{{Short description|Literary work to convince somebody of an idea or belief}}
{{Other uses|Tract (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:TractQuakerExtractsShillitoe1820.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Quaker tract of 1820]]
A '''tract''' is a literary work and, in current usage, often religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time; by the early 21st century, the term refers to a brief pamphlet with religious or political themes. Tracts are often either left for someone to find or distributed as a medium of mass communication in the context of proselytism. However, there have been times in history when the term also implied much longer, tome-like works. The derivative ''tractate'' of scripture or the Talmud is the equivalent in Hebrew literature to a ''chapter'' of the Christian Bible.
==History== The distribution of tracts predates the development of the printing press, with the term being applied by scholars to religious and political works at least as early as the 7th century.<ref name="Griffith2008">{{cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=Sidney Harrison |title=The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13015-6 |page=145 |language=en|quote=Prominent among them was what in the context of life in the world of Islam one might call the Christian ''qiblah'', the direction the Christians faced when they prayed, and the Jews, who faced Jerusalem, Christians customarily faced east to pray. This distinctive, Christian behavior came up for discussion in virtually every apologetic tract in Syriac or Arabic written by a Christian in the early Islamic period. In their answers to the queries of the Muslims on the subject, Christian writers never failed to mention that the reason they prayed facing east was due to the fact that the Garden of Eden was planted in the east (Genesis 2:8) and that at the end of time, at the second coming, the Messiah would approach Jerusalem from the east. Consequently, they insisted all Christians face this direction when they pray.}}</ref> They were used to disseminate the teachings of John Wycliffe in the 14th century. As a political tool, they proliferated throughout Europe during the 17th century. They have been printed as persuasive religious material since the invention of Johann Gutenberg's printing press, being widely utilised by Martin Luther during the start of the Protestant Reformation.
[[Image:CIM Gospel Tract.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A Gospel tract printed by the China Inland Mission]]
===Religious tracts=== As religious literature, tracts were used throughout the turbulence of the Reformation and the various upheavals of the 17th century. They came to such prominence again in the Oxford Movement for reform within the Church of England that the movement became known as "Tractarianism", after the publication in the 1830s and 1840s of a series of religious essays collectively called ''Tracts for the Times''.
The ''Tracts'' were written by a group of Anglican clergy including John Henry Newman (later a Catholic cardinal and saint), John Keble, Henry Edward Manning, and Edward Pusey. The theological discourses within sought to establish continuity between the Church of England and the patristic period of church history. These vastly influenced Anglo-Catholicism, and varied in length from four to over 400 pages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/tracts-list.html|title=Modern History Sourcebook: The Tracts for the Times, 1833-1841|work=fordham.edu}}</ref> An important center for the spreading of tracts was the London-based Religious Tract Society.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=traktatsällskap |encyclopedia=Nationalencyklopedin |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/traktats%C3%A4llskap |access-date=22 November 2006 |last=Ribbner |first=Torvald |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711053906/https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/traktats%C3%A4llskap |archive-date=11 July 2021 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ribbner |first=Torvald |title=De svenska traktatsällskapen 1808–1856 |publisher=C.W.K. Gleerup |year=1957 |edition=1st |series=Bibliotheca theologiae practicae 3 |location=Lund |language=sv |trans-title=The Swedish tract societies 1808–1856 |lccn=58018356 |oclc=5023035 |ol=OL6253621M |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Tracts were used both within England, affecting the conversion of pioneer missionary to Qing China, Hudson Taylor,<ref>{{cite book |first=Douglas|last=Wertheimer|title=Philip Henry Gosse: A Biography|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1495001167?oclcNum=1495001167|year=2024|publisher=Brethren Archivists and Historians Network, pp.258-263 provides an overview of the 19th century as "the Tract Century", with Hudson Taylor's conversion story told on p.261|isbn=978-1739128326}}</ref> as well as in the crosscultural missions that movements such as Taylor founded: the China Inland Mission.
Charles Spurgeon wrote many tracts, and in addition to these evangelical writings, his "Penny Sermons" were printed weekly and distributed widely by the millions and used in a similar way, and they still are today. In the United States, the American Tract Society distributed vast quantities of tracts in many of languages to newly arrived immigrants at Ellis Island, and sought to assist them in their struggles to adapt to their new country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 1907 |title=The Gospel in 30 Tongues |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/02/24/101855405.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074129id_/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/02/24/101855405.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[File:Wipermail.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tracts are often left in places with high amounts of human traffic. This tract was left under a vehicle windshield wiper, intended for the motorist.]]
The publishing of tracts for religious purposes has continued unabated, with many Christian tract ministries, in particular, existing today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tractlist.com/index.html|title=World Christian Tract Directory|website=World Christian Tract Directory}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2016">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Kyle B. |title=Evangelical Gotham: Religion and the Making of New York City, 1783-1860 |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38814-4 |page=123 |language=en |quote=Evangelicals paid close attention to developments across the Atlantic. They saw in the efforts of their British cousins the potential the press offered for spreading the gospel through large-scale and inexpensive printing of tracts and Bibles.}}</ref> The American Tract Society has continuously published literature of this type since 1825; around Allhallowtide, around 3 million alone are purchased annually to be distributed by Christians.<ref name="Curry2002">{{cite web |last1=Curry |first1=Erin |title=Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children - Baptist Press |url=https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/halloween-tracts-serve-as-tool-to-spread-gospel-to-children/ |publisher=Baptist Press |access-date=6 August 2020 |language=en |date=2002}}</ref>
{{anchor|JW|Watch Tower|Jehovah's Witnesses|WT}}By the late 19th century, Bible Students associated with ''Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society'' were distributing tens of millions of tracts each year;<ref>"Kingdom Proclaimers Active in All the Earth", ''[https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1994323#h=7 The Watchtower]''{{Cbignore}}, 1 May 1994, page 15, "4 From the 1870’s down to 1914, the Bible Students were relatively few in number. By 1914, only some 5,100 were actively sharing in giving a public witness. But what an extraordinary witness it was! In 1881, just two years after the Watch Tower was first published, they undertook distribution of the 162-page publication Food for Thinking Christians. Within a few months, they put out 1,200,000 copies. In a few years, tens of millions of tracts were being distributed annually in many languages."</ref> by the start of World War I, they had distributed hundreds of millions of tracts in dozens of languages worldwide.<ref>"Witnesses to the Most Distant Part of the Earth", ''[https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101993027#h=64 Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom]''{{Cbignore}}, 1993, page 421, "Before the devastation of the first world war was unleashed, an extensive witness had been given worldwide. Brother Russell had made speaking trips to hundreds of cities in the United States and Canada, had undertaken repeated trips to Europe, had spoken in Panama, Jamaica, and Cuba, as well as in principal cities of the Orient. Tens of thousands of persons had personally heard his stirring Bible discourses and had observed as he publicly answered from the Scriptures questions raised by both friends and foes. Much interest was thus aroused, and thousands of newspapers in America, Europe, South Africa, and Australia regularly published Brother Russell’s sermons. Millions of books, as well as hundreds of millions of tracts and other pieces of literature in 35 languages, had been distributed by the Bible Students."</ref> Now named Watchtower and Bible Tract Society, the organisation continues to publish hundreds of millions of religious tracts in over 400 languages, which are distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses.<ref>"Presenting the Good News—With Tracts and Handbills", ''[https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/201991009#h=2 Our Kingdom Ministry]''{{Cbignore}}, January 1991, page 8, "1 Are you using tracts and handbills in your ministry? Many are. In Brooklyn alone, over 122 million Peaceful New World tracts have been printed, as well as about 250 million copies of three other tracts, Why You Can Trust the Bible, What Do Jehovah’s Witnesses Believe? and What Hope for Dead Loved Ones? Over 12 million handbills are also mailed to congregations in the United States each year."</ref><ref>"“The Silver Is Mine, and the Gold Is Mine”", ''[https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007804#h=11 The Watchtower]''{{Cbignore}}, 1 November 2007, page 18, "For decades the publications of Jehovah’s Witnesses have been among the most widely translated in the world. Tracts, brochures, magazines, and books have been translated into 437 languages. Translation, of course, like the other activities involved in preaching the good news, requires considerable resources. Just what does the translation process entail?"</ref>
As evangelistic tools, tracts became prominent in the Jesus movement. One of the most widely distributed, and one that continues to be handed out en masse, is "The Four Spiritual Laws" authored by Bill Bright of Campus Crusade for Christ and first published in 1965. "This Was Your Life" was the first of many tracts written and illustrated by Jack Chick, whose later "Chick tracts" followed the pattern of vivid cartoon images.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Last Days Ministries reprinted articles in its ''Last Days Newsletter'' by Keith Green and other contemporary and historic writers including David Wilkerson, Leonard Ravenhill, Winkie Pratney, Charles Finney, John Wesley, and William Booth. More recently, Living Waters Publications prints tracts such as "The Atheist Test" or "Are You Good Enough to Go to Heaven?", as well as tracts which feature attention-grabbing illusions or gags. These include the "Million Dollar Bill", which caused a legal controversy in June 2006. Most Christian tract ministries operate as non-profit "faith" organizations, to the degree some do not charge fees for their tracts. One of the most productive is Fellowship Tract League, which has printed over 4 billion Gospel tracts since 1978, available in over 70 languages and distributed in over 200 countries and territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fellowshiptractleague.org/about.htm |title=About the Fellowship Tract League |access-date=2009-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201004133/http://www.fellowshiptractleague.org/about.htm |archive-date=2008-12-01 }}</ref>
Since the 2010s, Saint Paul Street Evangelization, a Catholic apostolate focused on evangelism, has been publishing tracts for distribution especially while engaged in street ministry.<ref name="Dawson2016">{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Steve |title=Catholic Street Evangelization: Stories of Conversion and Witness |date=2016 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-58617-988-5 |page=64 |language=en}}</ref>
Tracts are also widely used in Methodist tradition, being published by apostolates such as the Pilgrim Tract Society.<ref name="Jones2005">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Charles Edwin |title=The Wesleyan Holiness Movement: A Comprehensive Guide |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5433-8 |language=en}}</ref>
"Tracting" is a colloquialism commonly used by missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in reference to their door-to-door proselytising whether or not actual tracts are dispensed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stapley |first1=J |title=Mormon Etymology: Tracting |url=https://bycommonconsent.com/2010/08/30/mormon-etymology-tracting/ |website=By Common Consent |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>
===Political tracts=== {{main|Pamphlet}} Brochure-like tracts, also known as pamphlets, advocating political positions have also been used throughout history as well. They were used throughout Europe in the 17th century, with those in 18th century featuring prominently in the political unrest leading to the American Revolution, and in an English response to the French Revolution, a "pamphlet war" known as the Revolution Controversy. A well-known example of a far-reaching tract from this era is ''Common Sense'' by Thomas Paine.
Tracts were used for political purposes throughout the 20th century. They were used to spread Nazi propaganda in Central Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. According to the aforementioned Jack Chick, his impetus to design cartoon-based religious tracts was inspired by similar literature used by Chinese Communists to wide success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chick.com/information/authors/chick.asp|title=Biography of Jack Chick|work=chick.com}}</ref> In the months before the John F. Kennedy assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald handed out pamphlets promoting Fidel Castro and Communist Cuba on the streets of New Orleans, Louisiana.
==See also== thumb|right|150px|Page from a tract by Thomas Shillitoe {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| * Chick tract * Marprelate Controversy * Minor tractate * Miss Clack * Nezikin * Pamphlet * Tractarian movement * Tractate * Tractatus }}
==References== {{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tract (Literature)}} Category:Activism by type Category:Books by type Category:Documents Category:Ephemera Category:Religious literature Category:Tracts (literature)