Raggare

{{Short description|Car-centered subculture beginning in the 1950s in Sweden and Northern Europe}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} right|thumb|Two stereotypical raggare at the Power Big Meet 2005 thumb|A lot of raggare on the roof of a 1960s car during Power Big Meet in 2005

'''Raggare''' is a subculture found mostly in Sweden and parts of Norway<ref>''The Police Journal'', v. 38 1965, page 58</ref><ref name=oa>[http://www.oa.no/bil__trafikk/article660255.ece OA: Råning og ragging på utstilling]</ref>, where they are known as Råner, in Finland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historiaa |url=https://www.stadin-raggarit.com/index2.htm |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Stadin Raggarit |language=fi}}</ref> and to a lesser extent in Denmark, Germany, and Austria.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} Raggare are related to the American greaser and rockabilly subcultures and are known for their love of hot rod cars and 1950s American pop culture. Loosely translated into English, the term is roughly equivalent to the American "greaser", English "rocker", and Australian "Bodgie" and "Widgie" culture; all share a common passion for mid-20th-century American cars, rockabilly-based music and related fashion (blue-collar in origin, consisting of the likes of white T-shirts, loose fitting denim trousers with rolled cuffs, and canvas top sneakers such as Keds or Converse Chucks, or low-topped boots of an industrial nature).{{original research inline|date=November 2017}}

Originating in the late 1950s youth counterculture, the raggare movement today is primarily associated with middle-aged men who take pleasure in gathering and displaying their vintage American cars. The subculture maintains its rural and small-town roots, as well as its blue-collar and down-to-earth vibe. While the original phenomenon once incited moral panic, contemporary raggare subculture is more likely to elicit amusement or mild disapproval from mainstream society.

== Description== ===Influences=== The Raggare subculture's influences are American popular culture of the 1950s, such as the movies ''Rebel Without a Cause'' with James Dean, and ''American Graffiti''.<ref name=oa/>

===Cars=== [[File:Cruising Sveavägen August 2025 01.jpg|thumb|Cruising on Sveavägen in Stockholm.]] Cars are an important part of the subculture, especially V8-powered cars and other large cars from the United States.<ref name=auto189>''Automobilities'' by Mike Featherstone, Nigel. Thrift, John Urry. p. 189</ref> Statistically, the most common raggare car ({{langx|sv|raggarbil}}) is the 1960s Pontiac Bonneville.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} They are plentiful, classic, relatively cheap, and have a huge backseat so the Raggare can pile in all of their friends. Raggare have been described as closely related to the hot rod culture, but while hotrodders in the US have to do extensive modifications to their cars to stand out, raggare can use stock US cars and still stand out compared to the more sober Swedish cars.<ref name=auto189/> Some raggare also drive European cars from the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s.

According to an estimate by one Swedish car restorer, there are more restored 1950s American cars in Sweden than in the entire United States<ref name=todaygreasers>[https://www.smh.com.au/world/swedens-car-kings-greasers-cruising-in-vintage-us-wheels-20070713-nl2.html Sweden's car kings: 'greasers' cruising in vintage US wheels]</ref> and although only two 1958 Cadillac convertibles were sold in Sweden there are now 200 of them in Sweden.<ref name=todaygreasers/> Between 4000 and 5000 classic US cars were at one point imported to Sweden each year.<ref name=todaygreasers/>

The latest generation of raggare, the so-called pilsnerraggare such as the club Mattsvart who was the subject of the 2019 documentary "Raggarjävlar" ("Greaser scum")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv4.se/klipp/va/11971544/raggarjavlar-inviger-dokumentarfilmfestival|title = "Raggarjävlar" inviger dokumentärfilmfestival}}</ref> do not show much interest in restoring vintage cars, instead opting for driving around in trashed old US cars, drinking alcohol and playing loud music, not necessarily the rockabilly and classic rock traditionally preferred by raggare. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwt.se/2019/09/06/vi-gor-det-vi-alskar-men-det-sticker-i-folks-ogon/|title = "Vi gör det vi älskar men det sticker i folks ögon"|date = 6 September 2019}}</ref> Many of them often instead drive old rear-wheel drive domestic Volvo models, such as 240 or 740. Teenage raggare usually start out driving cars legally classified as "EPA-tractors", which by regulations have their maximum speed limited to 30 km/h. Driving age in Sweden is 18, but EPA-tractors can be legally driven by 15-17-year olds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-traktor - Transportstyrelsen |url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Fordon/Fordonsregler/a-traktor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913191122/https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Fordon/Fordonsregler/a-traktor/ |archive-date=2020-09-13 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.transportstyrelsen.se |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hugo |date=2024-10-09 |title=Epa raggare – En svensk subkultur fylld med frihet och gemenskap |url=https://www.newst.se/epa-raggare/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

===Fashion=== The clothes and hairstyle are that of 1950s rockabilly. Blue jeans, cowboy boots, white T-shirts, sometimes with print (also used to store a pack of cigarettes by folding the sleeve), leather<ref>''Crime and Its Correction: An International Survey of Attitudes and Practices'' by John Phillips Conrad, p. 126</ref> or denim jacket. The hair is styled using Brylcreem or some other pomade.

===Symbols=== The display of the battle flag of the Confederate States is popular in the subculture, as followers view it as a symbol of rebellion and American culture. They do not view it as a symbol of slavery or racism.<ref>[http://jalopnik.com/your-guide-to-europes-weirdest-car-culture-raggare-512086377 Jalopnik: Your Guide To Europe's Weirdest Car Culture: Raggare]</ref>

== History == Formation of the raggare culture was aided by Sweden staying neutral during World War II and untouched by the war. As a result, Sweden's infrastructure remained intact and export economy boomed, which made it possible for the working-class Swedish youth to buy cars, in contrast to most of Europe, which needed to be rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/raggare-love-hot-rods-and-rock-n-roll-000926-v20n2/|title = Raggare Love Hot Rods and Rock 'n' Roll | date=21 February 2013 }}</ref>

When raggare first appeared in the 1950s, they caused a moral panic with concerns about the use of alcohol, violence, high-speed driving, and having sex in the back seat. Raggare gangs were seen as a serious problem.<ref>''Statistics on Delinquents and Delinquency'' by Walter Albin Lunden, p. 134</ref> The film ''Raggare!'' covered the issue in 1959.

One especially infamous raggare gang was Stockholm-based "Road Devils", formed in the late 1950s by Bosse "Gamen" Sandberg (1939-1994), which was very heavily publicized in the press. The name of the gang originated from a 1957 movie Hot Rod Rumble, which featured a gang by the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raggare Love Hot Rods and Rock 'n' Roll|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/raggare-love-hot-rods-and-rock-n-roll-000926-v20n2/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Vice.com|date=21 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Berglind|first=Sten|title=Raggare : rebellerna som skakade Sverige|publisher=Bokförlaget Max Ström|year=2005|isbn=9171260080|language=Swedish}}</ref>

Later, raggare often got into fights with hippies and punks,<ref>[http://arbetaren.se/artiklar/raggaren-lever-an/ Arbetaren: Raggaren lever än]</ref><ref>''England's dreaming: les Sex Pistols et le punk'' by Jon Savage, Denys Ridrimont, p. 435</ref><ref>Aftonbladet: Raggare rövade bort punkare [http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare-punkare/raggare_rovade_bort_punkare.html]</ref><ref>Dala Demokraten: Förföljelserna mot oss hårdnar [http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare-punkare/sjunger_ut_malung.html]</ref><ref>Vermlands Folkblad: Vi törs inte gå ut på kvällarna [http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare-punkare/tors_inte_go_ut.html]</ref> something described in the punk rock song "Raggare Is a Bunch of Motherfuckers" by Rude Kids<ref name=guardian>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/01/raggare-swedish-rocknroll-cult The Guardian: Raggare: the Swedish rock'n'roll cult comes of age]</ref> (and later re-recorded by Turbonegro). When The Sex Pistols played in Sweden on 28 July 1977, a group of raggare waited outside and cornered some young girls who came out from the show. The girls had safety pins through their cheeks, and the raggare ripped them out of their faces. The band was upstairs drinking beer when they heard about it. Sid Vicious wanted to go down and fight, and someone else suggested they should get the limousine and run them over. In the end, the gig promoter called the police.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} The Hjo band Reklamation was forced to cancel a gig after threats from raggare.<ref>[http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare-punkare/reklamation_hotade.html SLA: Unga musiker i Hjo hotade med stryk, 3 mars 1979]</ref> Also, Rude Kids was forced to cancel a sold-out gig as the police didn't have the manpower to offer protection against raggare. When Rude Kids played in Stockholm the police had to bring in seven police cars to stop the raggare.<ref>Aftonbladet: Raggare stoppar punkband [http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare-punkare/rudekids_hotade.html]</ref> When The Stranglers played in Sweden, their followers were caught making Molotov cocktails, and the police intervened after a fight broke out.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gt.expressen.se/nyheter/1.1427571/tvingades-fly-fran-raggarna |title=GT: Tvingades fly från raggarna |access-date=13 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103204/http://gt.expressen.se/nyheter/1.1427571/tvingades-fly-fran-raggarna |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1996, the Swedish post office issued a stamp featuring raggare.<ref>''Consumption: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences'' by Daniel Miller, p. 155</ref>

== Public image == [[File:60's car with flames and raggare on the roof at Power Big Meet 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Raggare with customised Opel Rekord P2, a popular choice due to its resemblance to the Cadillacs of the late 50s]]

Because of their mostly rural roots, retro-aesthetics and attitude towards sex, raggare are often depicted as poorly educated and financially unsuccessful. A famous example is the 1990s TV series, "Ronny and Ragge", a pair of stereotypical raggare who cruise around in a beat-up Ford Taunus. There are several periodic gatherings for raggare around Sweden. The Power Big Meet is the most famous, and is also one of the biggest American car meets in the world.

== In the media and other popular culture == *In 1975, then glam rocker Magnus Uggla made the song "Raggarna", which was a tribute to the culture. When performing live in late 1970s and early 1980s, raggare threw rocks and tried to thrash the arenas in which Uggla performed, accusing him of being a punk rocker due to his success with the more punk-oriented albums he released in the late 1970s. *Eddie Meduza have performed songs like "Punkjävlar" ("Punk Bastards"), or "Ragga runt," a tribute to the Raggare subculture. *Rude Kids made a song about raggare (later re-recorded by Turbonegro) called "Raggare Is a Bunch of Motherfuckers", as an answer to "punkjävlar" by Eddie Meduza. The large number of punk songs about raggare shows the conflict between the two subcultures. *The 1959 film ''Raggare!'' was about raggare and the moral panic of the time. *The TV series ''Ronny and Ragge'' is about two raggare who cruise around in a beat-up 1976 - 1994 Ford Taunus. *Onkel Kånkel made a song about raggare behaviour during cruising called "Åka femtitalsbil" (later covered by Charta 77). * The early Swedish punk band P.F. Commando has issued a song called "Raggare" on their 1978 ''Svenne Pop'' 7-inch EP<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kbdrecords.com/2006/10/26/pf-commando-svenne-pop-ep-7/|title = P.F. Commando – Svenne Pop E.P. 7 |work=Killed by Death Records}}</ref> * Raggargänget (1962) with Ernst-Hugo Järegård and Sigge Fürst * Massproduktion published a compilation album titled ''Vägra Raggarna Bensin – Punk Från Provinserna''. * On 1 May 1979 about 100 punks formed their own parade down Kungsgatan under the slogan "''Vägra raggarna bensin''{{-"}} ("Refuse the raggare gasoline").<ref>[http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/ner_med_hela_skiten.htm Vecko Revyn, Nr 30, 25 July 1979]</ref> * Nadja's brothers "Roffe", "Ragge" and Reinhold, Bert * ''Tjenare Kungen'' (2005) * In ''Welcome to Sweden'', Bengt is a raggare, and delighted to meet his niece's American boyfriend because of it. * ''Raggarjävlar'' (2019) is a documentary about the new generation of raggare in the club Mattsvart from Köping<ref>https://tempofestival.se/program/raggarjavlar/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> * In the 2025 novel ''Punished'' by the Swedish-Sámi author, ''Ann-Helén Laestadius'', Jon-Ante grows up to be a raggare in the Kiruna area during the 1980s, going by the name Jonne to hide his heritage.

== See also == * Car subcultures like Kustom Kulture, and more generally the Import scene * Biker subcultures like the rockers in the UK the Bōsōzoku in Japan, and Chicanos in the US * Stereotypes like the Harry in Norway, Gopniks in eastern Europe and rednecks in the US * Youth cultures, like Nozem in the Netherlands, and Teddy Boys in the UK * Americanization relating to the assimilation of American and Canadian cultures into a pan-European soil. * Politically inspired subcultures, like Neo-Confederates, Nazi chic, and Skinheads

== References == {{reflist}}

== External links == {{commons category|Raggare}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020328190430/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/conference/papers/holmqabs.html Cultural Imperialism or Hyper-Americanization – Swedish raggare and Chicano Lowriders] – article by Scott Holmquist * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100428083854/http://www.babelgum.com/4007838/vice-versus-raggare.html Raggare video guide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050921105625/http://home.swipnet.se/~w-78315/movie.htm Raggare – @The Movie] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711022629/http://frankaschberg.com/sets/raggare/ Photos from Power Big Meet] by Frank Aschberg * [http://www.stadin-raggarit.com/ Stadin Raggarit – Finnish Raggare site] Over 6000 pictures and many articles (in Finnish), etc. * [http://www.punktjafs.com/ny/raggare_fakta.html Punktjafs: Raggare] – music and period articles about punks and raggare

{{Kustom kulture}}

Category:Culture of Sweden Category:Swedish youth culture Category:Transport culture Category:Musical subcultures Category:Working class in Europe Category:1950s cars Category:Counterculture Category:Counterculture of the 1950s Category:Counterculture of the 1960s Category:Counterculture of the 1970s