Ribes

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales}} {{About|the genus of flowering plant|other uses|Ribes (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox |image=Ribes_divaricatum_5391.JPG |image_caption=''Ribes divaricatum'' (spreading gooseberry) |parent_authority=DC.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} |taxon=Ribes |authority=L. |type_species=''Ribes rubrum'' |type_species_authority=L. |diversity=About 200 species |diversity_ref={{r|powo}} |diversity_link=List of Ribes species |range_map=Grossulariaceae Distribution.svg |range_map_caption=Distribution of ''Ribes'' species |synonyms_ref={{sfn|Morin|2008}}<ref>{{eFloras|2|128544|Ribes |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi |first2=Crinan |last2=Alexander |volume=8}}</ref> |synonyms=*''Grossularia'' Miller *''Ribesium'' Medikus }}

'''''Ribes''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|aɪ|b|iː|z}})<ref>{{OED |term=ribes |id=165493}}</ref> is a genus of approximately 200 known species of flowering plants, predominantly native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.{{r|powo}} ''Ribes'' is the sole genus in the plant family Grossulariaceae. The genus includes species commonly referred to as redcurrants, blackcurrants, whitecurrants, and gooseberries. Several species are cultivated both for their edible fruit and as ornamental plants in horticulture. ''Ribes'' are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust, a fungal pathogen impacting five-needle pines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust |url=https://apps.fs.usda.gov/decaid/views/white_pine_blister_rust.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=apps.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

==Description== ''Ribes'' species are medium shrub-like plants<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Ronald J.|title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary|publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co|year=1994|isbn=0-87842-280-3|edition=rev.|location=Missoula, MT|pages=42|language=en|oclc=25708726|orig-year=1992}}</ref> with marked diversity in flowers and fruit.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns.<ref name=":0" /> ''Ribes'' flowers are bisexual<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pfister |first=Robert D. |last2=Sloan |first2=John P. |date=2008 |title=Ribes L.: currant, gooseberry |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/32638 |journal=In: Bonner, Franklin T.; Karrfalt, Robert P., eds. The woody plant seed manual. Agric. Handbook No. 727. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. p. 961-968. |language=en |volume=727 |pages=961–968}}</ref> and are borne on racemes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hummer |first=K. E. |last2=Dale |first2=A. |date=2010 |title=Horticulture of Ribes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00657.x |journal=Forest Pathology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3-4 |pages=251–263 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00657.x |issn=1437-4781|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Flower color can range from green to yellow or red depending on the species.<ref name=":2" /> The sepals of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube of saucer shape.<ref name=":0" /> The ovary is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds.<ref name=":0" />

==Taxonomy== ''Ribes'' is the single genus in the Saxifragales family Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader circumscription of Saxifragaceae ''sensu lato'', it is now positioned as a sister group to Saxifragaceae ''sensu stricto''.{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}

===Subdivision=== First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907,{{sfn|Janczewski|1907}} the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions,{{sfn|Sinnott|1985}} and even in the era of molecular phylogenetics there has been contradictory evidence.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' (Berger 1924),{{sfn|Berger|1924}} the consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of subgenera, the main ones of which are subgenus ''Ribes'' (currants) and subgenus ''Grossularia'' (gooseberries), further subdivided into sections.{{sfn|Sinnott|1985}} Janczewski (1907) considered six subgenera and eleven sections.{{sfn|Janczewski|1907}} Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera (see {{harvtxt|Senters|Soltis|2003}} Table 1) have subsequently been demoted to sections.{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Weigend (2007) elevated a number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; ''Ribes'' (sections ''Ribes'', ''Heretiera'', ''Berisia'') ''Coreosma'', ''Calobotrya'' (sections ''Calobotrya'', ''Cerophyllum''), ''Symphocalyx'', ''Grossularioides'', ''Grossularia'', ''Parilla''.{{sfn|Weigend et al|2002}}{{sfn|Weigend|2007}}

Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott (1985):{{sfn|Messinger|1995}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} * Subgenus ''Ribes'' L. (currants) 8 sections ** Section ''Berisia'' Spach (alpine currants) ** Section ''Calobotrya'' (Spach) Jancz. (ornamental currants) ** Section ''Coreosma'' (Spach) Jancz. (black currants) ** Section ''Grossularioides'' ( Jancz.) Rehd. (spiny or Gooseberry-stemmed currants) ** Section ''Heritiera'' Jancz. (dwarf or skunk currants) ** Section ''Parilla'' Jancz. (Andine or South American currants) ** Section ''Ribes'' L. (red currants) ** Section ''Symphocalyx'' Berland. (golden currants) * Subgenus ''Grossularia'' (Mill.) Pers. (Gooseberries) 4 sections ** Section ''Grossularia'' (Mill.) Nutt. ** Section ''Robsonia'' Berland. ** Section ''Hesperia'' A.Berger ** Section ''Lobbia'' A. Berger

Some authors continued to treat ''Hesperia'' and ''Lobbia'' as subgenera.{{sfn|Messinger et al|1999}}{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus ''Grossularia'' was actually embedded within subgenus ''Ribes''.{{sfn|Senters|Soltis|2003}} Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus ''Grossularia'' as a monophyletic group, with two main lineages, sect. ''Grossularia'' and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies, including ''Hesperia'', ''Lobbia'' and ''Robsonia''. Other monophyletic groups identified were ''Calobotrya'', ''Parilla'', ''Symphocalyx'' and ''Berisia''. However, sections ''Ribes'', ''Coreosma'' and ''Heritiera'' were not well supported. Consequently, there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}}

===Species=== {{main|List of Ribes species}}

There are around 200 species of ''Ribes''.{{r|powo}} Selected species include: *''Ribes alpinum'' *''Ribes aureum'' *''Ribes cereum'' *''Ribes divaricatum'' *''Ribes glandulosum'' *''Ribes hirtellum'' *''Ribes hudsonianum'' *''Ribes inerme'' *''Ribes lacustre'' *''Ribes laurifolium'' *''Ribes lobbii'' *''Ribes montigenum'' *''Ribes maximowiczii'' *''Ribes nevadense'' *''Ribes nigrum'' *''Ribes oxyacanthoides'' *''Ribes rubrum'' *''Ribes sanguineum'' *''Ribes speciosum'' *''Ribes triste'' *''Ribes uva-crispa''

==Distribution and habitat== ''Ribes'' is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America.{{sfn|Schultheis |Donoghue|2004}} Species can be found in meadows or near streams.<ref name=":0" />

==Ecology== The majority of ''Ribes'' species are insect pollinated.<ref name=":3" /> Exceptions include ''R. sanguineum,'' ''R. malvaceum'', and ''R. speciosum'', which are humming-bird pollinated.<ref name=":3" /> After the flowers are pollinated and the fruits have matured, ''Ribes'' seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals, including elk, deer, cattle, and grizzly bears.<ref name=":3" />

Currants are used as a food source by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. Buff-tip moth caterpillars have shown strong preferences for ''Ribes'' species as host plants, especially ''R. alpinum'' and ''R. uva-crispa.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morimoto |first=Juliano |last2=Pietras |first2=Zuzanna |date=2020 |title=Strong foraging preferences for Ribes alpinum (Saxifragales: Grossulariaceae) in the polyphagous caterpillars of Buff‐tip moth Phalera bucephala (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.6981 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=10 |issue=24 |pages=13583–13592 |doi=10.1002/ece3.6981 |issn=2045-7758|pmc=7771136 }}</ref> The larvae of the moth species ''Archips argyrospilus'', ''Papaiema nebris'', ''Itame ribearia'', and ''Nematocampa limbata'' are also associated with ''Ribes'' herbivory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allyson |first=Suzanne |date=1980 |title=LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF THE GOOSEBERRY FRUITWORM, ZOPHODIA CONVOLUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/lastinstar-larva-of-the-gooseberry-fruitworm-zophodia-convolutella-lepidoptera-pyralidae-phycitinae/7A047F714820C54000E905BB63CA4534 |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=43–45 |doi=10.4039/Ent11243-1 |issn=1918-3240|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Specifically winter moths and currant clearwing moths are known pests of currant species within agricultural settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Carolyn |last2=Brennan |first2=Rex M. |last3=Cross |first3=Jerry V. |last4=Johnson |first4=Scott N. |date=2011 |title=Arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the U.K.: their biology, management and future prospects |url=https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00513.x |journal=Agricultural and Forest Entomology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=221–237 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00513.x |issn=1461-9555|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Cultivation== The genus ''Ribes'' includes the edible currants: blackcurrant, redcurrant, and white currant, as well as the European gooseberry, ''Ribes uva-crispa,'' and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante currant, a small-fruited cultivar of the grape ''Vitis vinifera''. ''Ribes'' gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.

The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, ''R. sanguineum''.

== White pine blister rust == ''Ribes'' species are a telial stage host for the white pine blister rust fungus ''Cronartium ribicola.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Zambino |first=P. J. |date=2010 |title=Biology and pathology of Ribes and their implications for management of white pine blister rust |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00658.x |journal=Forest Pathology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3-4 |pages=264–291 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00658.x |issn=1437-4781|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Infected ''Ribes'' individuals display yellow spotting on their leaves that appear orange and raised on the abaxial leaf surface.<ref name=":1" /> Severely infected plants may even lose foliage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=White pine blister rust |url=https://extension.umn.edu/plant-diseases/white-pine-blister-rust |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=extension.umn.edu |language=en}}</ref> Infection occurs when wind-borne ''C. ribicola'' spores from ''Ribes'' individuals make contact with the needles of a five-needled pine.<ref name=":1" /> The fungus eventually spreads to the entirety of the tree.<ref name=":1" /> Pine infection usually occurs in late summer or early fall, as the moderate temperatures and high relative humidity create optimal conditions for ''C. ribicola'' spore germination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust |url=https://apps.fs.usda.gov/decaid/views/white_pine_blister_rust.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=apps.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

Most species of wild and cultivated ''Ribes'' species have demonstrated R-gene and multigenetic resistance to white pine blister rust, which are the two dominant forms of genetic disease resistance in plants.<ref>Zambino, P. J.; McDonald, G. I. (2003, August). Resistance to white pine blister rust in North American five-needle pines and Ribes and its implications. In ''51st Western International Forest Disease Work Conference'' (pp. 18-22).</ref> The species ''R. nigrum'' and ''R. hudsonianum'' var. ''petiolare'' are particularly vulnerable to white pine blister rust infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zambino |first=P. J. |date=2010 |title=Biology and pathology of Ribes and their implications for management of white pine blister rust |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00658.x |journal=Forest Pathology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3-4 |pages=264–291 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00658.x |issn=1437-4781|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnes |first=Todd A. |last2=Blanchette |first2=Robert A. |last3=Smith |first3=Jason A. |last4=Luby |first4=James J. |date=2008 |title=Black Currant Clonal Identity and White Pine Blister Rust Resistance |url=https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/hortsci/43/1/article-p200.xml |journal=HortScience |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=200–202 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.200 |issn=0018-5345|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== United States === ==== The Fungal "War" on Berries ==== In the early 1900s, an invasive fungal disease called white pine blister rust began decimating American forests. The disease requires two hosts to complete its life cycle: five-needle white pine trees and plants in the Ribes genus (currants and gooseberries). While the fungus barely hurts the berry bushes, it is fatal to white pines. Because white pine lumber was a multi-billion dollar foundational industry for U.S. housing and shipping, the federal government chose the trees over the berries.<ref>https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/faq/it-safe-plant-currants-and-gooseberries-home-gardens-iowa</ref> In 1911 Congress passed a law outlawing the commercial cultivation and propagation of gooseberries and currants. The government hired thousands of workers to march through American forests and farms, physically pulling up and destroying millions of wild and cultivated Ribes bushes. The federal ban was finally lifted in 1966 after disease-resistant berry varieties were successfully bred. However, the damage to the fruit's popularity was already permanent. Because two to three generations of Americans grew up without ever seeing, smelling, or tasting a fresh currant or gooseberry, the fruits vanished from cookbooks, recipes, and home gardens. While in Europe, "purple-flavored" candies, sodas, and juices are almost universally flavored like blackcurrant (such as the famous drink Ribena), in the United States, chemical flavorists filled that blank space with artificial grape flavor instead.

There are restrictions on growing some ''Ribes'' species in some U.S. states, as they are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust. {{clear}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Restrictions on cultivation of ''Ribes'' in the United States: |- ! State !! Restrictions |- | Connecticut{{r|ct}} || No longer restricted |- | Delaware{{r|de}} || ''R. aureum'' and ''R. nigrum'' prohibited entirely. Shipment, transport, or propagation of all other ''Ribes'' species require a permit. |- | Maine{{r|me}} || Planting or possession of ''R. nigrum'' prohibited statewide. All other ''Ribes'' species prohibited in certain counties and towns. |- | Maryland || No restrictions found; state agricultural extension service provides advice on currant and gooseberry culture.{{r|md}} |- | Massachusetts{{r|ma}} || Transport of ''R. nigrum'' prohibited throughout the Commonwealth. Other species of ''Ribes'' require a permit, with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the Commonwealth. |- | Michigan || ''R. nigrum'' prohibited statewide.{{r|mi1}} Other species of ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' require a permit in the blister rust control area, which includes the entirety of the Upper Peninsula and the northern and western portions of the Lower Peninsula.{{r|mi2}} |- | New Hampshire{{r|nh}} || All ''Ribes'' species prohibited without a permit. Permits are sometimes issued for rust-resistant cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust in NH {{!}} NH Division of Forests and Lands |url=https://www.nh.gov/nhdfl/community/forest-health/white-pine-blister-rust-in-nh.htm |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.nh.gov |language=en}}</ref> |- | New Jersey{{r|nj}} || Possession or transport of ''R. nigrum'' requires a permit statewide. Possession or movement of all ''Ribes'' and ''Grossularia'' species is prohibited in certain municipalities in Sussex, Passaic and Morris Counties. ''Grossularia'' and ''Ribes'' other than ''R. nigrum'' otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock. |- | New York{{r|ny}} || All ''Ribes'' species are prohibited in nine counties of the Adirondack Mountains, and in many townships in the Adirondacks and Catskills. ''R. nigrum'' is prohibited throughout the state, except that cultivars known to be immune to ''Cronartium ribicola'', the white pine blister rust, may be grown wherever other ''Ribes'' species are permitted. |- | North Carolina{{r|nc}} || All ''Ribes'' species prohibited. The North Carolina Forest Service maintains an active eradication program for ''Ribes'' in the western part of the state.{{r|nc2}} |- | Ohio{{r|oh}} || Possession, transport, planting, propagation, sale or offering for sale of ''R. nigrum'' is prohibited. Cultivars known to be immune to ''Cronartium ribicola'', the white pine blister rust, are exempt. The law does not prohibit other ''Ribes'' species. |- | Pennsylvania || PennState Extension states:{{r|pa}} "In 1933, Pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas; however, the law is not enforced. Therefore, all Ribes can be grown in the state." |- | Rhode Island{{r|ri}} || ''R. nigrum, R. aureum, and R. odoratum'' are prohibited throughout the state. Other ''Ribes'' species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities, or within 900 feet of a stand of five-leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five-leaved pines. |- | Vermont || New England Small Fruit Management Guide{{r|vt}} asserts that there are "No regulations at present." |- | Virginia{{r|va}} || ''R. nigrum'' plants may not be moved to any destination in Virginia. |- | West Virginia{{r|wv}} || ''R. nigrum'' plants may not be moved to any destination in West Virginia. Other ''Ribes'' species are prohibited in 23 counties. |- |}

==Uses== A number of species produce edible berries, some of which are categorized as currants and gooseberries.

Blackfoot people used blackcurrant root (''Ribes hudsonianum'') for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The Cree used the fruit of ''Ribes glandulosum'' as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant.<ref>{{cite book |title=Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West |first=Gregory L. |last=Tilford |date=1997 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing |place=Missoula |isbn=978-0-87842-359-0}}</ref>

European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Pehr|author-link=Pehr Kalm|title=Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects |publisher=T. Lowndes |year=1772|location=London|translator=Johann Reinhold Forster |page=[https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/67/mode/1up 67] |url= |language=en |oclc=1083889360 |isbn=9780665515002 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Ribes'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002461-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=ct>{{cite web |title=''Currant (Ribes)'' |url=https://portal.ct.gov/caes/plant-pest-handbook/pphc/currant-ribes |website=The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=de>{{cite web |title=803 Rules and Regulations for the Control and Suppression of the White Pine Blister Rust |url=https://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title3/800/803.shtml |website=Delaware General Assembly: Delaware Regulations |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=ma>{{cite web |title=330 CMR 9.00: Plant quarantines |url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/330-cmr-9-plant-quarantines/download |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=me>{{cite web |title=Quarantine Information |url=https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_health/quarantine_information.html#wpbr |website=Maine Forest Service |publisher=State of Maine |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=md>{{cite web |title=Growing Small Fruits |url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/growing-small-fruits |website=University of Maryland Extension |publisher=State of Maryland |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=mi1>{{cite web |title=286.104 Cultivated black currant declared public nuisance; destruction. |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(neoupc5njylrfn2nub0oac0a))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-286-104 |website=Michigan Legislature: Michigan Compiled Laws |publisher=State of Michigan | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=mi2>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust Resistant Currant and Gooseberry Varieties |url=https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdard/White_Pine_Blister_Rust_Resistant_Currant_and_Gooseberry_Varieties_489802_7.pdf |website=Michigan Department of Agriculture |publisher=State of Michigan |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=nh>{{cite web |title=227-K:6 White Pine Blister Rust Control Areas |url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XIX-A/227-K/227-K-6.htm |publisher=State of New Hampshire |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=nj>{{cite web |title=Department of Agriculture : Plant Pest Survey |url=https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/pi/prog/plantpest.html#quarantine |publisher=State of New Jersey |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=nc>{{cite web |title=02 NCAC 48A .0401 Currant and Gooseberry Plants |url=http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2002%20-%20agriculture%20and%20consumer%20services/chapter%2048%20-%20plant%20industry/subchapter%20a/02%20ncac%2048a%20.0401.html |publisher=State of North Carolina |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=nc2>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust |website=Plant Industry - Plant Protection Section |publisher=North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services |url=http://www.ncagr.gov/plantindustry/plant/disease/48A-04.htm |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=ny>{{cite web |title=Crop Profile: Currants in New York |publisher=Cornell Cooperative Extension |url=https://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/fqpa/crop-profiles/currant.html |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=oh>{{cite web |title=White Pine Blister Rust on Currants and Gooseberries |last1=Ellis |first1=Michael A. |last2=Horst |first2=Leona |website=Ohioline |publisher=Ohio State University Extension |url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-3205 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=pa>{{cite web |title=Home Fruit Plantings: Gooseberries and Currants |publisher=PennState Extension |url=https://extension.psu.edu/home-fruit-plantings-gooseberries-and-currants |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=ri>{{cite web |title=250-RICR-40-10-2 Rules and Regulations Governing the Suppression of White Pine Blister Rust |publisher=Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management |url=http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/agric/pinebls2.pdf |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=va>{{cite web |title=2VAC5-450-40. European black currant plants |publisher=Commonwealth of Virginia |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title2/agency5/chapter450/section40/ |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=vt>{{cite web |title=Currants and Gooseberries |website=NE Small Fruit Management Guide |date=22 June 2015 |publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Amherst |url=https://ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name=wv>{{cite web |title=West Virginia White Pine Blister Rust Quarantine |publisher=West Virginia Department of Agriculture |url=https://agriculture.wv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/WV_Blister_Rust_Quarantine.pdf |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> }}

===Bibliography=== ====Books and theses==== * {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=James N.|last=Brennan|first=Rex M.|title=Fruit Breeding. II: Vine and small fruits|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXMckUtHLV8C|date=1996|publisher=Wiley|chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=191–298|isbn=978-0-471-12670-6}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Paull|editor-first2=Robert E.|title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC|year=2008|publisher=CABI|last=Brennan|first=Rex M.|chapter=Currants and gooseberries|chapter-url=http://archive.northsearegion.eu/files/repository/20131121174401_UK-Enclosure44.pdf|isbn=978-0-85199-638-7}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Hancock|editor-first=Jim F.|title=Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding: Germplasm to Genomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=322hHeocPa0C|last=Brennan|first=R. M.|chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=177–196|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9_6|isbn=978-1-4020-6907-9}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Dixon|editor-first1=Geoffrey R.|editor-last2=Aldous|editor-first2=David E.|last=Brennan|first=R M|display-authors=etal|chapter=Berries: Currants and gooseberries|pages=313–317|title=Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 1: Production Horticulture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6nIAwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-8578-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=156–166}} * {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=231–244|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1 }} ** {{cite book |first=M |last=Weigend |title=Grossulariaaceae |pages=168–176|date=2007}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|2007}} * {{cite thesis |last1=Messinger |first1=Wes |title=Molecular Systematic Studies in the Genus Ribes (Grossulariaceae) |url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/2j62s722h|date=1995 |publisher=Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University}}

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====Websites==== * {{cite web|last=Morin|first=Nancy R|website=Flora of North America vol. 8|title=Ribes Linnaeus|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128544|year=2008|access-date=12 November 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=8, 9, 10, 44}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Currant|short=x}} * {{cite web |title=Introduction to blackcurrant |url=http://www.fruitgateway.co.uk/intro_to_blackcurrant.asp |website=FruitGateway |date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The James Hutton Institute |location=Aberdeen |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020207/http://www.fruitgateway.co.uk/intro_to_blackcurrant.asp |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.uga.edu/fruit/ribes.html Entry on ''Ribes'' at Mark Rieger's UGa fruit crops site]

==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Ribes|''Ribes''}}

Ribes Category:Saxifragales genera Category:Edible plants Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Garden plants of Europe Category:Garden plants of Asia Category:Shrubs Category:Drought-tolerant plants Category:Bird food plants Category:Butterfly food plants Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Melliferous flowers