{{Short description|Red raspberry}} {{Speciesbox | image = Fertődi_kármin_málna.JPG | image_caption = | genus = Rubus | parent = Rubus subg. Idaeobatus | species = idaeus | authority = L. 1753 not Blanco 1837 nor Vell. 1829 nor Pursh 1814 nor Thunb. 1784 | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=rjp-310 |taxon=Rubus idaeus |authority=L.}}</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>Synonymy</small> |''Batidaea idea'' <small>(L.) Nieuwl.</small> |''Batidaea vulgaris'' <small>Nieuwl.</small> |''Batidea peramoena'' <small>Greene</small> |''Rubus acanthocladus'' <small>Borb</small> |''Rubus buschii'' <small>(Rozanova) Grossh.</small> |''Rubus chrysocarpus'' <small>Čelak. ex Gyer</small> |''Rubus euroasiaticus'' <small>Sinkova</small> |''Rubus fragrans'' <small>Salisb.</small> |''Rubus frambaesianus'' <small>Lam.</small> |''Rubus glaber'' <small>Mill. ex Simonk.</small> |''Rubus greeneanus'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small> |''Rubus leesii'' <small>Bab.</small> |''Rubus obtusifolius'' <small>Willd. </small> |''Rubus sericeus'' <small>Gilib.</small> |''Rubus vulgatus'' <small>Rozanova</small> |''Rubus komarovii'' <small>Nakai</small> |''Rubus melanolasius'' <small>(Dieck ex Focke) Kom.</small> |''Rubus sachalinensis'' <small>H.Lév.</small> |''Rubus sibiricus'' <small>(Kom.) Sinkova</small> |''Rubus nipponicus'' <small>(Focke) Koidz.</small> |''Batidea acalyphacea'' <small>Greene </small> |''Batidea arizonica'' <small>Greene</small> |''Rubus carolinianus'' <small>Rydb.</small> |''Rubus melanolasius'' <small>Dieck</small> |''Rubus neglectus'' <small>Peck</small> |''Rubus strigosus'' <small>Michx.</small> |''Batidea viburnifolia'' <small>Greene</small> }}}}
'''''Rubus idaeus''''' ('''raspberry''', also called '''red raspberry''' or occasionally '''European red raspberry''' to distinguish it from other raspberry species) is a red-fruited species of ''Rubus'' native to Eurasia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions.
==Description== Plants of ''Rubus idaeus'' are generally perennials, which bear biennial stems ("canes") from a perennial root system. In its first year, a new, unbranched stem ("primocane") grows vigorously to its full height of {{Convert|1.5–2.5|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}}, bearing large pinnately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets, but usually no flowers. In its second year (as a "floricane"), a stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets.
The flowers are produced in late spring on short racemes on the tips of these side shoots, each flower about {{Convert|1|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} in diameter with five white petals. The fruit is red, edible, and sweet but tart-flavoured, produced in summer or early autumn; it is technically not a berry, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets around a central core. In raspberries (various species of ''Rubus'' subgenus ''Idaeobatus''), the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in blackberries and most other species of ''Rubus,'' the drupelets stay attached to the core.<ref name="fnwe">{{cite web |website=Flora of NW Europe |url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |title=''Rubus idaeus''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206162141/https://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |archive-date=6 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="foc">{{eFloras|2|200011446|Rubus idaeus |family=Rosaceae |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi<!-- surname given first? --> |first2=David E. |last2=Boufford}}</ref><ref name="blamey">{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |last2=Grey-Wilson |first2=C. |date=1989 |title=Flora of Britain and Northern Europe |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=0-340-40170-2}}.</ref><ref name="rhs">{{cite book |editor-last=Huxley |editor-first=A. |date=1992 |title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>
Its fruit persists for an average of 12 days, and bears an average of 35.2 seeds per fruit. Wild fruits average 76.3% water, and their dry weight includes 39.6% carbohydrates and 2.2% lipids.{{sfn|Ehrlén|Eriksson|1991}}
=== Chemistry === Vitamin C and phenolics are present in red raspberries. Most notably, the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2(G)-glucosylrutinoside) and cyanidin-3-glucoside, the two ellagitannins sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C are present together with trace levels of flavonols, ellagic acid and hydroxycinnamate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mullen |first1=W. |last2=Stewart |first2=A. J. |last3=Lean |first3=M. E. |last4=Gardner |first4=P. |last5=Duthie |first5=G. G. |last6=Crozier |first6=A. |title=Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=18 |pages=5197–5201 |year=2002 |pmid=12188629 |doi=10.1021/jf020141f |bibcode=2002JAFC...50.5197M }}</ref>
Polyphenolic compounds from raspberry seeds have antioxidant effects in vitro,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godevac |first1=D |last2=Tesević |first2=V |last3=Vajs |first3=V |last4=Milosavljević |first4=S |last5=Stanković |first5=M |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant properties of raspberry seed extracts on micronucleus distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=2853–2859 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.006|pmid=19748543 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aiyer |first1=HS |last2=Kichambare |first2=S |last3=Gupta |first3=RC |year=2008 |title=Prevention of oxidative DNA damage by bioactive berry components |journal=Nutr Cancer |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=36–42 |doi=10.1080/01635580802398448 |pmid=19003579 |s2cid=205494444 }}</ref> but have no proven antioxidant effect in humans.<ref name="Gross">{{cite web |url=http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2009-03/view_features/new-roles-for-polyphenols/ |title=New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science |last1=Gross |first1=P |year=2009 |work=Nutraceuticals World |publisher=Rodman Media |access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> Raspberry ketones are derived from various fruits and plants, not raspberries, and are marketed as having weight loss benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fic.osu.edu/members/spotlight/the-sweet-taste-of-weight-loss.html/|publisher=Ohio State University Food Innovation Center|access-date=3 Sep 2014|title=The Sweet Taste of Weight Loss|date=2014}}</ref> There is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1262-RASPBERRY%20KETONE.aspx?activeIngredientId=1262 |title=Raspberry Ketone |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
=== Similar species === A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the variety ''Rubus idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'', is more commonly treated as a distinct species, ''Rubus strigosus'' (American red raspberry), as is done here.<ref name="grin2">{{GRIN | ''Rubus idaeus'' var. ''strigosus'' | 32351 | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> Red-fruited cultivated raspberries, even in North America, are generally ''Rubus idaeus'' or horticultural derivatives of hybrids of ''R. idaeus'' and ''R. strigosus;'' these plants are all addressed in the present article.
== Etymology == The species name, ''idaeus'', refers to its occurrence on Mount Ida near Troy in what is now northwest Turkey, where the ancient Greeks were most familiar with it.<ref name="rhs" />
== Distribution and habitat == The species is native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions.<ref name="fe">{{cite web |website=Flora Europaea |url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?GENUS_XREF=Rubus+&SPECIES_XREF=idaeus |title=''Rubus idaeus''}}</ref><ref name="grin">{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref>
As a wild plant, ''R. idaeus'' typically grows in forests, forming open stands under a tree canopy, and denser stands in clearings. In the south of its range (southern Europe and central Asia), it occurs only at high altitudes in mountains.<ref name="blamey" />
==Uses== ''R. idaeus'' is grown primarily for its fruits, but occasionally for its leaves, roots, or other parts.
===Fruits=== {{Main|Raspberry}} The fruit of ''R. idaeus'' is an important food crop, though most modern commercial raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between ''R. idaeus'' and ''R. strigosus''.<ref name=rhs/> The fruits of wild plants have a sweet taste and are very aromatic.
===Leaves and other parts=== {{Main|Red raspberry leaf}}
Young roots of ''R. idaeus'' prevented kidney stone formation in a mouse model of hyperoxaluria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghalayini |first1=IF |last2=Al-Ghazo |first2=MA |last3=Harfeil |first3=MN |year=2011 |title=Prophylaxis and therapeutic effects of raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') on renal stone formation in Balb/c mice |journal=Int Braz J Urol |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1590/S1677-55382011000200013 |pmid=21557843 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [http://www.rdchemicals.com/chemicals.php?mode=details&mol_id=8291 Tiliroside] from raspberry is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor and might be used as a skin-whitening agent and pigmentation medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=YH |last2=Chen |first2=J |last3=Wei |first3=DZ |last4=Wang |first4=ZT |last5=Tao |first5=XY |year=2009 |title=Tyrosinase inhibitory effect and inhibitory mechanism of tiliroside from raspberry |journal=J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1154–1160 |doi=10.1080/14756360802694252|pmid=19772488 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery> Activity on a leaf on a red raspberry bush.jpg|A red raspberry plant in a nursery in Cranford, New Jersey (MHNT) Rubus idaeus - Feuillage.jpg|Foliage Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg|Raspberries Raspberry - halved (Rubus idaeus).jpg|Halved raspberry Frambuesas-cuajada-miel-brea.JPG|Raspberry dessert with cream cheese and honey </gallery>
==See also== * Chambord (liqueur) – raspberry-based liqueur * List of culinary fruits
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite journal |date=1991 |first1=Johan |last1=Ehrlén |first2=Ove |last2=Eriksson |title=Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants |pages=463–470 |doi=10.1007/BF00318311 |journal=Oecologia |issn=0029-8549 |volume=86 |issue=4|pmid=28313326 |bibcode=1991Oecol..86..463E }}
==External links== {{cookbook|Raspberry}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Rubus idaeus}} * {{Commons-inline|Rubus idaeus}} * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Raspberry |volume=22 |short=x}} * {{Calflora|Rubus idaeus}} * {{CalPhotos|Rubus|idaeus}} * {{PFAF|Rubus idaeus}} * {{PFAF|Rubus sachalinensis}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q12252383}} {{Authority control}}
idaeus Category:Berries Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of temperate Asia Category:Fruits originating in Europe Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Subshrubs Category:Plants with edible fruit