

From 2022 through 2024, all 61 political killings were committed by right-wing extremists.<ref name=AP_20250914>{{cite news |last1=Riccardi |first1=Nicholas |title=Blame game after acts of political violence can lead to further attacks, experts warn |url=https://apnews.com/article/charlie-kirk-political-violence-shootings-utah-7b4e9b662932943a77635a0f8e839270 |work=AP News |date=September 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915125254/https://apnews.com/article/charlie-kirk-political-violence-shootings-utah-7b4e9b662932943a77635a0f8e839270 |archive-date=September 15, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Reconstruction era==== Scholars label acts of terrorism which were committed against African Americans during the Reconstruction era "white terrorism".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schenk|first1=David H.|title=Freedmen with Firearms: White Terrorism and Black Disarmament During Reconstruction|journal=Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era|volume=4|date=April 30, 2014|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=gcjcwe}}</ref><ref>Butchart, Ronald E. "Black hope, white power: emancipation, reconstruction and the legacy of unequal schooling in the US South, 1861–1880". ''Paedagogica historica'' 46.1–2 (2010): 33–50.</ref>

====Civil rights movement==== {{See also|Ku Klux Klan|Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner|Mississippi Burning}}[[File:FBI Poster of Missing Civil Rights Workers.jpg|thumb|371x371px|A 1964 Federal Bureau of Investigation poster regarding missing civil rights workers Andrew Goodman (left), James Chaney (middle), and Michael Schwerner, all of them were murdered in Mississippi by members of the Ku Klux Klan on June 21, 1964]] According to American political scientist George Michael, "right-wing terrorism and violence has a long history in America".{{sfn|Michael|2003|p=114}} In the aftermath of the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' decision (1954), members of a resurgent Ku Klux Klan waged a campaign of terrorism against black people, civil rights activists, Jews, and others.<ref name="Michael">George Michael, ''Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA'' (Routledge, 2003), pp. 126–27.</ref> Klansmen bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, killing four African American girls and injuring 14–22 others, and they also committed other murders, including those of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner (1964), Lemuel Penn (1964), Viola Liuzzo (1965), and Michael Donald (1981).<ref name="Michael"/><ref name="Atkins">Stephen E. Atkins, ''Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History'' (ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 18.</ref> Between 1956 and 1963, an estimated 130 bombings were perpetrated in the South.<ref name="Michael"/>

====1980s==== During the 1980s, more than 75 right-wing extremists were prosecuted for acts of terrorism in the United States, they carried out six attacks.{{sfn|Smith|1994|pp=25–26}} In 1983, Gordon Kahl, a Posse Comitatus member and a white supremacist activist, killed two federal marshals and later, he was killed by police. Also that year, the white nationalist revolutionary group The Order (also known as the Brüder Schweigen or the Silent Brotherhood) robbed banks and armored cars, as well as a sex shop,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=760 | title=Free the Order Rally | publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center | date=Spring 2007 | access-date=2007-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711063623/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=760 | archive-date=2007-07-11 | url-status=dead}}</ref> bombed a theater and a synagogue and murdered radio talk show host Alan Berg.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061FF63D5D0C748DDDA00894DD484D81&n | title=Death List Names Given to US Jury | work=New York Times |date=September 17, 1985 | access-date= 2007-08-25}}</ref><ref>Morris Dees and Steve Fiffer. ''Hate on Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi''. Villard Books, 1993. p. xiiv.</ref>

====Oklahoma City bombing==== {{See also|Oklahoma City bombing|Timothy McVeigh|Terry Nichols}} On April 19, 1995, Gulf War veteran and anti-government extremist Timothy McVeigh detonated an ammonium nitrate bomb out of a Ryder rental truck next to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring 680. It was the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in the history of the United States.{{sfn|Michael|2003|p=107}} McVeigh stated that it was committed in retaliation for the government's actions at Ruby Ridge and Waco.<ref name="WacoRubyMcN">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=McVeigh offers little remorse in letters |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |date=June 10, 2001 |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165230/http://cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Terry Nichols, a friend of McVeigh, conspired in the plot to construct the bomb.

====Eric Rudolph==== Eric Rudolph executed a series of terrorist attacks between 1996 and 1998. He carried out the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing – which claimed two lives and injured 111 – aiming to cancel the games, claiming they promoted global socialism and to embarrass the U.S. government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480|title=Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession|website=NPR.org|date=14 April 2005 }}</ref> Rudolph confessed to bombing an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs, an Atlanta suburb, on January 16, 1997, the Otherside Lounge, an Atlanta lesbian bar, on February 21, 1997, injuring five and an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama on January 29, 1998, killing Birmingham police officer and part-time clinic security guard Robert Sanderson and critically injuring nurse Emily Lyons. He was linked an extreme right-wing group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/domestic-terrorism|title=Domestic terrorism: an overview|chapter=Terrorism and Homeland Security |website=science direct.com|date=2013 |pages=425–473 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-387846-5 |quote="Rudolph had associations with the racist fundamentalist group Christian Identity (an extreme right-wing group)."}}</ref>

====Jewish Defense League==== {{Main|Meir Kahane|Kahanism}}

{{See also|Jewish Defense League}} The Jewish Defense League is a Jewish religious-political organization in the United States, its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary".<ref name="backgrounder">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|title=Anti-Defamation League on JDL|publisher=Adl.org|access-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414090038/http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> The FBI has classified it as "a right wing terrorist group" since 2001,<ref name=fbi>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001|publisher=Fbi.gov|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007083445/https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and it has been designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/jewish-defense-league |title=Jewish Defense League |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126050947/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/jewish-defense-league |archive-date=2016-01-26 |url-status=live | website=Southern Poverty Law Center }}</ref> According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States.<ref name=fbi /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism|first=Michael K.|last=Bohn|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=754tx7I-98cC&pg=PA67 67]|year=2004|publisher=Brassey's Inc.|isbn=1-57488-779-3}}</ref> As of 2015, most terrorism watch groups classified the group as inactive.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-317-46109-8| last = Ross| first = Jeffrey Ian| title = Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present| date = 2015-03-04 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFfrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA394}}</ref>

====Events following the September 11 attacks==== {{Further|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks#Backlash and hate crimes}} According to a report published by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, as of 2020, right-wing terrorism accounted for the majority of terrorist attacks and plots in the United States.<ref name="Wilson Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Jason |date=June 27, 2020|title=Violence by far right is among US's most dangerous terrorist threats, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/us-far-right-violence-terrorist-threat-analysis |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> As of June 2023, the New America Foundation placed the number killed in terrorist attacks in the United States since the September 11, 2001 attacks (9/11) as follows: 130 killed in far-right attacks, 107 killed in jihadist attacks, 17 killed in "ideological misogyny/incel" attacks, 12 killed in black separatist/nationalist/supremacist attacks, and 1 killed in a far-left attack.<ref name="NewAmericaTally">{{cite report|title=In Depth: Terrorism in America After 9/11|chapter=What is the Threat to the United States Today? (see linked table)|chapter-url=https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/reports/terrorism-in-america/what-is-the-threat-to-the-united-states-today/|publisher=New America Foundation|access-date=November 18, 2023}}</ref>

According to a 2017 Government Accountability Office report, 73% of violent extremist incidents that resulted in deaths since 9/11, were caused by right-wing extremist groups, while radical Islamist extremists were responsible for 27%. The total number of deaths which were caused by each group was about the same, but 41% of the deaths which were attributable to radical Islamists occurred in a single event – the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting in which 49 people were killed by a lone gunman. No deaths were attributed to left-wing terrorist groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683984.pdf|title=COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM: Actions Needed to Define Strategy and Assess Progress of Federal Efforts|publisher=United States Government Accountability Office|date=April 2017|access-date=November 30, 2018|quote="According to the [US Extremist Crime Database], activities of far left wing violent extremist groups did not result in any fatalities during this period."}}</ref><ref>Eddington, Patrick G. [https://www.cato.org/blog/gao-weighs-countering-violent-extremism "GAO Weighs in on 'Countering Violent Extremism{{'"}}]. Cato Institute. N.p., 13 Apr. 2017. Web. 04 June 2017.</ref>

====White backlash, White nationalism and white supremacy==== {{main|White backlash#United States|White nationalism#United States|White nationalism in the United States|White supremacy#United States|White supremacy in the United States}} In October 2020, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security reported that white supremacists posed the top domestic terrorism threat, which FBI director Christopher Wray confirmed in March 2021, noting that the bureau had elevated the threat to the same level as the threat which was posed by ISIS.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/politics/white-supremacists-anarchists-dhs-homeland-threat-assessment/index.html|title=White supremacists remain deadliest US terror threat, Homeland Security report says|first=Geneva|last=Sands|website=CNN|date=6 October 2020 }} * {{cite news |last1=Bump |first1=Philip |title=FBI Director Wray reconfirms the threat posed by racist extremists |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/fbi-director-wray-reconfirms-threat-posed-by-racist-extremists/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 2, 2021}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/wray-senate-hearing-capitol-riot-white-supremacists-b1810615.html|title=White supremacists on par with ISIS as 'top threat,' FBI director says at Captiol riot hearing|date=March 3, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/04/white-supremacists-terror-threat-dhs-409236|title=DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat|website=POLITICO|date=4 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homeland Threat Assessment − October 2020 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2020_10_06_homeland-threat-assessment.pdf |publisher=US Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/barr-gop-present-antifa-major-threat-but-no-evidence-killings-2020-7|title=Trump, Barr, and the GOP present antifa as a major threat in the US, but they're not killing people — unlike white supremacists|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

====Additional reports==== A 2019 report stated that 50 people in the United States were killed in murders which were committed by domestic extremists (the murders included ideologically and non-ideologically motivated homicides) during the previous year. Of these killings, 78% of them were perpetrated by white supremacists, 16% of them were perpetrated by anti-government extremists, 4% of them were perpetrated by "incel" extremists, and 2% of them were perpetrated by domestic Islamist extremists.<ref name="Extremism2018">{{citation|url=https://www.adl.org/media/12480/download|title=Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2018|publisher=Anti-Defamation League Center on Hate and Extremism|pages=13–18|date=January 2019}}</ref> Over the broader 2009 to 2018 time period, a total of 313 people were killed by right-wing extremists in the United States (the crimes included ideologically and non-ideologically motivated homicides), of those homicides, 76% of them were committed by white supremacists, 19% of them were committed by anti-government extremists (including those extremists who were affiliated with the militia, "sovereign citizen", tax protester, and "Patriot" movements), 3% of them were committed by "incel" extremists, 1% of them were committed by anti-abortion extremists, and 1% of them were committed by other right-wing extremists.<ref name="Extremism2018"/>

Soon after the assassination of Charlie Kirk, U.S. President Trump claimed that "the radicals on the left are the problem" with political violence.<ref name=NYTimes_20250912>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David |title=Trump Downplays Violence on the Right and Says the Left Is the Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/12/us/politics/trump-charlie-kirk-shooting.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914051517/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/12/us/politics/trump-charlie-kirk-shooting.html |archive-date=September 14, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opinion editors,<ref name="Van Reybrouck 2025">{{cite news |last1=Van Reybrouck |first1=David |title=We must not let the shooting of Charlie Kirk become Trump's Reichstag fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/17/shooting-charlie-kirk-donald-trump-reichstag-fire-european-history-us-president |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917091032/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/17/shooting-charlie-kirk-donald-trump-reichstag-fire-european-history-us-president |archive-date=September 17, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as both far-right commentators<ref name="Owen 2025">{{cite news |last1=Owen |first1=Tess |title=Far-right commentators echo Trump in calling for 'vengeance and retribution' for Charlie Kirk's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-shooting-death-trump-reaction |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918221643/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-shooting-death-trump-reaction |archive-date=September 18, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Trump critics,<ref name="Horsey 2025">{{cite news |last1=Horsey |first1=David |title=Is this America's Reichstag fire moment? |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/is-this-americas-reichstag-fire-moment/ |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=September 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114415/https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/is-this-americas-reichstag-fire-moment/ |archive-date=September 20, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> have compared Charlie Kirk's killing to the Reichstag fire—the 1933 arson of the German parliament building that Hitler used as a pretext to suspend civil liberties and prosecute political opposition<ref name="Horsey 2025"/>—some calling Kirk's killing Trump's "Reichstag fire moment".<ref name="Van Reybrouck 2025"/> ''How Democracies Die'' author, professor Steven Levitsky, said that exploiting Charlie Kirk's killing to justify unleashing attacks on critics is "page one of the authoritarian playbook".<ref name=Guardian_20251011>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Peter |title='Page one of the authoritarian playbook': how Trump and allies are exploiting Kirk's killing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/11/charlie-kirk-trump-maga-allies |work=The Guardian |date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011121928/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/11/charlie-kirk-trump-maga-allies |archive-date=11 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, according to New America's tally, 133 people have been killed in right-wing extremist terrorist attacks since 9/11. The incidents which caused deaths were the following:<ref name="NewAmericaTally"/>  {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year !! Occurrence !! Location !! Victims Wounded* !! Victims Killed* |- |2023 |Jacksonville Dollar General shooting |Jacksonville, Florida |0 |3 |- | 2023 || Allen, Texas outlet mall shooting || Allen, Texas || 7 || 8 |- | 2022 || Buffalo supermarket shooting || Buffalo, New York || 3 || 10 |- | 2020 || Boogaloo murders || Oakland, California<br>Santa Cruz, California || 3 || 2 |- | 2019 || El Paso Walmart shooting || El Paso, Texas || 26 || 22 |- | 2019 || Poway synagogue shooting || Poway, California || 3 || 1 |- | 2018 || Jeffersontown Kroger shooting || Jeffersontown, Kentucky || 0 || 2 |- | 2018 || Murder of Robert Miller || Murfreesboro, Tennessee || 0 || 1 |- | 2018 || Pittsburgh synagogue shooting || Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania || 7 || 11 |- | 2018 || Murder of Blaze Bernstein || |Orange County, California || 0 || 1 |- | 2018 || Murder of MeShon Cooper-Williams || Kansas City, Missouri || 0 || 1 |- | 2018 || Murders of Danny and Deanna Lorenzo || Lee County, Florida || 0 || 2 |- | 2017 || Murder of Richard Collins III|| College Park, Maryland || 0 || 1 |- | 2017 || Car-ramming attack into counter-protesters at the white nationalist Unite the Right rally || Charlottesville, Virginia || 28 || 1 |- | 2017 || Portland train attack || Portland, Oregon || 1 || 2 |- | 2017 || Murder of Timothy Caughman || New York City, New York || 0 || 1 |- | 2015 || Shooting at a showing of the film ''Trainwreck'' || Lafayette, Louisiana || 9 || 2 |- | 2015 || Planned Parenthood shooting || Colorado Springs, Colorado || 9 || 3 |- | 2015 || Charleston church shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church || Charleston, South Carolina || 1 || 9 |- | 2014 || Attack on Pennsylvania State Police barracks || Blooming Grove, Pennsylvania || 1 || 1 |- | 2014 || Ambush attack on Las Vegas police officers || Las Vegas, Nevada || || 3 |- | 2014 || Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting || Overland Park, Kansas || || 3 |- | 2013 || Los Angeles International Airport shooting attack on TSA officer || Los Angeles, California || 6 || 1 |- | 2013 || Double murder committed by Jeremy Lee Moody and Christine Moody || Jonesville, South Carolina || 0 || 2 |- | 2012 || Ambush attack against St. John the Baptist Parish police || St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana || 2 || 2 |- | 2012 || Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting || Oak Creek, Wisconsin || 4 || 6 |- | 2011 || Tri-state killing spree by white supremacists David Pedersen and Holly Grigsby || Multiple || || 4 |- | 2011 || FEAR group attacks || Georgia || || 3 |- | 2011 || Murder of James Craig Anderson || Jackson, Mississippi || 0 || 1 |- | 2010 || Murder committed by Aryan Brotherhood members || Mississippi || 0 || 1 |- | 2010 || Shooting at bookstore cafe perpetrated by Ross William Muehlberger || Wichita Falls, Texas || 4 || 1 |- | 2010 || Murder of Todd Getgen<ref>[https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/08/suspect_in_shooting_death_of_e.html "Police: Suspect in Pa. lawyer's killing at range says he stole guns to help overthrow US gov't"], Associated Press (August 2, 2010).</ref><ref>Mary Klaus (August 1, 2010), [https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/08/suspect_in_shooting_death_of_e.html "Suspect in shooting death of Enola lawyer was arming rebel group, district attorney says"], ''The Patriot-News'' (Pittsburgh).</ref> || Carlisle, Pennsylvania || 0 || 1 |- | 2009 || Murder of sex offender by white supremacists || North Palm Springs, California || 0 || 1 |- | 2009 || Murder committed by Charles Francis Gaskins || Carmichael, California || 0 || 1 |- | 2009 || United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting || Washington, D.C. || 1 || 1 |- | 2009 || Assassination of George Tiller || Wichita, Kansas || 1 || 1 |- | 2009 || Murders of Raul and Brisenia Flores || Arivaca, Arizona || 1 || 2 |- | 2009 || Shooting of Pittsburgh police officers || Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania || 2 || 3 |- | 2008 || Woodburn bank bombing || Woodburn, Oregon || 2 || 2 |- | 2008 || Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting || Knoxville, Tennessee || 8 || 2 |- | 2007 || Murder of homeless man by Aryan Soldiers || || 0 || 1 |- | 2006 || Murder committed by John Ditullio || || 1 || 1 |- | 2004 || Bank robbery || Tulsa, Oklahoma || 0 || 1 |- | 2003 || Torture, abduction and murder || Salinas, California || 0 || 1 |- | 2001 || Post-September 11 shootings || Multiple || 1 || 2 |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" class="unsortable" | '''<nowiki>*</nowiki>''' Count of "victims killed" and "victims wounded" excludes attackers. |}

====Prevalence of right-wing terrorism compared to the prevalence of left-wing terrorism==== A report in ''The Washington Post'', published on November 25, 2018, showed that the number of violent right-wing-related incidents had gone up, and the number of left-wing-related incidents had gone down. In total, the number of domestic terrorism incidents had gone down to 41 in 2001, from a high of 468 in 1970, but then, it went up to 65 in 2017. Of those 65 incidents in 2017, 36 of them were right-wing-related (with 11 fatalities), 10 of them were left-wing-related (with 6 fatalities), 7 of them were related to Islamist extremism (with 16 fatalities), and 12 of them, including the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, were categorized as "Other/Unknown" (with 62 fatalities, including 58 from the Las Vegas incident at the time). The report found that 2018 was a particularly deadly year, with 11 people dying in the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, 2 others in an incident in Kentucky, and two more in a shooting in Tallahassee. All three incidents were right-wing related.<ref name=wapo112518>Lowery, Wesley; Kindy, Kimberly; and Ba Tran, Andrew (November 25, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-the-united-states-right-wing-violence-is-on-the-rise/2018/11/25/61f7f24a-deb4-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html "In the United States, right-wing violence is on the rise"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

===="Unite the Right" rally==== {{Main|Unite the Right rally}}

The ''Post'' reported that the upsurge in right-wing violence began during the Barack Obama administration and picked up steam under the presidency of Donald Trump, whose remarks after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 2017 that there were "some very fine people on both sides" is widely seen as giving confidence to the right that the administration looked favorably on their goals, providing them with "tacit support". A former FBI assistant director for counterintelligence, is quoted as saying that "[political leaders] from the White House down, used to serve as a check on conduct and speech that was abhorrent to most people. I see that eroding. ... The current political rhetoric is at least enabling, and certainly not discouraging, violence."<ref name=wapo112518 />

According to analysis by the newspaper of data from the Global Terrorism Database, 92 of 263 domestic terrorism events – 35% – that occurred from 2010 to 2017 were right-wing related, while 38 (14%) were Islamist extremist-related, and 34 (13%) were left-wing related. Not only that, but a criminologist from John Jay College stated that right-wing attacks were statistically more likely to result in fatalities.<ref name=wapo112518 />

====2021 United States Capitol attack==== {{Main|January 6 United States Capitol attack}}

[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|A mob of Trump supporters storm the United States Capitol building on January 6, 2021.]] On January 6, 2021, a mob of rioters supporting President Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, stormed the U.S. Capitol during speeches made by Trump and his allies at a rally. After breaching multiple police perimeters, they damaged and occupied parts of the building for several hours. National Guard units from several states were called up to deal with the violence, while the riots resulted in six deaths (four rioters and two police officers), over 80 arrests, and 116 officers being injured. Several high-profile members of the government and Capitol security resigned, including the chief of the Capitol Police, the Sergeant-at-Arms of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Over 70 other countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the protests and condemned the violence. One group involved, the Proud Boys, was designated a terrorist organization in Canada.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2021-02-03|title=Canada adds Proud Boys to terror list|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-adds-proud-boys-to-terror-list-1.5293967|access-date=2021-02-03|website=CTVNews|language=en|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206214229/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-adds-proud-boys-to-terror-list-bringing-range-of-legal-financial-implications-1.5293967|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2021|title=Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|url-status=live|website=www.canada.ca|location=Ottawa|publisher=Government of Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182322/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|title=New charges allege Proud Boys prepped for Capitol insurrection|first1=Evan|last1=Perez|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Mallory|last3=Simon|website=CNN|date=3 February 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210802/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/us/politics/capitol-riot-charges.html|title=Justice Department Unveils Further Charges in Capitol Riot|first1=Katie|last1=Benner|first2=Alan|last2=Feuer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 4, 2021|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210858/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/us/politics/capitol-riot-charges.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, at least two dozen Proud Boys members and affiliates have been indicted for their alleged roles in the insurrection.<ref name="CNN-Indicted">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|title=New charges allege Proud Boys prepped for Capitol insurrection|first1=Evan|last1=Perez|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Mallory|last3=Simon|website=CNN|date=3 February 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210834/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=2 Oregon brothers arrested for attack on US Capitol|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/03/24/oregon-brothers-arrested-fbi-us-capitol-violence/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=opb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Olmos|first1=Sergio|last2=Baker|first2=Mike|last3=Feuer|first3=Alan|date=2021-08-24|title=Even Amid a Crackdown, the Proud Boys Are Still Agitating|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/23/us/proud-boys-enrique-tarrio.html|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

During congressional testimony two months after the Capitol assault, FBI director Christopher Wray characterized the incident as "domestic terrorism". Although he did not attribute the assault to a specific group, he made clear that the evidence showed a connection to right-wing extremism, particularly militia groups. When asked if "right-wing white supremacist groups played an instrumental role", Wray explained that the FBI did not use labels about political positioning, but agreed "we're basically saying the same thing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/02/972539274/fbi-director-wray-testifies-before-congress-for-1st-time-since-capitol-attack|title=Wray Stresses Role Of Right-Wing Extremism In Hearing About Jan. 6 Riot|website=NPR.org|date=2 March 2021 |last1=Naylor |first1=Brian |last2=Lucas |first2=Ryan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/fbi-director-wray-reconfirms-threat-posed-by-racist-extremists/|title=Analysis | FBI Director Wray reconfirms the threat posed by racist extremists|first=Philip|last=Bump|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Wray testified that the top threat of domestic violent extremists were "specifically those who advocate for the superiority of the white race", alongside the threat posed by ISIL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/wray-senate-hearing-capitol-riot-white-supremacists-b1810615.html|title=White supremacists on par with ISIS as 'top threat,' FBI director says at Captiol riot hearing|date=March 3, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> Despite efforts by many conservatives, including during the congressional hearing, to blame antifa for the attack, Wray reiterated that the FBI had found no evidence to support the allegations. A February 2021 poll found that 58% of Republicans believe the Capitol riot was "mostly an antifa-inspired attack that only involved a few Trump supporters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/fbi-director-wray-repeatedly-refutes-claims-antifa-activists-attacked-capitol-n1259297|title=FBI Director Christopher Wray repeatedly rebuts claims that antifa activists attacked Capitol|website=NBC News|date=2 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/us/politics/antifa-conspiracy-capitol-riot.html|title=How Pro-Trump Forces Pushed a Lie About Antifa at the Capitol Riot|first1=Michael M.|last1=Grynbaum|first2=Davey|last2=Alba|author-link=Davey Alba2|first3=Reid J.|last3=Epstein|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Europe== {{Main|Terrorism in Europe}}

{{See also|Antisemitism in Europe|Fascism in Europe|Racism in Europe|Radical right (Europe)}}

===Belgium=== Westland New Post was an underground neo-Nazi terror group in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/westland-new-post-wnp|title=Westland New Post (WNP) | Terrorist Groups | TRAC|website=www.trackingterrorism.org}}</ref> They are suspected of involvement in the Brabant killings in which 28 people were killed over a four-year period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/police-are-running-out-of-time-to-catch-the-crazy-brabant-killers/|title=Police Are Running Out of Time to Catch the 'Crazy Brabant Killers'|website=Vice.com|date=24 October 2014 }}</ref>

===Denmark=== Neo-Nazis were suspected to have perpetrated the 1992 Copenhagen bombing, in which the office of a left-wing socialist party was attacked, killing one of its members.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.b.dk/nationalt/afdoed-nynazist-haevdes-at-staa-bag-brevbombe | title=Afdød nynazist hævdes at stå bag brevbombe| date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

===Finland=== {{See also|Far-right politics in Finland|White Terror (Finland)}}[[File:Teloitettuja ja kaatuneita Näsilinnan itäpäädyssä (26364614164).jpg|thumb|Murdered leftists in Tampere (1918)]] In the 1920s–1940s, far-right and fascist groups attacked left-wing events and politicians systematically, resulting in deaths. The groups were responsible for bombing and burning down gathering places of the leftists. Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori was assassinated for supposedly being too lenient towards communists.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/966 | publisher=Suomen kansallisbiografia | title=Heikki Ritavuori}}</ref><ref>Iltalehti Teema Historia: Lapuan liike, Alma Media, 2015, pp. 34–35.</ref> Conservative and White Guard authorities supported the far-right to a large extent, for instance the social democrat politician Onni Happonen was arrested by police who then turned him over to a fascist lynch mob to be killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lessonsforfuture.com/archivos/LP1-finlandiapdf.pdf |title=Onni Happonen – a Man to Die for Democracy |date=2014 |work=Ahmo School |publisher=Lessons for Future |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

In 1945, after the armistice with the Soviet Union, nationalist groups bombed multiple left-wing targets in Helsinki. Attacks in Haaga and Vallila against left-wing papers and meeting halls followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |title=Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia |publisher=Iltalehti | access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> A group identifying themselves as "fascists from Munkkiniemi" used dynamite and IEDs built from anti-aircraft shells to blow up the headquarters of ''Vapaa Sana'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342168 |title="Kääntäkää aseenne ihmiskunnan suurinta vihollista, kommunismia vastaan!" |publisher=Yle | first=Harri| last=Alanne}}</ref>

During the Cold War, far-right activism was limited to small illegal groups such as the clandestine Nazi occultist group led by Pekka Siitoin who made headlines after arson and bombing of the printing houses of the Communist Party of Finland. His associates also sent letter bombs to leftists, including to the headquarters of the Finnish Democratic Youth League.<ref>[https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005528696.html Kekkonen sai tarpeekseen Suomen natseista – 1977 Supolle lähti tuima kirje: "Mikä tämä tanssi Siitoimen ympärillä on?"], Iltasanomat, Miika Viljakainen</ref> Another group called the "New Patriotic People's Movement" bombed the left-wing ''Kansan Uutiset'' newspaper and the embassy of communist Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342434 |title="Minä vannon uhraavani kaikkeni sille työlle, joka koituu maani ja kansani parhaaksi!" |publisher=Yle | first=Harri| last=Alanne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksml.fi/kulttuuri/Kirja-arvio-Marginaaliset-mellastajat/1096708 |title=Kirja-arvio: Marginaaliset mellastajat |author=Alanko, Aki |date=19 January 2018 |publisher=Keskisuomalainen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |title=Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia | author=Muurinen, Juha | publisher =Iltalehti}}</ref> Member of the Nordic Realm Party Seppo Seluska was convicted of the torture and murder of a gay Jew.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maestre|first=Antonio|author-link=Antonio Maestre|date=26 November 2019|title=Nadia es nuestra Danuta|url=https://www.lasexta.com/el-muro/antonio-maestre/nadia-nuestra-danuta_201911265ddcef480cf2ab850a60192c.html|work=LaSexta|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Pienszka|first=Magdalena|date=13 April 2020|title=Kobieta z torebką atakuje skinheada. Za legendarnym zdjęciem stoi smutna historia|url=https://ksiazki.wp.pl/kobieta-z-torebka-atakuje-skinheada-za-legendarnym-zdjeciem-stoi-smutna-historia-6499560997025921a|work=WP Ksiazki|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Previdelli|first=Fabio|date=2 May 2020|title=Muito além da foto: Danuta Danielsson, a mulher que deu bolsada em um neonazista|url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/muito-alem-da-foto-danuta-danielsson-a-mulher-que-deu-bolsada-em-um-neonazista.phtml|work=Aventuras na História|language=pt-br}}</ref>

In 1975 in Petäjävesi an election campaign event of the communist SKDL was bombed by self-declared neo-fascists. There were no deaths although the bomb caused material damages.<ref>Tommi Kotonen: Politiikan juoksuhaudat – Äärioikeistoliikkeet Suomessa kylmän sodan aikana, Atena, Jyväskylä 2018. p. 239.</ref> In November 1978, the office of the Southern Saimaa Union of Socialist Youth was destroyed in an arson attack. The perpetrators left behind a swastika painted on the wall.<ref>Häkkinen, Perttu; Iitti, Vesa (2022). Lightbringers of the North: Secrets of the Occult Tradition of Finland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64411-464-3. p. 154.</ref>

The skinhead culture gained momentum during the late 1980s and peaked during the late 1990s. In 1991, Finland received a number of Somali immigrants who became the main target of Finnish skinhead violence in the following years, including four attacks using explosives and a racist murder. Asylum seeker centres were attacked, in Joensuu skinheads would force their way into an asylum seeker centre and start shooting with shotguns. At worst Somalis were assaulted by 50 skinheads at the same time.<ref>[http://www.hs.fi/elama/a1381948605154 Seitsemän vuotta uusnatsina] Helsingin sanomat 17.10.2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2|title=Right-Wing Terrorism and Militancy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Case Study|publisher=University of Oslo Center for Research on Extremism |access-date=5 November 2020 | quote=One particularly severe episode happened in 1997, when a group of about 50 skinheads attacked Somali youths playing football in the Helsinki suburb Kontula. The violence did not stop before the police started shooting warning shots, and 22 skinheads were sentenced for the attack. Pekonen et al. also mention a number of other violent events from the 1990s, including ten particularly severe events from 1995 (not included in the RTV dataset because sufficient event details are lacking): a racist murder, an immigrant stabbed by a skinhead, four attacks on immigrants using explosives, and another four immigrants beaten severely.}}</ref>

The most prominent neo-Nazi group Nordic Resistance Movement that is tied to multiple murders, attempted murders and assaults of political enemies was found in 2006 and proscribed in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162|title=Extreme right radicals seeking more visible presence in Finland|date=2 February 2013 |publisher=Finnish Broadcasting Company|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> During the European migrant crisis 40 asylum seeker reception centres were targets of arson attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/arson_attempt_at_slated_asylum_seeker_centre/8524525|title=Arson attempt at slated asylum seeker centre|date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Finnish Broadcasting Company|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finlandtimes.fi/national/2016/01/13/24190/Suspected-arson-attack-on-refugee-center-in-Tampere|title=Suspected arson attack on refugee center in Tampere|publisher=Finland Times|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> In its annual threat assessment for 2020, the National Bureau of Investigation found that despite the ban, the threat of far-right terrorism had risen and identified 400 persons of interest "motivated and with the capacity to perform terrorism in Finland". International links and funding networks were pointed out as a special source of concern.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/supo-aarioikeistolaisen-terrorismin-uhka-kohonnut-kannattajia-tunnistettu-myos-suomessa/8dd698dc-6d4e-4bbc-80da-f851ca3780ae |title=Supo: Äärioikeistolaisen terrorismin uhka kohonnut – Kannattajia tunnistettu myös Suomessa |website=Uusi Suomi | date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

On 4 December 2021, the Finnish police arrested a five-man cell in Kankaanpää on suspicion of planning a terror attack and confiscated numerous firearms including assault rifles and forty kilos of explosives and hundreds of litres of explosive precursors. According to the Finnish media the men adhered to the ideology of Atomwaffen and James Mason and used Atomwaffen-like symbols.<ref>{{cite news | title=Terroristiepäilyjen taustalla pahamaineinen Siege-kulttuuri – tästä siinä on kyse| work=Iltalehti | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/323fc7b7-1b05-4cfa-bcc1-22e4fa056c20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kankaanpään epäiltyjen maailmankatsomus on marginaalinen jopa äärioikeiston sisällä – tutkijat kertovat, mitä akselerationismista tiedetään| work=Aamulehti | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008453532.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Äärioikeistolainen ideologia terrorismin näkökulmasta| work=Finnish Security Intelligence Service | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://supo.fi/aarioikeistolainen-ideologia}}</ref>

In July 2022, a group of youth stole all the rainbow flags from a library in Lapua and left an improvised explosive device behind. There were no casualties but a gay pride event was interrupted by the explosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lapualla räjähti kotitekoinen "putkirkapeisommi" Pride-tapahtuman lähellä – tämä tapauksesta tiedetään| work=Iltasanomat | date=July 8, 2022| url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008928109.html}}</ref> On 26 August 2022 a bomb exploded near a pride in Savonlinna, the police has arrested two locals for the act.<ref>[https://www.ita-savo.fi/uutissuomalainen/4812797 Pride-tapahtuman lähistöllä Savonlinnassa räjäytettiin kotitekoinen pullopommi – poliisi epäilee teosta kahta alaikäista poikaa], Itä-Savo, 29 August 2022</ref> In July 2023 the Finnish police arrested five men in Lahti who possessed assault rifles and adhered to accelerationism and Siege and planned to ignite a race war by attacking the infrastructure, electric grid and railroads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20041960|title=Terrorismista epäilty Lahden uusnatsi vainosi tummaihoista perhettä – ampui konepistoolilla perheen postilaatikkoa ja julkaisi teosta videon|work=Yle|date=21 July 2023}}</ref> A man affiliated with the Lahti group is also suspected of plotting a ritual murder and sending a string of letter bombs sent to Social Democrat, Green and Left party offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20059419|title=Puoluetoimistojen valepommi-iskuista epäilty "maisteri" on ollut perussuomalaisten jäsen|work=Yleisradio|date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

In mid-June 2024, there was a series of racist stabbings in Oulu. One of the perpetrators was on the terror watchlist for connections to the outlawed terror group Nordic Resistance Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/80710df7-99b9-47e8-b156-e7b8560c2134|title=Tämän vuoksi poliisi epäili 15-vuotiasta puukottajaa rasistiksi|date=11 July 2024|work=Iltalehti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-n-tiedot-oulussa-lasta-puukottanut-on-ollut-taustansa-vuoksi-yksi-terrorismin-torjunnan-kohdehenkiloista/8958040|title=MTV:n tiedot: Oulussa lasta puukottanut on ollut taustansa vuoksi yksi terrorismin torjunnan kohdehenkilöistä|date=11 July 2024|work=MTV Uutiset}}</ref> Another perpetrator was a supporter of the NRM as well. The third attacker was unaffiliated. The three men stabbed several people with a perceived immigrant background, causing life-threatening injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/alueet/art-2000010899408.html|work=Helsingin Sanomat|date=16 December 2024|title=16-vuotiasta lukiolaispoikaa puukotettiin kävelyllä täysin yllättäen – "Koko elämä meni uusiksi", hän kertoo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/rikos/art-2000010905655.html|work=Aamulehti|date=16 December 2024|title=Oulun kauppakeskus Valkeassa ulkomaalais_taustaista miesta puukottanut teini oli syyntakeeton}}</ref>

===France=== {{See also|Terrorism in France}} France has a modern history of right-wing terrorism that dates back to the middle of the 20th century. Historically, right-wing terrorism was tied to rage over the loss of France's colonial possessions in Africa, particularly, the loss of Algeria. In 1961, the Organisation armée secrète or OAS, a right-wing terrorist group that protested against Algerian independence from France, launched a bomb attack on board a Strasbourg–Paris train which killed 28 people.<ref name="LeFigaro-7-Jan-2015">{{cite news |title=L'attentat le plus meurtrier depuis Vitry-Le-François en 1961 |language=fr |trans-title=The deadliest attack since Vitry-Le-François in 1961 |first=Marie-Estelle |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/01/07/01016-20150107ARTFIG00178-historique-des-attentats-en-france-depuis-1994.php |last=Pech |work=Le Figaro |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2021-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109121648/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/01/07/01016-20150107ARTFIG00178-historique-des-attentats-en-france-depuis-1994.php |archive-date=9 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

On 14 December 1973, the far-right Charles Martel Group orchestrated a bomb attack at the Consulate of Algeria, killing 4 people and injuring 20.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bomb at Algerian Consulate|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19731215&id=jItAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4570,2956030|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=15 December 1973|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In the town of Toulon, a far-right extremist group called SOS-France existed. On 18 August 1986, four members were driving a car carrying explosives, apparently in an attempt to bomb the offices of SOS Racisme. However it exploded while they were still in it, killing all four of them.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.apnews.com/b94eda4f669fd78ae616120b07cf66e8| title=Explosion in Car Kills Four| website=Associated Press| access-date=2018-07-25| archive-date=2022-08-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809193613/https://apnews.com/b94eda4f669fd78ae616120b07cf66e8| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In more recent times, far-right extremism in France has been fueled by the rise of anti-immigrant and far-right political movements. Neo-Nazi members of the French and European Nationalist Party were responsible for a pair of anti-immigrant terror bombings in 1988. Sonacotra hostels in Cagnes-sur-Mer and Cannes were bombed, killing Romanian immigrant George Iordachescu and injuring 16 people, mostly Tunisians. In an attempt to frame Jewish extremists for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left leaflets bearing Stars of David and the name Masada at the scene, with the message "To destroy Israel, Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenhouse|first1=Steven|title=Immigrant Hostel Bombed in France|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/20/world/immigrant-hostel-bombed-in-france.html|access-date=20 October 2014|work=New York Times|date=20 December 1988}}</ref>

On 28 May 2008, members of the neo-Nazi Nomad 88 group fired machine guns at people from their car in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/06/03/un-groupuscule-neonazi-a-l-origine-d-une-fusillade_1053066_3224.html | title=Un groupuscule néonazi à l'origine d'une fusillade| newspaper=Le Monde.fr| date=2008-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/essonne/le-groupuscule-neonazi-decide-de-s-autodissoudre-04-06-2008-3298544168.php|title=Le groupuscule néonazi décide de s'autodissoudre|date=2008-06-03}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting, six mosques and a restaurant were attacked, the attacks were classified as acts of right-wing terrorism by the authorities.<ref name="Europol16">{{cite web|title=European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016|year=2016|publisher=Europol|page=41}}</ref>

===Germany=== {{See also|Far-right politics in Germany|terrorism in Germany}} thumb|Memorial commemorating victims of the Oktoberfest bombing In 1980, a right-wing terrorist attack, known as Oktoberfest bombing in Munich, Germany, killed 13 people, including the attacker, and injured 215. Fears of an ongoing campaign of major right-wing terrorist attacks did not materialize.{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}}

Right-wing extremist offenses in Germany rose sharply in 2015 and 2016.<ref name="Bleiker">Carla Bleiker, [https://www.dw.com/en/sharp-rise-in-right-wing-crime-in-germany-just-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/a-19041652 Sharp rise in right-wing crime in Germany just 'the tip of the iceberg'], Deutsche Welle (February 11, 2016).</ref> Figures from the German government tallied 316 violent xenophobic offences in 2014 and 612 such offenses in 2015.<ref name="Bleiker"/>

In August 2014, a group of four Germans founded a Munich-based far-right terrorist group, the Oldschool Society. The group, which held racist, antisemitic, and anti-Muslim views, eventually attracted 30 members.<ref name="APOldschoolsentence">Associated Press, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/germany-far-right-terrorist-group-four-jailed Four jailed in Germany for forming far-right terrorist group] (March 15, 2017).</ref> They stockpiled weapons and explosives and plotted to attack a refugee shelter in Saxony,<ref name="APOldschoolsentence"/> but the group's leaders were arrested in May 2015 before carrying out the attack.<ref>Kate Brady, [https://www.dw.com/en/oldschool-society-neo-nazis-go-on-trial-for-refugee-home-attacks/a-19217024 'Oldschool Society' neo-Nazis go on trial for refugee home attacks], Deutsche Welle (April 27, 2016).</ref> In March 2017 four of the group's leaders were sentenced to prison terms.<ref name="APOldschoolsentence"/>

The perpetrator of a mass shooting in Munich in 2016 had far-right views.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/munich-shooter-liked-nazis-breivik-identified-as-aryan-says-report/a-39803749 "Munich shooter liked Nazis, Breivik, identified as Aryan, says report"]. Deutsche Welle, 22 July 2017.</ref>

According to figures which were released by the interior ministry in May 2019, of an estimated 24,000 far-right extremists in the country, 12,700 Germans are inclined towards violence. Extremists belonging to Der Dritte Weg/The III. Path marched in through a town in Saxony on 1 May, the day before the Jewish remembrance of the Holocaust, carrying flags and a banner saying "Social justice instead of criminal foreigners".<ref>{{cite news|website=BBC News|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48146966|title=Germany says half of extreme right 'prone to violence'|date=3 May 2019|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

Walter Lübcke, a Christian Democratic Union (CDU) politician from Hesse was assassinated at his home via gunshot because of his pro-migrant views by Stephan Ernst, a German Neo-Nazi who was a member of the British neo-Nazi terrorist group Combat 18 (C18) and the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) who had engaged in a series of anti-migrant crimes and had been convicted for knife and bomb attacks against minorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/26/far-right-suspect-confesses-to-killing-german-politician-walter-lubcke|title=Far-right suspect confesses to killing German politician|last=Le Blond|first=Josie|work=The Guardian|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> Following the murder, the self-described "doomsday prepper" group Nordkreuz (German: Northern Cross) was discovered to have made kill lists of politicians and acquired body bags for a hypothetical "Day X" doomsday scenario; using the messaging app Telegram and a police database with 25,000 names, the group amassed firearms and ammunition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-neo-nazi-doomsday-prepper-network-ordered-body-bags-made-kill-lists/a-49410494|title=German neo-Nazi doomsday prepper network 'ordered body bags, made kill lists'|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=June 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="BennholdNYT2020">{{cite web |last = Bennhold |first=Katrin | title=Body Bags and Enemy Lists: How Far-Right Police Officers and Ex-Soldiers Planned for 'Day X' | website=The New York Times | date=2020-08-01 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/01/world/europe/germany-nazi-infiltration.html | access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref>

On 19 February 2020, two mass shootings occurred at two shisha bars in Hanau, resulting in the death of nine people, all with an immigrant background. The attacker then killed his mother at their house and committed suicide. The 43-year-old attacker was identified as a far-right extremist, who expressed a hatred for immigrants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51577196|title=Germany shooting: Investigation into 'deeply racist' gunman's links|work=BBC News |date=February 20, 2020}}</ref>

In February 2020, following the observation of a meeting of a dozen right-wing extremists, those involved were arrested after they had decided to launch attacks on mosques in Germany to trigger a civil war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schuetze|first=Christopher F.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/europe/germany-far-right-terrorism.html|title=Germany Says It's Broken Up a Far-Right Terrorism Network|date=February 14, 2020|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 16, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-far-right-terror-cell-met-on-whatsapp-report/a-52399062|title=German far-right 'terror cell' met on WhatsApp: report|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>

===Italy=== {{Main|Terrorism in Italy}}

{{See also|Armed, far-right organizations in Italy}} In the 1970s and 1980s, Italy endured the Years of Lead, a period of time in which terrorist attacks were frequently perpetrated: between 1969 and 1982, the nation suffered 8,800 terrorist attacks, in which a total of 351 people were killed and 768 were injured.<ref name="Hof">Tobias Hof, "The Success of Italian Anti-terrorism Policy" in ''An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences'' (editors Jussi M. Hanhimäki & Bernhard Blumenau: Routledge, 2013), p. 100.</ref> The terrorist attacks have been both ascribed both to the far-left and the far-right, yet many of the terrorist attacks remain without a clear culprit; many have claimed that responsibility for the attacks could be ascribed to rogue members of the Italian secret service. Some of the terrorist attacks ascribed to a particular political group may have actually been the work of these rogue agents: this has been claimed, among many others, by Francesco Cossiga,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/2006/11/21/italia/politica/cossiga-le-spie-ve-le-racconto-io-pAUXKv2TCn4Yp824sScL1O/pagina.html |title=Cossiga: "Le spie? Ve le racconto io" – La Stampa |publisher=Lastampa.it |date=2006-11-21 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref> who was the Prime Minister during the last years of lead, and by Giulio Andreotti,<ref>{{cite web|author=Di Stefano Marroni |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/08/03/andreotti-servizi-segreti-si-sentivano-alla-guerra.html |title=Andreotti: I servizi segreti si sentivano alla guerra santa – la Repubblica.it |language=it |publisher=Ricerca.repubblica.it |date=2000-08-03 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref> who, during the same period of time, held the office of Prime Minister more than once.

[[File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Bologna station west wing after the 1980 Bologna Massacre]] The Years of Lead are considered to have begun with the Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan in December 1969,<ref name="Hof"/> perpetrated by Ordine Nuovo, a right-wing neofascist group.<ref name="McHugh">Richard McHugh, "Ordine Nuovo" in ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism'', 2d ed. (editor Gus Martin: SAGE Publications, 2011), pp. 451–52.</ref> Sixteen people were killed, and 90 injured, in the bombing.<ref name="McHugh"/>

In July 1970, this same group carried out a bombing on a train traveling from Rome to Messina, killing six and wounding almost 100. The group also carried out the Piazza della Loggia bombing in 1974, killing eight antifascist activists.<ref name="McHugh"/> Perhaps the most infamous right-wing terrorist attack in post-war Italy is the August 1980 Bologna bombing, in which neo-fascist Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari ('Armed Revolutionary Nuclei'), an Ordine Nuovo offshoot, killed 85 people and injured 200 at the Bologna railroad station.<ref name="McHugh"/><ref name="1988Convictions">[https://apnews.com/370c14ae3f77e87d266b0257bf7d2f62 Four Convicted of Mass Murder in Italian Bombing that Killed 85], Associated Press (July 11, 1988).</ref> Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, and two others were convicted of mass murder in the attacks,<ref name="1988Convictions"/> although both have always denied any connection with them.<ref>Anna Cento Bull & Philip Cooke, ''Ending Terrorism in Italy'' (Routledge, 2013), pp. 141–42.</ref><ref>Anne Hanley, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-accidental-terrorist-1259973.html The accidental terrorist], ''Independent'' (May 5, 1997).</ref>

In December 2011, Gianluca Casseri targeted Senegalese peddlers in Florence, killing two and injuring three others before killing himself.<ref name="LinksFarRight">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19366000 | publisher=BBC News | title=Viewpoint: Killer Breivik's links with far right | date=August 27, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kington">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/ezra-pound-daughter-italian-fascist | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Tom | last=Kington | title=Ezra Pound's daughter aims to stop Italian fascist group using father's name | date=December 23, 2011}}</ref> The perpetrator was a sympathizer of CasaPound,<ref name="LinksFarRight"/><ref name="Kington"/> a neo-fascist party that Italian judges have recognized as not posing a threat to public or private safety.<ref>{{cite web|author=Altri articoli dalla categoria |url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/02/01/news/casapound_polizia-132480295/ |title=La polizia "promuove" CasaPound: "La violenza? Colpa dei centri sociali" |publisher=Repubblica.it |date=2016-02-01 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

===Latvia=== [[File:Igors Šiškins.png|thumb|Igors Šiškins at the Remembrance day of the Latvian legionnaires on March 16, 2009]] On the night of 5 June 1997, members of the far-right Pērkonkrusts unsuccessfully bombed the Monument to the Liberators of Soviet Latvia and Riga from the German Fascist Invaders. Two of them were killed in the explosion,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/latvia/latvia.htm |title=Latvia |access-date=2008-06-03 |publisher=AXT |year=1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110071222/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/latvia/latvia.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 }}</ref> while six others, including Igors Šiškins, were sentenced for up to three years in prison in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2000/5/article/latvian-nationalists-imprisoned-for-obelisk-bombing/262631.html |title=Latvian Nationalists Imprisoned for Obelisk Bombing |date= 30 May 2000 |publisher=The Moscow Times |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> The group ceased organised activities or was banned around 2006.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2017|isbn=978-06-749-7153-0|page=235}}</ref>

In late 2018, the State Security Service arrested a self-proclaimed follower of the ideas of Anders Behring Breivik who was planning to perform terrorist attacks on an ethnic minority school and several commercial outlets in Jūrmala on 13 February, the birthday of Breivik. The individual had previously published comments on different websites for an extended period of time aimed against the Roma and Russian people, including calls to exterminate them. He was found guilty but exempted from criminal liability on medical grounds and assigned to a psychiatric hospital for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/latvias-state-security-service-says-it-foiled-right-wing-terror-plot-in-2019.a352091/ |title=Latvia's State Security Service says it foiled right-wing terror plot in 2019 |date= 17 March 2020 |publisher=Public Broadcasting of Latvia |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

===Norway=== On 22 July 2011, Norwegian right-wing extremist with neo-Nazi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/2012/04/18/nyheter/terrorsaken/nazismen/breivik/21171974/|title=Close to Nazism|first=Leif|last=Stang|newspaper=Dagbladet|date=18 April 2012|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|title=Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar"|newspaper=Expo Idag|language=sv|date=10 January 2014|first=Daniel|last=Vergara}}</ref> and fascist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10103118|title=Breivik seeks to start the fascist party|date=10 May 2013|newspaper=VG Nett|author=Eva-Therese Grøttum|first2=Marianne|last2=Vikås|language=no}}</ref> sympathies Anders Behring Breivik carried out the 2011 Norway attacks, the deadliest attack in Norway since World War II. First, he bombed several government buildings in Oslo, killing eight people and injuring more than 200. After the bombings, he went to Utøya island in a fake police uniform and began firing on people attending a political youth camp for the Worker's Youth League (AUF), a left-wing political party, killing 69 and injuring more than 110. Overall, the two terrorist attacks in Utøya and Oslo, Norway resulted in 77 dead and 319 injured. Anders Behring Breivik also had written a manifesto ''2083: A European Declaration of Independence'' in which he accused Islam, Cultural Marxism, multiculturalism, and feminism of causing a "cultural suicide" of Europe and claimed to belong to an organization called the Knights' Templar (named after the medieval military order).

Philip Manshaus was arrested for attacking Al-Noor Islamic Centre in Baerum, on the outskirts of Oslo, on August 10, 2019. According to police, the man appeared to hold "far-right" and "anti-immigrant" views and had expressed sympathy for Vidkun Quisling – the fascist World War II leader of Norway – as well as Australian-born terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch, New Zealand mosque shootings, John T. Earnest the perpetrator of the Escondido, California mosque fire and the Poway, California synagogue shooting, as well as Patrick Crusius the man behind the El Paso, Texas Walmart shooting targeting Mexicans. He has been charged with attempted murder in this case and with the murder of his 17-year-old stepsister in an unrelated incident. The mosque shooting is being investigated as a possible act of terrorism.<ref>{{citation|website=BBC World News|date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2019|title=Norway mosque shooting probed as terror act|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49311482}}</ref>

===Russia=== {{Main|Far-right politics in Russia|Terrorism in Russia}}

The Savior was a Russian neo-Nazi militant nationalist organization which claimed credit for the August 2006 Moscow market bombing, which killed 13. Media reports indicate that the market, located near Cherkizovsky, was targeted due to its high volume of Central Asian and Caucasian clientele.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8CE01B4F-F6C4-4769-9CF0-1CE5C47ADDF0.htm|title=Russian court jails market bombers|date=15 May 2008|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>Marcel Van Herpen, ''Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia'', 2013. "On August 21, 2006, members of The Savior, a neo-Nazi group led by Nikolai Korolev, a former FSB officer, bombed the Cherkizovsky market in Moscow, the largest market of Russia, frequented by many merchants from Central Asia."</ref> The Russian Imperial Movement is a Russian ultranationalist, white supremacist,<ref name=Hudson>John Hudson, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-labels-a-white-supremacist-group-terrorist-for-the-first-time/2020/04/06/72dc622a-781f-11ea-b6ff-597f170df8f8_story.html U.S. labels a white-supremacist group 'terrorist' for the first time], ''Washington Post'' (April 6, 2020).</ref> far-right paramilitary organization<ref name="DN 151027">[https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/nato-framlingshatet-kan-godas-av-frammande-makt/ Nato: Främlingshatet kan gödas av främmande makt], Dagens Nyheter 2015-10-27</ref> based in Saint Petersburg. It has been designated as a terrorist group by the United States<ref name=ICCT>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Bethan|last2=Feldman|first2=Matthew|date=2021-07-21|title=Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine|url=https://icct.nl/publication/siege-culture-anatomy-of-a-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine/|journal=International Centre for Counter-Terrorism|language=en-US|page=1|archive-date=2021-10-15|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015120125/https://icct.nl/publication/siege-culture-anatomy-of-a-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2021|title=Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182322/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

Russian separatist forces in Donbas include several right-wing militias, connected to the official armed forces of the right-wing breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine, which are designed terrorist organisations by the Ukrainian government. International volunteers for the militias have been arrested for plotting terror attacks.<ref name="BBC News 2016">{{cite web | title=Frenchman 'planned attacks during Euro 2016' – Ukraine's SBU | website=BBC News | date=2016-06-06 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36460569 | access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

According to The Daily Telegraph, Russian state militarization of the youth and narratives of external threats have been responsible for youth violence and school attacks against perceived outsiders. There were at least seven school attacks in the first two months of 2026, like the Bashkir State Medical University attack in which a teen neo-Nazi stabbed seven foreign students while shouting Nazi slogans and painting a swastika with the victims' blood. There is also a convergence with militants fighting in Ukraine, the neo-Nazi paramilitary Rusich group supported the 15-year-old white supremacist who stabbed a Tajik student to death in the 2025 Odintsovo school attack.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Putin facing another war closer to home |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/28/russia-juvenile-crime-teenagers-putin-agressive-behaviour/ |work=The Telegraph |date=28 March 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

===Spain=== {{Main|Far-right terrorism in Spain}}

Far-right terrorist acts surged after the death of dictator Francisco Franco in Spain 1975 and continued until the early 1980s, ranging from assassination of individuals to mass murder.<ref>[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=27088 Transición y represión política.] Juan Manuel Olarieta Alberdi, ''Revista de Estudios Políticos'', ISSN 0048-7694, Nº 70, 1990, pages 225–262</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2010/03/21/domingo/1269147158_850215.html|title=Reportaje – Las otras víctimas|work=El País|date=21 March 2010|access-date=25 August 2017|last1=Aizpeolea |first1=Luis R. }}</ref><ref>[http://www.congresovictimasfranquismo.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/26.-Gonzalo-Wilhelmi.-V%C3%ADctimas-de-la-transici%C3%B3n.pdf Las otras víctimas de una transición nada pacífica.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411171211/http://www.congresovictimasfranquismo.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/26.-Gonzalo-Wilhelmi.-V%C3%ADctimas-de-la-transici%C3%B3n.pdf |date=2019-04-11 }} Gonzalo Wilhelmi. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.</ref>

===Sweden=== {{See also|Terrorism in Sweden}} Both the 2009–10 Malmö shootings and the Trollhättan school stabbing were conducted by right-wing terrorists along with a refugee centre bombing in 2017. A notable serial killer motivated by far-right motives is John Ausonius.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/donald-trump-terror-attack-claim-sweden-neo-nazis-refugee-centre-florida-rally-a7588516.html|title=Donald Trump is right, there was a recent attack in Sweden. By neo-Nazis on a refugee centre|website=Independent.co.uk|date=19 February 2017}}</ref>

===Slovakia=== {{See also|2022 Bratislava shooting}} On October 12, 2022, two people were killed and another was injured after a right-wing terrorist opened fire against an LGBT venue in Bratislava.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63239523|title=Slovakia: Two dead after shooting outside LGBT bar|work=BBC|date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

===Turkey=== {{Main|Terrorism in Turkey}}

{{See also|Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)}} The neo-fascist and ultranationalist Grey Wolves have been involved in terrorist attacks in which they have targeted members of left-wing groups and ethnic minorities. The group is notable because its death squads perpetrated terrorist attacks during the political violence of the late 1970s, such as the Taksim Square massacre in 1977 (killings of leftists) or the Bahçelievler massacre in 1978 when seven students who were members of a socialist party were assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-12-op-38664-story.html|title=Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured|date=April 12, 1998|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

===United Kingdom=== {{Far-right politics in the United Kingdom sidebar|Related topics}} {{Further|Far-right politics in the United Kingdom#Right-wing terrorism}} Between 2007 and 2022, seventy people who were associated with the far-right have been convicted of more than two hundred terrorist offences, based on eight different offences from the Terrorism Act 2000 and 2006.<ref name=":5"/>

In 2013, the UK government assessed that right-wing extremism was a "very low risk to national security"; this changed the following year after the emergence of the neo-Nazi group National Action. Since 2014, there has been a significant increase in the threat from extreme right-wing terrorism (ERWT) in the UK, referring to "the segment of the far-right movement involved in politically motivated violence". In response, experts in security and intelligence have increased monitoring of threats from groups and individuals which hold extreme right-wing views. Counter Terrorism Policing reported that between March 2017 and December 2021, 12 of 32 imminent terrorism plots that were thwarted were ERWT. The Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation reported in 2022 that one in five counter-terrorism investigations and 40% of terrorism-related arrests were related to far-right perspectives. As of 2025, ERWT includes cultural nationalism, white nationalism and white supremacist ideologies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Jupp |first=John |date=2025 |title=From Spiral to Stasis? United Kingdom Counter-Terrorism Legislation and Extreme Right-Wing Terrorism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2122271 |journal=Studies in Conflict and Terrorism |language=en |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=763–783}}</ref>

In the UK, the history of ERWT can be traced back to the activism of Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists, an ultranationalist group that was subsequently banned in 1940. In ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism'', Jupp wrote that "Politically motivated violence and terrorism have been persistent features of this movement, which comprises a complex assortment of political parties, street movements, extremist organizations and atomized lone actors advocating a diverse range of ideologies and narratives." This includes individuals associated with the National Front and British National Party, with David Copeland's London bombings serving as a notable example.<ref name=":5" />

====Northern Ireland==== Loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) and Orange Volunteer Force (OVF) have been aligned with far-right politics and ideology and have been involved in numerous sectarian attacks and killings on Catholics both during and after the Troubles. During the conflict, British far-right activists supplied funds and weaponry to these groups in Northern Ireland.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke2003">{{cite book|first=Nicholas |last=Goodrick-Clarke|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=xaiaM77s6N4C|page=40}}|date=1 July 2003|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0|pages=40–41, 45}}</ref> Following the Good Friday Agreement, some members of Loyalist groups orchestrated racist attacks in Northern Ireland,<ref>[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/uvf-behind-racist-attacks-in-south-and-east-belfast-loyalist-paramilitary-group-behind-attacks-says-psni-30153199.html "UVF 'behind racist attacks in south and east Belfast'"]. ''Belfast Telegraph'', 3 April 2014.</ref><ref name=chrisafis>Chrisafis, Angelique. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/10/northernireland.race "Racist war of the loyalist street gangs"]. ''The Guardian'', 10 January 2004.</ref><ref name=bbcjan04>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3390249.stm "Race hate on rise in NI"]. BBC News, 13 January 2004.</ref> including pipe bomb and gun attacks on the homes of immigrants.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-26495821 "Two arrested over racist pipe bomb attacks in Londonderry"]. BBC News, 10 March 2014.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3042246.stm "Loyalists hit out at racist attacks"]. BBC News, 3 July 2003.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27143857 "Gun attack: Family at home during 'hate crime' in west Belfast"]. BBC News, 24 April 2014.</ref> As a result, Northern Ireland has a higher proportion of racist attacks than other parts of the UK,<ref name=bbcjan04/><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/bitter-tide-of-violent-racial-hate-recalls-the-worst-of-the-troubles-26223356.html "Bitter tide of violent racial hate recalls the worst of the Troubles"]. ''Irish Independent'', 8 August 2004.</ref> and was branded the "race-hate capital of Europe".<ref>[https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/ulster-is-race-hate-capital-of-europe-264958.html "Ulster 'is race hate capital of Europe'"]. BreakingNews.ie. 26 June 2006.</ref>

==Oceania== ===Australia=== {{Main|Far-right terrorism in Australia}}

In August 2016, Phillip Galea was charged with several terrorist offences. Galea had conducted "surveillance" of "left-wing premises" and planned to carry out bombings. Explosive ingredients were found at his home. Galea had links with organisations such as Combat 18 (C18) and the United Patriots Front (UPF).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/oct/31/victorian-extremist-phillip-galea-planned-to-bomb-leftwing-premises-police-say|title=Victorian extremist Phillip Galea planned to bomb leftwing premises, police say|date=31 October 2016|agency=Australian Associated Press|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> On 5 December 2019, a jury found Galea guilty of planning and preparing a terror attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-right-wing-extremist-guilty-of-plotting-terror-attack-20191205-p53h4b.html|title=Right-wing extremist yells to jury after guilty verdict for plotting terror attack|first=Caroline|last=Schelle|date=December 5, 2019|website=The Age}}</ref>

In 2017, the ''Sydney Morning Herald'' reported on the conviction of neo-Nazi Michael James Holt, 26 who had threatened to carry out a mass shooting attack and considered Westfield Tuggerah as a target. He had manufactured home-made guns, knuckle dusters and slingshots in his grandfather's garage. Raids on his mother's home and a hotel room discovered more weapons including several firearms, slingshots and knuckle dusters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/white-supremacist-threatened-to-shoot-up-sydney-shopping-centre-20170120-gtvod0.html|title=White supremacist threatened to shoot up Central Coast shopping centre|first=Rachel|last=Olding|date=28 January 2017|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

==Asia== ===India=== {{Main|Hindu terrorism|Cow vigilante violence in India }}

{{Further information|Violence against Muslims in India|Violence against Christians in India}} In 1992, the 16th-century Babri Masjid in the city of Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh was demolished by the Vishva Hindu Parishad, a far-right Hindutva organisation. According to them, the mosque was built on the site of a Hindu temple in the 19th century. The demolition resulted in intercommunal rioting between India's Hindu and Muslim communities, causing the deaths of at least 2,000 people.<ref name="Guha2007a">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi|year=2007|publisher=MacMillan|pages=582–598}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/report_sequence_of_events_on_december_6.php |title=Report: Sequence of events on December 6 |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926132622/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/report_sequence_of_events_on_december_6.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Israel=== {{Main|Far-right politics in Israel|Israeli settler violence|Jewish terrorism|Zionist political violence|Baruch Goldstein}}

A number of right-wing Revisionist Zionist groups have been designated as terrorist organisations. Lehi, known as the Stern Gang, was a Zionist paramilitary and terrorist organization founded in Mandatory Palestine in 1940, professing National Bolshevism and influenced by Italian fascism. It carried out assassinations and it was also accused of committing massacres until it was disbanded in 1949. The Jewish Underground was a radical right-wing organization<ref>Ehud Sprinzak, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/422043 'The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right,'] Comparative Politics, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1989), pp. 171–192, pp. 171–172.</ref> considered terrorist by Israel.<ref>Kim Cragin, Sara A. Daly [https://books.google.com/books?id=GTN0481FXRYC&pg=PA18 ''Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs''], Praeger International ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 18.</ref><ref>Clive Jones, Ami Pedahzur (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JW_aAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 ''Between Terrorism and Civil War: The Al-Aqsa Intifada''], Routledge, 2013, p. 11.</ref> It plotted and carried out car and bus bombings, and attacks on students and on religious sites in the early 1980s until the arrest of its main activists in 1984. Kach and its splinter group Kahane Chai was a right-wing Orthodox Jewish, ultranationalist political party in Israel, which was formed in 1971 and was designated as a terrorist organization by Israel in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/State/Law/Pages/Cabinet%20Communique%20-%20March%2013-%201994.aspx |title=Cabinet Communique – March 13, 1994 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Canada,<ref>[http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx#KACH Canada Public Safety website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209042421/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx#KACH |date=9 February 2009 }}</ref> the European Union,<ref name="eu-2009/67/CFSP">{{cite web|title=Council Common Position 2009/67/CFSP|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:023:0037:0042:EN:PDF|work=Official Journal of the European Union|publisher=European Union|page=L 23/41|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=2013-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States.<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/45313.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of State |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004 |date=April 2005 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

==Prevention== {{Counterterrorism}} {{main|Counterterrorism|Countering violent extremism|Deradicalization}}

==See also== {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * Domestic terrorism * Far-right politics * Nationalist terrorism * Nativism * Political violence {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book|first=Stephen E. |last=Atkins |author-link=Stephen E. Atkins |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=b8k4rEPvq_8C}}|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32485-7}} * {{cite book|first=Stefan M. |last=Aubrey|title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VJJG14mHbGAC}}|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9}} * {{cite book |last=Brittain |first=James J. |date=2010 |title=Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP |others=Introduction by James F. Petras |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-2876-8}} * {{cite book|first=Arthur |last=Goldwag|title=The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7E861wQ-TWQC}}|year=2012|publisher=Pantheon Books}} {{OCLC|724650284}} * {{cite book|first1=Mark |last1=Jones|first2=Peter|last2= Johnstone|title=History of Criminal Justice|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=nHftTFO1j5sC}}|date=11 July 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4377-3497-3}} * {{cite book|first=Grace |last=Livingstone|title=Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZWsw3xnVo0wC}}|year=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3443-5}} * {{cite book|first1=Sue |last1=Mahan|first2=Pamala L. |last2=Griset|title=Terrorism in Perspective|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=UB-wwaFMrqkC}}|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-5015-2}} * {{cite book|first=Kathy |last=Marks|title=Faces of Right Wing Extremism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-qIb0IuQlkUC}}|year=1996|publisher=Branden Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8283-2016-0}} * {{cite book|first=Gus |last=Martin|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=J3xEpMiQVjgC}}|date=17 January 2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-0582-3}} * {{cite book|first=George |last=Michael|title=Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=65F_AgAAQBAJ}}|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-37761-9}} * Michael, George. 2010. ''The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right.'' University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|0-700-61444-3}}. {{OCLC|62593627}} * {{cite book|first1=Assaf |last1=Moghadam|first2=William Lee|last2= Eubank|title=The Roots of Terrorism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DQdgnRgXeiUC}}|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-8307-9 }} * {{cite book|first=Brent L. |last=Smith|title=Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-3CuViIjqj8C}}|date=25 January 1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1760-7}} {{refend}}

==Further reading== * [https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/groups/rtv-dataset/ Right-wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: the RTV dataset. C-REX - Center for Research on Extremism.] * {{cite news|publisher=BBC News|series=Reality Check|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47626859|title=How prevalent is far-right extremism?|first1=Ben|last1=Butcher|first2=Micah|last2=Luxen|date=19 March 2019}} * Florian Hartleb: Lone wolves. The New Terrorism of Right-Wing Single Actors, Heidelberg et al. 2020, Springer. {{ISBN|978-3-030-36152-5}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-wing terrorism}} Category:Right-wing terrorism Category:Anti-communist terrorism Category:Anti-immigration politics Category:Fascism Category:Hate crime Category:Misogyny Category:Persecution of LGBTQ people Category:Racism Category:White supremacy Category:Xenophobia

Right-wing terrorism

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