Remigration

{{pp|small=yes}} {{Short description|Forced or promoted return of non-European immigrants}} {{about|the political promotion of coerced or forced deportation|the social science concept|Return migration}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} [[File:Calais - Manifestation contre les clandestins, l'immigration-invasion et l'islamisation de l'Europe, 8 novembre 2015 (20).JPG|thumb|A banner advocating "remigration" during an anti-immigration protest in Calais, France, in 2015]] '''Remigration''' is a far-right concept referring to the ethnic cleansing<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Maldonado|2020|p=105}}: "Perceiving change as an existential threat, followers of Great Replacement theory propose "remigration," a soft type of ethnic cleansing under the guise of deportation and segregation."|{{Harvnb|Ebner|2021|p=289}}: "Remigration: The call for forced deportation of migrant communities, with the intent of creating an ethnically or culturally homogeneous society; essentially a non-violent form of ethnic cleansing"|{{Harvnb|Wilhelmsen|2021|p=297}}: "(...) the most tangible way they want to revitalise Europe and facilitate a second Reconquista is through what they refer to as 'remigration', a euphemism for ethnic cleansing."|{{Harvnb|Burden|2023|pp=12, 169}}: "The movement calls for (...) 'remigration'. Despite its proponents' rejection that this is simply a euphemism for 'ethnic cleansing', such policies would ultimately involve the lowering of the living conditions for 'non-Europeans', or even their forced expulsion."|{{Harvnb|Miller-Idriss|2022|p=47}}: "Thus, relabeling concepts like the forced deportation and ethnic cleansing of immigrants as "re-migration" can make hateful expressions seem more acceptable to a broader range of ordinary individuals."|{{Harvnb|Bergmann|2024|p=52}}: "Jacob Davey and Julia Ebner's (2019) research elucidates how the Great Replacement theory catalyzes extremist propositions among its proponents. These proposals span a spectrum from non-violent ethnic cleansing, framed as 'remigration,' to the grave extremity of genocide."}}</ref> via mass deportation of non-white minority populations, especially immigrants and sometimes including native-born citizens, to their place of racial ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Feffer|title=Right Across the World: The Global Networking of the Far-Right and the Left Response|url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/51072|publisher=Pluto Press|date=2020 |via=library.oapen.org|pages=48–49|hdl=20.500.12657/51072 |isbn=9781786808554 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=A. James|last1=McAdams|first2=Alejandro|last2=Castrillon|title=Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPc8EAAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|date=26 September 2021|isbn=978-1-000-43190-2|via=Google Books|pages=12, 74}}</ref> Originating in Europe, the concept has since spread to the United States and Canada, where it has gained increasing prominence, and is especially popular within the Identitarian movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=Imogen|date=2019|title=A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of "Generation Identity": Fascism, Online Media, and the European New Right|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=12|issue=1|pages=28–47|doi=10.1080/09546553.2019.1662403|s2cid=210643607|issn=0954-6553|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20743366 |quote=Demonstrating GI's exclusionary politics, its members advocate for what they term a policy of forced "remigration," in which migrants (from primarily Middle Eastern, North African, and Muslim-majority nations), would be forced to return to their countries of origin}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Nissen|first=Anita|title=The Trans-European Mobilization of "Generation Identity"|date=2020|work=Nostalgia and Hope: Intersections between Politics of Culture, Welfare, and Migration in Europe|pages=85–100|editor-last=Norocel|editor-first=Ov Cristian|series=IMISCOE Research Series|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41694-2_6|isbn=978-3-030-41694-2|quote=The call for so-called "remigration" of third-country immigrants is a term GI France has adopted from BI, referring to the (forced) returning of third-country immigrants to their home countries.|editor2-last=Hellström|editor2-first=Anders|editor3-last=Jørgensen|editor3-first=Martin Bak|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some proponents of remigration suggest excluding some persons with non-European background from such a mass deportation, based on a varyingly defined degree of assimilation into European culture.<ref name="Europe's far-right identitarians">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/who-are-europe-far-right-identitarians-austria-generation-identity-martin-sellner/|title=Who are Europe's far-right identitarians?|last=Ebner|first=Julia|date=2019-04-04|website=Politico|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref><ref name="frtv">{{Cite web|date=7 December 2016|title="Réémigration", négationnisme, "race congoïde"... Les mauvaises ondes d'Henry de Lesquen, le patron de Radio Courtoisie|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/reemigration-antisemitisme-race-congoide-les-mauvaises-ondes-d-henry-de-lesquen-le-patron-de-radio-courtoisie_1955769.html|access-date=22 June 2019|website=France Info|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="taz">{{cite news|url=https://taz.de/Debatte-Begriffe-der-neuen-Rechten/!5603803/|title=Debatte Begriffe der neuen Rechten - Neue Wörter, alter Hass|date=1 July 2019|newspaper=Die Tageszeitung|language=de|trans-title=Debate terms of the new right - New words, old hate|quote=[...] jedoch auch offizielle AfD-Accounts, welche fordern, dass syrische Flüchtlinge abgeschoben werden sollen, oder befinden, dass für „Türken", die sich „nicht integrieren wollen", eine Remigration das beste wäre. [...] liegt eine der größten Gefahren für offene und demokratische Gesellschaften in der Naivität gegenüber den politischen Bemühungen, extremistische Rhetorik zu normalisieren}}</ref>

Advocates of remigration promote the concept in pursuit of ethno-cultural homogeneity.<ref name="taz" /> According to ''Deutsche Welle'', ethnopluralism, the ''Nouvelle Droite'' concept that different ethnicities require their own segregated living spaces, creates a need for remigration of people with "foreign roots".<ref>{{cite news|title=How dangerous is the Identitarian Movement? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-dangerous-is-the-identitarian-movement/a-49580233-0 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=13 July 2019}}</ref> The Mexican scholar José Ángel Maldonado has described the idea as a "soft type of ethnic cleansing under the guise of deportation and segregation".{{Sfn|Maldonado|2020|p=105}}

Presented by its proponents as a remedy to mass immigration and the perceived Islamisation of Europe, remigration has increasingly become an integral policy position of the Identitarian movement and other far-right political movements and parties.<ref name="beyond identity">{{cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/04/12/la-remigration-un-concept-qui-essaime-au-dela-des-identitaires_1720908|title=La "remigration", un concept qui essaime au-delà des identitaires |language=fr|trans-title= Remigration, a concept that goes beyond identity|newspaper=Libération|date=12 April 2019|quote=A key concept of French identity thought, remigration is a new euphemism for an old phenomenon, namely the forced displacement of entire populations. This notion is an integral part of the ideological project of the identity movement and figures prominently in its literature}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Claudia|last1=Leeb|title=The Right Extremist Identitarian Movement in Europe: A Critical Theory Analysis|url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4823333|journal=Azimuth: Philosophical Coordinates in Modern and Contemporary Age: 16, 2, 2020|date= n.d. |issue=2|pages=71–88|doi=10.1400/281871}}</ref> Research from the British Institute for Strategic Dialogue, conducted in April 2019, showed a distinct rise in conversations about remigration on the social media website Twitter between 2012 and 2019.<ref name="AP - Taboos fall away">{{cite news|date=16 May 2019|title=Taboos fall away as far-right EU candidates breach red line|work=Associated Press|url=https://www.apnews.com/f55b5bed3da04586b2136e6aa1c13351|quote="remigration," the chilling notion of returning immigrants to their native lands in what amounts to a soft-style ethnic cleansing.}}</ref> Twitter, now owned by Elon Musk, and Telegram have been at the forefront of spreading the term into the mainstream.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Tirone |first1=Jonathan |last2=Nicoletti |first2=Leonardo |date=28 September 2024 |title='Remigration': How a White Nationalist Threat Spread From Austria to the US |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2024-elections-social-media-influence-remigration/ |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref>

== Etymology and development == {{Wiktionary}} The term ''remigration'' stems from Classical Latin ''remigrāre'', "to return home", and was first used in English in the writings of Andrew Willet, an early-17th-century theologian within the Church of England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=remigration {{!}} Definition of remigration in English by Lexico Dictionaries|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/remigration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622091516/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/remigration|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 22, 2019|access-date=2019-06-22|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> It had originally meant simply "returning",<ref>{{cite book|last=Coles|first=E.|title=An English Dictionary: explaining the difficult terms that are used in divinity, husbandry, physick ... Containing many thousands of hard words ... Together with the etymological derivation of them from their proper fountains, etc|publisher=Samuel Crouch|year=1676|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_5mAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP256|access-date=2025-01-18|page=256}}</ref> later was applied to the voluntary return of an immigrant to their place of origin, and is still used as such in social science.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web|title=Definition of remigation|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/remigration|website=Merriam Webster|date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}|{{Cite journal|last=Romer|first=Eugene|date=1923|title=The Population of Poland according to the Census of 1921|journal=Geographical Review|volume=13|issue=3|pages=398–412|doi=10.2307/208278|issn=0016-7428|jstor=208278|bibcode=1923GeoRv..13..398R |quote=This circumstance, together with the remigration of German colonists and the influx of Poles from other sections of the country...}}|{{Cite journal|last1=Herzog|first1=Henry W.|last2=Schlottmann|first2=Alan M.|date=1983|title=Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision|journal=Southern Economic Journal|volume=50|issue=1|pages=43–56|doi=10.2307/1058039|issn=0038-4038|jstor=1058039|pmid=12312534}}|{{Cite journal|last=Beenstock|first=Michael|date=1996|title=Failure to Absorb: Remigration by Immigrants into Israel|journal=International Migration Review|language=en-US|volume=30|issue=4|pages=950–978|doi=10.1177/019791839603000404|pmid=12347792 |s2cid=24157343|issn=0197-9183}}|{{cite book |last1=Glorius |first1=Birgit |title=Mobility in Transition |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-90-485-1549-3 |pages=217–236 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mwhx.13?seq=4 |url=https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/oa-edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9781003699903-14&type=chapterpdf |chapter=Understanding the counter-flow: Theoretical and methodological aspects in studying remigration processes after EU expansion |doi=10.4324/9781003699903-14 |quote=The terms ‘remigration’ or ‘return migration’ are generally used when migrants return to their country of origin, after having spent a significant time abroad.}}}}</ref>

Examples of the historic usage of the term ''remigration'' include the return of European Jews after the Second World War,<ref name=":4" /> as well as migration of people who had fled socialism and then returned postsocialism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomic |first1=Caroline Hornstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dq19DwAAQBAJ |title=Remigration to Post-Socialist Europe: Hopes and Realities of Return |last2=Pichler |first2=Robert |last3=Scholl-Schneider |first3=Sarah |date=2018 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-91025-7}}</ref> According to journalist Ana P. Santos,<ref>[https://pulitzercenter.org/people/ana-p-santos "Ana P. Santos Grantee"], Pulitzer Center (accessed 29 Nov 2025).</ref> up until the 2020s, "The term 'remigration' was primarily used in migration studies to describe the voluntary return of migrants and foreigners to their home countries."<ref name=Santos>Santos, Ana P. "[https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/63039/remigration-how-a-word-threatens-to-change-migration-views-in-germany 'Remigration': How a word threatens to change migration views in Germany]", InfoMigrants (26 Feb 2025).</ref> But during those years, there was also some discussion of involuntary migration, for example the economist Wolfgang Franz used the term ''remigration'' in 1987 for the involuntary return of foreign workers to their home countries.<ref>Franz, Wolfgang. "The End of Expansion in Unemployment in Germany: Beginnings of an Attempt at an Evaluation of Structural Unemployment as a Partial Component of Joblessness" in ''Unemployment: Theory, Policy and Structure'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Unemployment_Theory_Policy_and_Structure/YZZsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22involuntary+remigration%22&pg=PA83&printsec=frontcover 83] (Walter de Gruyter 1987, Peder Pedersen and Reinhard Lund, eds.).</ref>

Early evocations of the modern far-right concept of remigration can be found in French 1960s movements such as ''Europe-Action'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tempspresents.com/2013/05/23/dominique-venner-renouvellement-racisme-stephane-francois-nicolas-lebourg/|title=Dominique Venner et le renouvellement du racisme|last=François|first=Stéphane|date=2013-05-23|website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-08-16|quote=De ce fait, la revue Europe Action était l’une des premières à critiquer l’immigration (l’« invasion ») algérienne [...] et à inciter au rapatriement massif des étrangers, par hantise du métissage.}}</ref> considered the "embryonic form" of the ''Nouvelle Droite''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCulloch|first=Tom|date=2006-08-01|title=The Nouvelle Droite in the 1980s and 1990s: Ideology and Entryism, the Relationship with the Front National|journal=French Politics|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=160|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200099|s2cid=144813395|issn=1476-3427}}</ref><ref name=":84">{{Cite journal|last=Taguieff|first=Pierre-André|date=1993|title=Origines et métamorphoses de la Nouvelle Droite|journal=Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire|issue=40|pages=4–6|doi=10.2307/3770354|issn=0294-1759|jstor=3770354}}</ref> Jean-Pierre Stirbois, then General Secretary of the National Front (FN), coined the expression "we will send them back" ('on les renverra') in an interview.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2015/03/17/03004-20150317ARTFIG00129-quel-rapport-entretient-l-extreme-droite-avec-la-culture.php|title=Musée de l'immigration: "L'extrême-droite a franchi un palier"|date=2015-03-17|website=FIGARO|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> He was the architect of the first electoral breakthrough of the FN in 1983, earning nearly 17% of the vote in the city of Dreux with the promise of "inverting the migratory flows".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Lebourg|first1=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Lebourg|last2=Beauregard|first2=Joseph|date=2011-07-15|title=Les numéros deux du FN (2/4): Jean-Pierre Stirbois, l'apparatchik|journal=Monde Online|language=fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2011/07/15/le-monde-magazine-jean-pierre-stirbois-l-apparatchik_1549049_823448.html|access-date=2019-08-17|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> The idea is also expressed in the German slogan "Deutschland den Deutschen, Ausländer raus" ('Germany to Germans, foreigners out'),<ref>Aftenberger, I. (2017). Die ‘Identitäre’ Beseitigung der andere. In J. Goetz, J. M. Sedlacek, & A. Winkler (Eds.), ''Untergangster des Abendlandes'' (pp. 203–227). Hamburg: Marta Press.</ref> and in the motto of L'Œuvre Française "La France aux Français" ('France to the French').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-29|title=Marine Le Pen porte plainte contre Montebourg et Pulvar|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/marine-le-pen-porte-plainte-contre-montebourg-et-pulvar_1088247.html|access-date=2019-08-12|website=LExpress.fr|language=fr}}</ref>

=== Adoption by Identitarians === {{Main|Identitarian movement}} A core tenet of the Identitarian movement is the "Great Replacement", a conspiracy theory which states that white people are being replaced through migration, violence, and high birth rates by people from Africa, Muslims in particular. Reducing or halting immigration and removing migrant populations are presented as a solution to social issues caused by the Great Replacement.{{Sfn|Camus|2017}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orofino |first1=Elisa |title=Routledge Handbook of Non-Violent Extremism: Groups, Perspectives and New Debates |last2=Allchorn |first2=William |date=2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-82383-7 |pages=252}}</ref>

In the 2010s the Identitarian movements were trying to avoid the use of historically tainted vocabulary while expressing their ideas,{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5095}} trying to create a "new language",{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5096}} for example, by replacing "race" with "culture".{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5095}} In the process, a successful strategy of reusing old terms with a new meaning had been discovered. In particular, while their meaning of "remigration" was a neologism intended to replace the tainted "deportation", the word itself had a reputable history. This was especially in the German-speaking countries, where remigration denoted the post-Second World war return of German refugees who fled from Nazism, thus creating positive associations.{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5096}} Similarly, the "infiltration" got a new name, Great Replacement,{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5099}} a myth which states that the white Christian European population is being progressively replaced with non-European populations, specifically from North Africa and the Middle East, through mass migration, demographic growth, and a European drop in the birth rate.{{sfn|Goetz|2024|p=5094}}

The French movement Generation Identity adopted remigration as part of its platform in 2015, but the new term remained obscure until January 2024, with mass interest generated by widely publicised 2023 Potsdam far-right meeting.{{sfn|Kononova|2024|p=25}} The situation in Germany was similar; between 2018 and 2023, ''Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland'' and Alternative for Germany (''Alternative für Deutschland'', or AfD) occasionally used the term, and the AfD adopted it as part of its platform in 2021, but widespread use only began in 2023.{{sfn|Kononova|2024|pp=24-25}}

As of 2024, the discourse on remigration remained on the back burner within the AfD, with no radical proposals, allowing the party to appeal to a broad electorate. At the same time, the concept was becoming increasingly normalised, with a wider audience now familiar with what was once an obscure Identitarian term.{{sfn|Kononova|2024|p=45}}

Proponents of remigration often use the historical example of the expulsion of Pieds-Noirs from Algeria in 1962 as a successful past instance of organised forced remigration,{{sfn|Camus|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simard|first=Marc|date=2017|title="Remigration": un concept infondé et insensé|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/opinions/point-de-vue/remigration-un-concept-infonde-et-insense-2e8011ce8844acc9c3382331125b82b7|access-date=2020-04-12|website=Le Soleil|language=fr|quote=Ce concept serait notamment historiquement justifié, selon ses propagandistes, par le retour en Europe, au tournant des années 60, de plus ou moins un million de pieds-noirs...}}</ref> even though the exodus is described by some historians as an ethnic cleansing stimulated by violence and threats from the National Liberation Front (FLN) and part of the native Muslim population, as evidenced by the slogan "the suitcase or the coffin" promoted by the FLN, the kidnappings of Pieds-Noirs, or the Oran massacre of 1962.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jordi|first=Jean-Jacques|title=Un silence d'État: les disparus civils européens de la guerre d'Algérie|date=2011|publisher=SOTECA|isbn=978-2-916385-56-3|location=Paris|oclc=760990079}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lugan|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15AODQEACAAJ|title=Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: (Égypte, Libye, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc): des origines à nos jours|date=2016|publisher=Éditions du Rocher|isbn=978-2-268-08167-0|language=fr|author-link=Bernard Lugan}}</ref>

== Modern use ==

=== Europe === Since the 2010s, the idea of remigration has been used by thinkers and political leaders of the Identitarian movement, such as Guillaume Faye,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-16|title=Au Bloc Identitaire, l'apologie de la "remigration"|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/coulisses/2014/11/16/25006-20141116ARTFIG00081-au-bloc-identitaire-l-apologie-de-la-remigration.php|access-date=2019-08-06|website=Le Figaro}}</ref> Renaud Camus,<ref name="Le Soleil">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-19|title=D'où vient l'expression "remigration"?|trans-title=Where does the term "remigration" come from?|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|access-date=2019-06-22|website=Le Soleil|language=fr|quote=The word " remigration " means the return, forced or otherwise, of non-European foreigners, or even non-European citizens of origin, to the country where they have their roots.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McAuley |first=James |date=17 July 2019 |title=How Gay Icon Renaud Camus Became the Ideologue of White Supremacy |language=en-US |work=The Nation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/renaud-camus-great-replacement-brenton-tarrant/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005240/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/renaud-camus-great-replacement-brenton-tarrant/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> Henry de Lesquen,<ref name="frtv" /> or Martin Sellner,<ref>{{Cite web|title=DÖW - Erkennen - Rechtsextremismus - Rechtsextreme Organisationen - Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ)|url=http://www.doew.at/erkennen/rechtsextremismus/rechtsextreme-organisationen/identitaere-bewegung-oesterreich-iboe|access-date=2019-06-22|website=DÖW}}</ref> as a euphemism for the mass deportation of non-European immigrants and native residents with a migrant background, back to their country of origin, the criteria of exclusion being a vaguely defined degree of assimilation into European culture.<ref name="Europe's far-right identitarians" /> ==== Austria ==== In March 2019, a week after the Christchurch mosque shootings and release of the shooter's manifesto (called ''The Great Replacement''), Identitäre Bewegung Österreich, the Austrian branch of Generation Identity (GI), held a protest in Vienna driven by the conspiracy theory known as the "Great Replacement" of Austrians and openly calling for remigration of residents with a migrant background.<ref name="Europe's far-right identitarians" /> By April 2019, a branch of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), who at the time were in coalition government as a junior partner with the Austrian People's Party, announced a "national call for remigration".<ref name="beyond identity" />

The FPÖ heavily emphasised remigration, particularly to Islamic countries, during its 2024 Austrian legislative election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|work=MSN|title=Leidende FPÖ zet bij Oostenrijkse verkiezingen in op remigratie|date=21 August 2024|url=https://www.msn.com/nl-be/nieuws/politiek/leidende-fp%C3%B6-zet-bij-oostenrijkse-verkiezingen-in-op-remigratie/ar-AA1pbj84?ocid=BingNewsVerp}}</ref> Party leader Herbert Kickl has called for the "remigration of uninvited strangers" from Austria<ref>{{cite news|work=Euronews|date=10 January 2025|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/10/the-man-tipped-to-be-austrias-next-chancellor-advocates-remigration-what-does-it-mean|title=The man tipped to be Austria's next Chancellor advocates 'remigration'. What does it mean?}}</ref> with a focus on those who break the law.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Dave |date=August 22, 2024 |title=Austria's far-right Freedom Party sets out election programme |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/austrias-far-right-freedom-party-sets-out-election-programme-2024-08-21/ |access-date=November 13, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==== Belgium ==== The Flemish nationalist party Vlaams Belang has called for "remigration" since 2011.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 June 2011|title=Vlaams Belang moedigt remigratie aan met pamfletactie|work=De Morgen|url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/vlaams-belang-moedigt-remigratie-aan-met-pamfletactie~b6fc805c/}}</ref> In 2021 they called for the formation of an "Agency for Remigration".<ref>{{cite web|title="Geen Europees Asielagentschap, maar Agentschap voor remigratie nodig"|url=https://www.vlaamsbelang.org/nieuws/geen-europees-asielagentschap-maar-agentschap-voor-remigratie-nodig|date=7 October 2021|work=Vlaams Belang}}</ref>

In March 2025 Vlaams Belang leader Tom Van Grieken suggested the implementation of a "remigration policy" that would include illegal immigrants, asylum seekers and foreign national criminals.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 March 2025|work=V-Nieuws|url=https://www.v-nieuws.be/van-grieken-tijd-voor-een-remigratiebeleid/|title=Van Grieken: "Tijd voor een remigratiebeleid"}}</ref> In April 2025 Mercina Claesen, a Vlaams Belang MP and leader of the party's youth wing, Vlaams Belang Jongeren, has called for the remigration not only of illegal immigrants, but also legal immigrants who have committed crimes.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2025|work=Nieuw Rechts|title='Generatie Remigratie' staat op: steeds meer jongeren klaar met massa-immigratie|url=https://nieuwrechts.nl/103581-generatie-remigratie-staat-op-steeds-meer-jongeren-klaar-met-massa-immigratie}}</ref>

==== Finland ==== Remigration ({{langx|fi|paluumuutto}}) has been featured prominently by the Finnish anti-immigration and populist right. The right-wing populist Finns Party declared in their party organ that "We have to shift from integration to remigration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suomenuutiset.fi/humanitaaristen-maahanmuuttajien-kotouttamisesta-on-siirryttava-kotiuttamiseen-perussuomalaiset-haluaa-alkaa-vauhdittaa-vapaaehtoista-muuttoa-maasta-pois/|work=Suomen Uutiset|title=Humanitaaristen maahanmuuttajien kotouttamisesta on siirryttävä kotiuttamiseen – perussuomalaiset haluaa alkaa vauhdittaa vapaaehtoista muuttoa maasta pois|date=31 May 2025}}</ref> The party leader and current Deputy Prime Minister Riikka Purra declared that "Remigration and strict immigration control are the main tools to prevent problems caused by immigration."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suomenuutiset.fi/perussuomalaiset-haluaa-lopettaa-kokonaan-sellaisen-maahanmuuton-haitallista-kay-kalliiksi-suomi-talla-hetkella-houkuttele-huippuosaajia-halpatyovoimaa-turvapaikkaturisteja/|work=Suomen Uutiset|title=Perussuomalaiset haluaa lopettaa kokonaan sellaisen maahanmuuton, joka on haitallista ja käy kalliiksi – Suomi ei tällä hetkellä houkuttele huippuosaajia vaan halpatyövoimaa ja turvapaikkaturisteja|date=31 May 2025}}</ref> The "Remigration Summit" in Milan was attended by a delegation from the neo-fascist Blue-and-Black Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kansalainen.fi/sinimusta-liike-remigration-summit-seminaarissa/|work=Kansalainen|title=Sinimusta Liike Remigration Summit -seminaarissa |date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

==== France ==== In October 2017 Generation Identity announced policy plans to its members, for France to force former colonies to take back migrants by using its status as a nuclear power and making development subsidies and aid conditional on the repatriation of immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Generation Hate: French far right's violence and racism exposed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/generation-hate-french-violence-racism-exposed-181208155503837.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018 an Al Jazeera investigative team released footage and audio revealing Marine Le Pen's close confidant and former accountant, Nicolas Crochet, saying that the National Rally party would introduce a remigration programme to force immigrants back to their country of origin, in the event that they came to power in France.<ref>{{cite news|title=France's National Rally links to violent far-right group revealed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/france-national-rally-links-violent-group-revealed-181216092409471.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 December 2018}}</ref>

In February 2019, speaking with ''L'Opinion'', Debout la France candidate Emmanuelle Gave (daughter of French entrepreneur {{ill|Charles Gave|fr}}), advocated for remigration as a policy for voters in the European Parliament elections in May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/02/12/europeennes-une-candidate-debout-la-france-prone-la-remigration_1708999|title=Européennes Une candidate Debout la France prône la "remigration" |language=fr|trans-title=European Candidate Debout la France advocates "remigration"|newspaper=Libération|date=February 12, 2019}}</ref> In what ''Libération'' described as a "dangerous penetration of the ideas of the ultra-radical extreme right in the French political space", Gave announced that she was in favor of the party putting remigration "on the table".<ref name="beyond identity" />

According to an IFOP poll conducted in March 2022 prior to the French presidential elections, 63% of French people claim "not to be shocked" by the use of the word "remigration" and 66% support the idea of remigrating illegal immigrants, foreign criminals and "Fiche S" foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=Présidentielle 2022: critiqué par Le Pen sur la «remigration», Zemmour l'accuse d'être «du côté de la gauche» |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/elections/presidentielles/presidentielle-2022-critique-par-le-pen-sur-la-remigration-zemmour-l-accuse-d-etre-du-cote-de-la-gauche-20220325 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/les-francais-et-le-concept-de-remigration/ | title=Validation request | date=25 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.ifop.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/119017-SR-Rapport.pdf Les Français et le concept de «remigration»] Ifop-Fiducial pour Sud Radio March 2022 (in French) Retrieved 29 March 2023</ref>

According to an OpinionWay poll from March 2022, 55% of French people also support the establishment of a Ministry of Remigration, an idea proposed by Eric Zemmour during the French presidential elections campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlantico |date=2022-03-30 |title=55% des Français sont favorables à un ministère de la Remigration ! |url=https://atlantico.fr/article/decryptage/55percent-des-francais-sont-favorables-a-un-ministere-de-la-remigration-immigration-campagne-electorale-eric-zemmour-reconquete-democratie-france-election-presidentielle-migrants-refugies-benoit-rayski |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Atlantico |language=fr}}</ref>

As of 2024, Marine Le Pen's party, National Rally, is opposed to remigration and cited Alternative for Germany's support for it as a reason to cut ties.<ref>{{cite news|work=Euractiv|title=Le Pen questions EU-level alliance with AfD, spelling trouble for ID unity|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/le-pen-questions-eu-level-alliance-with-afd-spelling-trouble-for-id-unity/|date=26 January 2024}}</ref> Nevertheless, remigration continues to be supported by the National Rally's rival, Zemmour's Reconquête,<ref>{{cite news|work=European Conservative|title=Clash Between Right Wing Allies|url=https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/clash-between-right-wing-allies/|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> and Marion Marechal's Identity–Liberties, a split from Reconquête.<ref>{{cite news|work=Unherd|title=Marion Maréchal's new party shakes up the French Right|date=10 October 2024|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/marion-marechals-new-party-could-shake-up-the-french-right/}}</ref>

==== Germany ==== [[File:AfD-Wahlplakat "Remigration sofort starten!" in Mödlareuth 20240518 HOF3756 RAW-Export.png|thumb|Election poster of the AfD in Thuringia supporting remigration (2024)]] In March 2018, Identitarian protesters were arrested for trespassing on the roof of Frankfurt Central Station, and hanging a banner that reads "Endstation Multikulti. Notbremse ziehen. Remigration" (Terminal station Multikulti. Pull emergency brake. Remigration), while chanting phrases like "home, freedom, tradition" from a megaphone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/mitglieder-der-identitaeren-bewegung-verurteilt-16254208.html|title=Identitäre Bewegung: Propaganda auf dem Bahnhofsdach |language=de|trans-title=Identitarian movement: propaganda on the station roof|newspaper=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|date=June 26, 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019 the German Identitarian movement began a "remigration campaign" which included governmental petitions, a "flashmob" outside a mosque and a demonstration in front of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community in Berlin, where the protesters demanded the repatriation of Islamic refugees back to the Middle East.<ref name="beyond identity" /> It was reported that the group were distributing posters aimed at Syrian refugees that read "The war is over. Syria needs you" and referenced a "remigration policy".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article217030495/Der-Krieg-ist-vorbei-Rechtsextreme-fordern-Syrer-mit-Plakaten-in-Berlin-zur-Heimkehr-auf.html|title=Illegale Plakate: Identitäre fordern Syrer zur Heimkehr auf |language=de|trans-title=Illegal posters: Identitarians urge Syrians to return home|newspaper=Berliner Morgenpost|date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>

In May 2019, Katrin Ebner-Steiner, leader of AfD in Bavaria, indicated that the deportation of non-whites from Germany was a preferable policy to racial integration, after she called for "Remigration instead of integration" at a conference for the Southern wing of the party.<ref name="taz" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/mit-rechten-federn-geschmueckt-afd-streitet-um-kurs,RPii0kn|title="Flügel"-Treffen: AfD kämpft mit sich selbst |work=BR24 |language=de|trans-title="Wings" meeting: AfD fights with itself|publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk|date=May 7, 2019}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, Germany's opposition party, the far-right Alternative for Germany, made remigration part of their policy platform, openly calling for "remigration, instead of mass immigration",<ref name="beyond identity" /> and stating that "Germany and Europe must put in place remigration programs on the largest possible scale".<ref name="AP - Taboos fall away" /> AfD MP Markus Frohnmaier has repeatedly worn a slogan reading "Remigration Ministry" into the Bundestag.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/de/article/rechtsextreme-identitaere-afd-versuchen-gerade-verzweifelt-das-christchurch-massaker-umzudeuten/|title=Rechtsextreme versuchen gerade verzweifelt, das Christchurch-Massaker umzudeuten |language=de|trans-title=Right-wing extremists are trying desperately to reinterpret the Christchurch massacre|publisher=Vice|date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>

In January 2024, Correctiv reported that members of the AfD had secretly met with figures from the German and Austrian far-right in a meeting in Potsdam in November 2023, in which they allegedly discussed a "remigration" plan for deporting immigrants, which could include naturalised German citizens. The figures present included the Identitarian activist Martin Sellner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Secret plan against Germany |url=https://correctiv.org/en/top-stories/2024/01/15/secret-plan-against-germany/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Correctiv |language=en-US |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121003327/https://correctiv.org/en/top-stories/2024/01/15/secret-plan-against-germany/ |url-status=live |last1=Zick |first1=Valentin }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2024 |title=Germany: AfD disputes 'remigration' investigative report |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-afd-disputes-remigration-investigative-report/a-67941758 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015602/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-afd-disputes-remigration-investigative-report/a-67941758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=German far-right party assailed over report of extremist meeting |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-far-right-deportations-parliament-7a29129a6f50853791004d21ffea2a92 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Associated Press |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118164912/https://apnews.com/article/germany-far-right-deportations-parliament-7a29129a6f50853791004d21ffea2a92 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2025 the AfD Bundestag group removed a demand for "remigration" from its seven-point policy proposal as part of a softening of its immigration stance ahead of the next German federal election.<ref>{{cite news|work=MENAFN|title=Germany's AfD eases hardlines on migrants|date=7 July 2025|url=https://menafn.com/1109767155/Germanys-AfD-eases-hardlines-on-migrants}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=BILD|title=Der AfD-Geheimplan, um an die Macht zu kommen|date=6 July 2025|url=https://www.bild.de/politik/inland/afd-ploetzlich-zahm-der-geheimplan-zur-machtergreifung-686a3872d009353a0c96175f}}</ref> However, many political scientists are sceptical if the shift is "anymore than cosmetic".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Escritt |first1=Thomas |last2=Marsh |first2=Sarah |last3=Escritt |first3=Thomas |last4=Marsh |first4=Sarah |date=2025-07-11 |title=Isolated and fearing a ban, Germany's far-right tones down the rhetoric |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/isolated-fearing-ban-germanys-far-right-tones-down-rhetoric-2025-07-11/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

==== Italy ==== Lega Giovani, the youth wing of the right-wing populist Italian party Lega, advocated for remigration following violent incidents in January 2025 involving migrants in Como and Lombardy, and received support from the Lombardy regional leader of the party.<ref>{{cite news|work=La Stampa|title="Remigrazione anche per gli stranieri senza reati". Il comunicato choc della Lega Giovani Como che si ispira a Afd|date=11 January 2025|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2025/01/11/news/remigrazione_lega_giovani_como-14932092/}}</ref>

In May 2025, Lega MEP Roberto Vannacci addressed a 'Remigration Summit' in Milan, expressing support for remigration and stating that "remigration is not a slogan but a concrete proposal."<ref>{{cite news|work=Ansa|title=Vannacci a Remigration Summit, vi do il mio pieno sostegno|date=17 May 2025|url=https://www.ansa.it/lombardia/notizie/2025/05/17/vannacci-a-remigration-summit-vi-do-il-mio-pieno-sostegno_f6ca5350-dcfe-4315-a615-b4b85fb9836d.html}}</ref> Vannacci later broke away from Lega and founded National Future, a party focused on promoting remigration.<ref>{{cite news|work=Il Sole 24 Ore|title=Roberto Vannacci, gli obiettivi: remigrazione, difesa dei confini e opposizione alle armi per Kiev|date=5 February 2026|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/roberto-vannacci-obiettivi-remigrazione-difesa-confini-e-opposizione-armi-kiev-AI6cppFB?refresh_ce=1}}</ref>

In May 2025, Lega MEP Isabella Tovaglieri similarly called for a "systematic remigration campaign".<ref>{{cite news|work=Resegone Online|title=Terrorismo: "Remigrazione per chi minaccia sicurezza", Tovaglieri (Lega) dopo arresto a Lecco|date=24 May 2025|url=https://www.resegoneonline.it/terrorismo-remigrazione-per-chi-minaccia-sicurezza-tovaglieri-lega-dopo-arresto-a-lecco/25769/}}</ref>

In April 2026, Lega's leader Matteo Salvini called for remigration at a Milan rally, suggesting a "points-based residence permit" where "after a number of mistakes you go back to your own country".<ref>{{Cite news|work=Euronews|title=Europe's Patriots rally in Milan against immigration while Salvini backs Russian oil|date=18 April 2026|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/04/18/europes-patriots-rally-in-milan-against-immigration-while-salvini-backs-russian-oil}}</ref>

==== Netherlands ==== In 2021, the Party for Freedom (PVV) called for the formation of a Ministry for Remigration in its manifesto,<ref>{{cite news|work=Morocco World News|title=Wilders' Party Wants Dutch Ministry of 'Remigration, De-Islamification'|date=22 January 2021|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/01/332929/wilders-party-wants-dutch-ministry-of-remigration-de-islamification}}</ref> but removed this policy from its programme for the 2023 Dutch general election.<ref>{{cite news|work=DutchNews|title=Party watch: Geert Wilders says no to immigration and the EU|date=2 November 2023|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/2023/11/party-watch-geert-wilders-says-no-to-immigration-and-the-eu/}}</ref> Remigration was again included in the PVV's programme for the 2025 Dutch general election, where the party advocated introducing a voluntary remigration scheme that would involve migrants renouncing Dutch citizenship.<ref>{{cite news|work=Telegraaf.nl|title=PVV-verkiezingsprogramma snoeihard op asiel, maar Geert Wilders 'gaat niet de hele diepvries weer opentrekken'|url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/politiek/pvv-verkiezingsprogramma-snoeihard-op-asiel-maar-geert-wilders-gaat-niet-de-hele-diepvries-weer-opentrekken/85283277.html|date=23 August 2025}}</ref> In February 2026, PVV leader Geert Wilders called for "large-scale remigration programs" during a speech in the Dutch Parliament, which would be largely voluntary, but "mandatory for criminals, profiteers, and illegal immigrants".<ref>{{cite news|work=Leidschdagblad|title=Wilders pleit voor 'remigratie', omstreden extreemrechtse termu|url=https://www.leidschdagblad.nl/binnenland/wilders-pleit-voor-remigratie-omstreden-extreemrechtse-term/137307604.html|date=26 February 2026}}</ref>

In its 2023 election programme, JA21 advocated for "promoting remigration in case of failed integration".<ref>{{Cite web|work=JA21|url=https://ja21.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Asiel_en_Migratie_vp_2023.pdf|title=Asiel en Migratie|page=12|accessdate=8 July 2025}}</ref>

The Forum for Democracy (FvD) advocates for "mass remigration" in order to maintain a "white Europe", and has criticised the PVV for focusing more on reducing immigration than promoting remigration.<ref>{{cite web|work=De Kantekenning|title=Baudet wil massale remigratie om blank Europa te handhaven|date=22 January 2024|url=https://dekanttekening.nl/nieuws/baudet-wil-massale-remigratie-om-blank-europa-te-handhaven/}}</ref>

==== Portugal ==== Rita Matias, a Chega member of the Portuguese Parliament and the leader of the Chega Youth, stated that "remigration is the solution" in February 2025.<ref>{{cite news|work=Diario de Noticias|title=Grupos extremistas influenciam Chega a falar sobre remigração|date=12 February 2025|url=https://www.dn.pt/política/grupos-extremistas-influenciam-chega-a-falar-sobre-remigração}}</ref>

In April 2025, Chega leader Andre Ventura expressed support for remigration of foreign nationals and dual nationals who have committed crimes in Portugal as part of his 2025 Portuguese legislative election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|work=Observador|date=23 April 2025|title="Lei Manu", remigração e redução de várias taxas de IVA. Ventura pede a Montenegro que "saia da frente" para chegar a primeiro-ministro|url=https://observador.pt/especiais/lei-manu-remigracao-e-reducao-de-varias-taxas-de-iva-ventura-pede-a-montenegro-que-saia-da-frente-para-chegar-a-primeiro-ministro/}}</ref>

==== Spain ==== Vox Secretary General Ignacio Garriga has called for "mass remigrations" of illegal immigrants from Catalonia in 2024, following an increase in sexual assaults in the region.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 February 2024|url=https://www.voxespana.es/vox-en-el-parlamento-de-cataluna/ignacio-garriga-remigracion-masiva-salou-inseguridad-20240229?provincia=tarragona|title=Ignacio Garriga: "Sexual assaults have increased by 30% in the last year in Catalonia"| work=VOX | last1=Altadill | first1=Carla }}</ref>

Vox's economic and housing program, presented in June 2025, explicitly calls for "remigration" of legal immigrants who "decide not to integrate" in Spain.<ref>{{cite news|work=El Pais|title=Vox quiere devolver a la ilegalidad a más de un millón de inmigrantes regularizados|date=29 June 2025|url=https://elpais.com/espana/2025-06-29/vox-quiere-devolver-a-la-ilegalidad-a-mas-de-un-millon-de-inmigrantes-regularizados.html}}</ref> Vox MP Rocío de Meer, the party's spokeswoman for demographic emergency and social policies, has suggested eight million people in Spain, including second generation immigrants, would be eligible for remigration if Vox took power,<ref>{{cite news|work=The Telegraph|title=Spanish Right-wing party vows to deport eight million people|date=8 July 2025|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/07/08/spain-vox-deport-8-million-people-pedro-sanchez-pp-feijoo/}}</ref> though the party subsequently clarified that this was not the number that Vox believes should be deported.<ref>{{cite news|work=Spain in English|title=Far-right Vox party seeks to clarify its plans to 'deport 8 million immigrants'|date=8 July 2025|url=https://www.spainenglish.com/2025/07/08/far-right-vox-party-seeks-to-clarify-its-plans-to-deport-8-million-immigrants/}}</ref>

==== Sweden ==== The Sweden Democrats support remigration policies and have advocated for raising the allowance given to migrants to encourage voluntary repatriation.<ref>{{cite news|work=Euractiv|title=Swedish coalition divided over remigration allowance|date=10 September 2024|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/swedish-coalition-divided-over-remigration-allowance/}}</ref><ref name="BrusselsSignal130924">{{cite news|work=Brussels Signal|title=Sweden proposes grants up to €30,000 for migrants to leave|date=13 September 2024|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2024/09/sweden-proposes-grants-up-to-e30000-for-migrants-to-leave/}}</ref> Sweden Democrats MEP Charlie Weimers has suggested that "If incentives to increase voluntary remigration are unsuccessful, the Sweden Democrats will insist on other means, including forced deportations" of refugees who hold residency permits.<ref name="BrusselsSignal130924"/>

Swedish Migration Minister Johan Forssell, a member of the Moderate Party, has stated that "remigration" is an important issue for Sweden, and that wider use of voluntary repatriation in line with the policy followed by Denmark would be one of the options considered by his government.<ref>{{cite news|work=European Conservative|title=New Swedish Migration Minister: 'Remigration' Is an Important Issue for Sweden|date=11 September 2024|url=https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news/new-swedish-migration-minister-remigration-is-an-important-issue-for-sweden/}}</ref>

The Alternative for Sweden and the Örebro Party are the main proponents and advocates of remigration in Sweden, both advocating for massive remigration and criticizing the Sweden Democrats for being too soft on remigration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alternativforsverige.se/politik/atervandring/ | title=Återvandringspolitik }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=David |date=2026-01-02 |title=Markus Allard |url=https://motargument.se/tag/markus-allard/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Motargument |language=sv-SE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#346 - Markus Allard: Återvandring, Skatteslöseri, Transferiatet, Ryska hotet, m.m. |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/se/podcast/346-markus-allard-%C3%A5tervandring-skattesl%C3%B6seri-transferiatet/id1545858966?i=1000736055045 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=sv}}</ref> The leader of the Örebro Party, Markus Allard, stated in a local council debate that he believed Sweden needed a ”large scale remigration program, they need to leave!”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=romer |url=https://motargument.se/tag/romer/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Motargument |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ==== Generation Identity UK and Ireland activists have engaged in the promotion of remigration. In April 2018, Hope not Hate detailed how, while the group was relatively unknown by the mainstream media; its "core beliefs" of ethnopluralism, and remigration of non-whites from Europe, was more extreme than any policies of the English Defence League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/2018/04/13/a-new-threat/ |title=In the last 10 months, a new far-right threat has emerged in the UK and Ireland. |publisher=Hope Not Hate|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> In May 2018, ''The Times'' was reporting how the extremist organisation was promoting the singling out of Black British people for priority remigration from the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilligan |first=Andrew |date=19 May 2018 |title=The 'hipster fascists' who anti-racism campaigners say are breathing new life into the far right |newspaper=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/the-hipster-fascists-breathing-new-life-into-the-british-far-right-6hvtmq63k}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Nesrine |date=2018-05-23 |title=Fashion doesn't normalise fascism – but newspaper coverage does |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/05/fashion-doesn-t-normalise-fascism-newspaper-coverage-does |access-date= |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2025, the Homeland Party,<ref>{{cite news |title=AfD politician hosts UK ethnonationalist party at Bundestag |first=Rob |last=Lownie |work=UnHerd |date=14 March 2025 |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/afd-politician-hosts-uk-ethnonationalist-party-at-bundestag/ |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> Britain First,<ref>{{Cite news|work=Birmingham Mail|title=Birmingham City Council disrupt far right Britain First rally plan for 'not meeting British Values'|date=15 May 2025|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/birmingham-britain-first-rally-breaking-31645273}}</ref> and the UK Independence Party<ref>{{cite tweet|user=UKIP|number=1855317867031372234|title=Our politicians must grow a spine and begin remigration.}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2025}} (UKIP) support remigration as a policy. Former UKIP MP Douglas Carswell has advocated for a "voluntary remigration scheme offering £20,000 per individual (or £50,000 per family) to immigrants from Muslim-majority countries" to return.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Telegraph|title=My plan to get Britain back on track|date=22 March 2025|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/03/22/my-plan-to-get-britain-back-on-track-growth-services-border/}}</ref> Rupert Lowe's Restore Britain party has also been described as using "remigration" rhetoric.<ref>{{cite news|work=York Press|title='Cllr Warters has joined Restore Britain - he should resign'|date=6 April 2026|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/25991016.cllr-warters-joined-restore-britain---resign/}}</ref>

According to Nick Lowles, one of the authors of a report by Hope not Hate, in a related concept, members of the counter-jihad movement "believe there will be a confrontation between Islam and the West and there can be no accommodation so the only solution can be to expel followers of Islam from Britain and Europe".<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2015 |title=Far-right networks exploiting terror attacks and migrant crisis to spread Islamophobia, warns report |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/far-right-networks-exploiting-paris-attacks-migrant-crisis-spread-islamophobia-warns-report-1531905 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>

Steve Laws is a known remigration political activist.

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====

The concept of remigration has been advocated for by various far-right and alt-right groups in Canada, notably Diagolon and the Dominion Society of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title="Remigration": How White Nationalists Are Repackaging Ethnic Cleansing |url=https://www.antihate.ca/remigration_white_nationalists_repackaging_ethnic_cleansing |website=Canadian Anti-Hate Network |access-date=20 May 2026 |language=en |date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Paas-Lang |first1=Christian |last2=Pearson |first2=Jordan |last3=Angelovski |first3=Ivan |title='The Nazis were right': What the leaders of Canada's biggest 'nationalist' group really want |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/second-sons-leaders-livestreams-9.7022853 |website=CBC News |access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>

==== United States ==== {{hatnote|See also: Office of Remigration, a unit within the U.S. Department of State}} {{Tweet | name = Homeland Security | username = DHSgov | date = November 28, 2025 | text = The stakes have never been higher, and the goal has never been more clear: <br /><br /> Remigration now. | ID = 1994445836915253664 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20251128205537/https://x.com/DHSgov/status/1994445836915253664 | archive-date = November 28, 2025 }}

Usage of the term in the United States has spiked in the months leading up to the 2024 presidential election.<ref name=":4" /> In September, the Republican Party’s presidential nominee, Donald Trump, called for "remigration" of illegal immigrants to their home countries and suspending refugee resettlement, also pledging to "do large deportations in Springfield, Ohio", referring to the town's community of legal Haitian immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|work=News18|title=Donald Trump Vows To 'Immediately End Migrant Invasion Of America' On Taking Office, Remigrate Illegal Aliens|date=16 September 2024|url=https://www.news18.com/world/donald-trump-vows-to-immediately-end-migrant-invasion-of-america-on-taking-office-remigrate-illegal-aliens-9051978.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mathias|first=Christopher|date=September 20, 2024|title=Trump's Alarming Use Of A Word With A Deep Fascist History|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-remigration-fascist-martin-sellner-europe_n_66ed912be4b07a173e51416d|access-date=September 20, 2024|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=September 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920223809/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-remigration-fascist-martin-sellner-europe_n_66ed912be4b07a173e51416d|url-status=live}}</ref> The usage mainstreamed the term in the country.<ref name=":4" /> In May 2025 the Department of State released a "reorganisation chart" that included the creation of an "Office of Remigration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabas |first=Marisa |author-link=Marisa Kabas |title=State Department set to launch 'Office of Remigration' |url=https://www.thehandbasket.co/p/state-department-office-of-remigration |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The Handbasket |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gilbert |first1=David |title=The Trump Administration Wants to Create an 'Office of Remigration' to Kick Immigrants Out of the Country |url=https://www.wired.com/story/trump-office-remigration-state-department-europe-far-right/ |access-date=30 May 2025 |magazine=Wired |date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=State Department Restructuring Memo. Congressional Note 25-032 |url=https://archive.org/details/state-department-restructuring-memo |website=archive.org |date=2025}}</ref> As President, Trump once again endorsed "remigration" in June 2025 as "reversing the invasion" of illegal immigrants into the United States.<ref>{{cite news|work=Times of India|title='America was invaded': Donald Trump pushes for 'remigration'; slams Biden, Newsom|date=June 18, 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/america-was-invaded-donald-trump-pushes-for-remigration-slams-biden-newsom/articleshow/121818383.cms}}</ref> In July 2025 Trump claimed that the One Big Beautiful Bill Act would allow for remigration to be implemented.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Mediaite|title='It's Called REMIGRATION!' Trump Celebrates 'Largest Mass Deportation' in History for 'July 4th Weekend' ICE Post|date=July 5, 2025|url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/trump/its-called-remigration-trump-celebrates-largest-mass-deportation-in-history-for-july-4th-weekend-ice-post/}}</ref> White House Deputy Chief of Staff Stephen Miller has been described as an advocate for remigration within the Trump administration.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Independent|title=Stephen Miller meeting with ICE officials was the spark for LA protests and National Guard call-up: report|date=June 10, 2025|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/stephen-miller-los-angeles-protests-ice-b2767509.html}}</ref>

In October 2025, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security triggered controversy after tweeting “remigrate” from its official X account.<ref>{{cite news|work=Country Herald|title= Nationwide Outrage: DHS Under Fire for "Remigrate" Tweet as Anti-Authoritarian Protests Grow|date=October 14, 2025|url= https://countryherald.com/news/nationwide-outrage-dhs-under-fire-for-remigrate-tweet-as-anti-authoritarian-protests-grow/}}</ref>

== Criticism == Michael Weiss and Julia Ebner, of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, have identified the "identitarian concept of 'remigration'" as having accelerated since 2014, and associated it with increasing calls from the far-right for mass deportation of non-white Europeans, in what they described as "ethnic cleansing".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/14/strange-tale-an-unlikely-racist-slogan-that-went-viral-lethal-effect/|title=The strange tale of an unlikely racist slogan that went viral -- to lethal effect |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> Ebner also stated that avoiding the word "deportation" is useful to sidestep associations of deportations during the Holocaust.<ref name=":4" /> The term's deliberate use of euphemistic language has been identified as a strategic tactic to make remigration more palatable to mainstream audiences. Researcher Cynthia Miller-Idriss notes that "relabelling concepts like the forced deportation and ethnic cleansing of immigrants as 're-migration' can make hateful expressions seem more acceptable to a broader range of ordinary individuals".<ref>{{Harvnb|Miller-Idriss|2022|p=47}}</ref>

{{ill|Francis Combes|fr}} has described remigration as a form of demagoguery that would lead to ethnic cleansing. Arguing that France has had a mixed genetic heritage since Gallic times, he has questioned the practicality of implementing remigration and the number of generations that would require investigation in pursuit of "purity".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/remigration-jeter-673316|title=Remigration: à jeter |language=fr|trans-title=Remigration: for disposal |newspaper=L'Humanité|date=June 6, 2019}}</ref>

Critics have raised significant concerns about the feasibility and legality of implementing remigration policies. The concept presents fundamental practical challenges, as the precise mechanism for deporting naturalised citizens and those born in the country remains unclear. Experts in human rights law note that remigration policies would likely violate international legal principles, particularly the principle of non-refoulement enshrined in the 1951 Refugee Convention, which prohibits the deportation of individuals to countries where their life or freedom would be threatened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecre.org/germany-far-right-remigration-meeting-provokes-anger-in-the-streets-chancellor-attributes-decrease-in-irregular-border-crossings-to-stronger-controls-despite-concerns-over-schengen/|title=Germany: Far-Right 'Remigration' Meeting Provokes Anger in the Streets|website=European Council on Refugees and Exiles|access-date= }}</ref>

From an economic perspective, critics argue that remigration policies contradict the actual drivers of contemporary demographic challenges. Labour economists point out that the factors increasing the appeal of remigration rhetoric - falling birth rates, labour shortages, and a lack of new businesses and services - are most feasibly addressed through immigration rather than mass deportation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/emigration-the-hidden-catalyst-behind-the-rise-of-the-radical-right-in-europes-depopulating-regions-231234|title=Emigration: The hidden catalyst behind the rise of the radical right in Europe's depopulating regions|website=The Conversation}}</ref>

Some political scientists argue that mainstream adoption of remigration rhetoric and policies, rather than countering far-right movements, may actually strengthen them. Research suggests that when centrist and centre-right parties adopt far-right policy positions, the electoral advantage typically accrues to the actual far-right parties rather than to the parties attempting to co-opt their rhetoric.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/01/the-far-right-is-winning-europes-immigration-debate/|title=The Far Right Is Winning Europe's Immigration Debate|website=Foreign Policy|date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Historical and ideological parallels to Nazism and fascism === Scholars have drawn parallels between remigration ideology and Nazi and fascist movements.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news|url=https://jacobin.com/2025/09/herzog-postmodern-fascism-afd-maga|title=What Can We Do With the Right's Delight in Pain?|website=Jacobin|date=September 2025}}</ref> Remigration shares conceptual similarities with Nazi and fascist racial ideology, which centred on concepts of ethnic and racial purity and motivated forced deportations and ethnic cleansing in Nazi-occupied Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ethnic-cleansing|title=Ethnic cleansing|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref> Scholar Dagmar Herzog has characterised modern remigration rhetoric as a manifestation of "postmodern fascism," arguing that contemporary far-right movements targeting Arab and African migrants echo historical fascist targeting of racialised minorities, particularly Jews in the Nazi period.<ref name="auto4"/>

Historians have noted ideological similarities between remigration and fascism.<ref name="auto"/> Historian Emilio Gentile has defined fascism as centred on "the absolute primacy of the nation, understood as an ethnically homogeneous organic community,"<ref name="auto2">{{Harvnb|Gentile|2000}}</ref> a goal that remigration advocates similarly pursue through the removal of non-majority ethnic groups.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|url=https://politicalresearch.org/2025/07/08/remigration-american-ethnic-cleansing|title='Remigration' is American for 'Ethnic Cleansing'|website=Political Research Associates|date=8 July 2025}}</ref> Both remigration and historical fascist movements employ mass deportation as a primary mechanism for achieving ethnic homogeneity.<ref name="auto2"/>

The terminology used to describe remigration has also drawn historical scrutiny. The term "remigration" was adopted by contemporary far-right movements partly because it had positive historical associations with post-Second World War refugee returns in German-speaking countries, thereby avoiding the word "deportation" and its associations with Nazi-era forced relocations and the Holocaust.<ref name=":4" /> This linguistic choice has been noted by scholars as significant because Nazi Germany's own population policies escalated progressively.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/19/us/remigrate-dhs-explained|title=DHS issued a call to 'remigrate.' Here's the history of the term often associated with far-right groups|website=CNN|date=19 October 2025}}</ref> Prior to World War II, Nazi leadership promoted Jewish emigration through discriminatory policies; by 1939, these policies had escalated to forced deportation and ghettoization; and eventually to genocide and the Holocaust, resulting in the systematic murder of approximately six million Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-timeline|title=Genocide Timeline|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref> Scholars studying remigration rhetoric have drawn attention to this historical escalation pattern, cautioning that similar incremental escalations have preceded mass atrocities in the twentieth century.<ref name="auto1"/>

In the United States, scholars have linked remigration discourse to white nationalist ideology.<ref name="auto3"/> Analysts note that some proponents frame remigration as a mechanism for preserving or establishing white majority populations in given territories.<ref name="auto3"/> Communication scholars studying the concept have characterised it as "an established part of the linguistic toolbox of white supremacy" in European contexts.<ref name="auto1"/>

Scholars have also examined the strategic use of euphemistic language in remigration discourse.<ref name="auto1"/> The vagueness of the term "remigration" has been identified by researchers as allowing for the introduction of extreme positions into mainstream political discourse whilst obscuring their ideological roots.<ref name="auto1"/> This linguistic strategy has been compared to historical fascist use of euphemisms to obscure the true nature of ethnic and racial policies.<ref name="auto4"/>

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite news | last1 = Albertini | first1 = Dominique | title = La "remigration", nouvelle frontière de l'extrême droite ? | trans-title = The "remigration", new frontier of the far right? | newspaper = Libération | date = February 28, 2017 | url = https://oeilsurlefront.liberation.fr/les-idees/2017/02/28/la-remigration-nouvelle-frontiere-de-l-extreme-droite_1556491 | access-date = July 1, 2019 | archive-date = May 24, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190524085533/https://oeilsurlefront.liberation.fr/les-idees/2017/02/28/la-remigration-nouvelle-frontiere-de-l-extreme-droite_1556491 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Bergmann |first=Eirikur |author-link=Eirikur Bergmann |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381052814 |title=Weaponizing Conspiracy Theories |date=2024-05-01 |isbn=9781003460770 |language=en |chapter=Eurabia}} * {{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Christopher|title=Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role|year=2009|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0313359590|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8Cd5sfApM4C&pg=PA114|access-date=18 April 2018}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Burden |first=Emily Louise |title=The violence of 'Non-violence': A socio-technical study of the ethnocultural politics and strategies of New Right identitarianism. |year=2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Southampton |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/478014/ |language=en}} *{{Cite news|last=Camus|first=Jean-Yves|author-link=Jean-Yves Camus|year=2017|title=D'où vient l'expression "remigration"?|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|work=Le Soleil}} * {{Cite book |last=Ebner |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Ebner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzwoEAAAQBAJ |title=Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists |date=2021-03-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-5266-4209-7 |language=en}} * {{cite news | last1 = Havlicek | first1 = Sasha | last2 = Guerin | first2 = Cécile | title = La "remigration", un concept qui essaime au-delà des identitaires | trans-title = Remigration, a concept that goes beyond identity | newspaper = Libération | date = April 12, 2019 | url=https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/04/12/la-remigration-un-concept-qui-essaime-au-dela-des-identitaires_1720908}} * {{cite journal |last1=Goetz |first1=Judith |author-link=Judith Goetz |title=Our Only Weapons are Good Arguments and Dissemination: The Austrian Identitarians Taken at Their Word |journal=International Journal of Communication |date=2024 |volume=18 |pages=5088–5106 |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/16807/4839}} * {{cite news | last1 = Guhl | first1 = Jakob | title = Debatte Begriffe der neuen Rechten - Neue Wörter, alter Hass | trans-title = Debate terms of the new right - New words, old hate | newspaper = Die Tageszeitung | date = July 1, 2019 | url=https://taz.de/Debatte-Begriffe-der-neuen-Rechten/!5603803/}} * {{cite thesis |last1=Kononova |first1=Anastasiia |title=Populist Far Right and Radical Movements: Analysing the AfD and Generation Identity's Shared Narratives on (Re)migration |date=2024 |publisher=Central European University |location=Vienna, Austria |degree=Master of Art |url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2024/kononova_anastasiia.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|last=Maldonado|first=José Ángel|date=2020|title=Manifestx: toward a rhetoric loaded with future|journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=104–110|doi=10.1080/14791420.2020.1723799|s2cid=216420424|issn=1479-1420}}, [https://usf.academia.edu/JoseAngelMaldonado download from Maldonados home page] * {{Cite book |last=Miller-Idriss |first=Cynthia |author-link=Cynthia Miller-Idriss |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8g-EAAAQBAJ |title=Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right |date=2022-01-11 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23429-8 |language=en}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wilhelmsen |first=Fredrik |date=2021-10-02 |title=Heroic Pasts and Anticipated Futures: A Comparative Analysis of the Conceptions of History of the Nordic Resistance Movement and Generation Identity |journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=277–301 |doi=10.1080/21567689.2021.1968842 |issn=2156-7689|doi-access=free }} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Anti-immigration politics Category:Anti-immigration politics in Europe Category:Anti-immigration politics in North America Category:Anti-immigration politics in Australia Category:Counter-jihad Category:Identitarian movement Category:White genocide conspiracy theory Category:Ethnic cleansing in Europe Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America Category:Ethnic cleansing in Oceania