Puppetoons

{{Short description|1930s–1940s animated puppet film series}} {{italic title}} '''''Puppetoons''''' is a series of animated puppet films made in Europe (1930s) and in the United States (1940s) by George Pal. They were made using replacement animation: using a series of different hand-carved wooden puppets (or puppet heads or limbs) for each frame in which the puppet moves or changes expression, rather than moving a single puppet, as is the case with most stop motion puppet animation. They were particularly made from 1932 to 1948, in both Europe and the US. {{TOC limit|3}}

==History== The ''Puppetoons'' series of animated puppet films were made in Europe in the 1930s and in the United States in the 1940s. The series began when George Pal made an advertising film using "dancing" cigarettes in 1932, which led to a series of theatrical advertising shorts for Philips Radio in the Netherlands. This was followed by a series for Horlicks Malted Milk in England. These shorts have an art deco design, often reducing characters to simple geometric shapes.

Pal arrived in the U.S. in 1940, and produced more than 40 ''Puppetoons'' films for Paramount Pictures between 1941 and 1947.<ref name="EAC">{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |accessdate=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/84/mode/2up |pages=85–86}}</ref>

Seven ''Puppetoons'' films received Academy Award nominations, including ''Rhythm in the Ranks'' (for the year 1941), ''Tulips Shall Grow'' (1942), ''The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins'' (1943), ''And To Think I Saw it On Mulberry Street'' (1944), ''Jasper and the Beanstalk'' (1945), ''John Henry and the Inky-Poo'' (1946) and ''Tubby the Tuba'' (1947).<ref>AMPAS Animated Short Film Oscar archives</ref>

The series ended due to rising production costs which had increased from US$18,000 per short in 1939 ({{Inflation|US-GDP|18000|1939|fmt=eq}}) to almost US$50,000 following World War II ({{Inflation|US-GDP|50000|1946|fmt=eq}}).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Paramount Pictures—Pal's distributor—objected to the cost. Per their suggestion, Pal went to produce sequences for feature films.<ref name="Cohen">{{harvp|Cohen|2004|p=58}}</ref> In 1956, the Puppetoons as well as most of Paramount's shorts, were sold to television distributor U.M. & M. TV Corporation. National Telefilm Associates bought out U.M. & M. and continued to syndicate them in the 1950s and 1960s as "Madcap Models".

Pal also used the Puppetoon name and the general Puppetoon technique for miniature puppet characters in some of his live-action feature films, including ''The Great Rupert'' (1949), ''Tom Thumb'' (1958), and ''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'' (1963). In these films, the individual wooden figures were billed as The Puppetoons.

==Technique== Puppetoon films used replacement animation with puppets. Using a series of different hand-carved wooden puppets (or puppet heads or limbs) for each frame in which the puppet moves or changes expression, rather than moving a single puppet. A typical Puppetoon required 9,000 individually carved and machined wooden figures or parts. Puppetoon animation is a type of replacement animation, which is itself a type of stop-motion animation. The puppets are rigid and static pieces; each is typically used in a single frame and then switched with a separate, near-duplicate puppet for the next frame. Thus puppetoon animation requires many separate figures. It is thus more analogous in a certain sense to cel animation than is traditional stop-motion: the characters are created from scratch for each frame (though in cel animation the creation process is simpler since the characters are drawn and painted, not sculpted).

==Jasper== Some controversy exists in modern times, as the black character, Jasper, star of several ''Puppetoons'' in the 1940s is considered a stereotype today. The Jasper series of shorts relied on a small, consistent cast. The titular character was a playful pickaninny, his mother a protective mammy, a Scarecrow who acted as a black scam artist, and the Blackbird serving as his fast-talking partner-in-crime.<ref name="Cripps">{{harvp|Cripps|1993|p=230}}</ref> He was initially voiced by child actor Glenn Leedy before he was replaced by Sara Berner after the former went through puberty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The George Pal Puppetoons and Jasper – Part 4 {{!}} |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/the-george-pal-puppetoons-and-jasper-part-4/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=cartoonresearch.com}}</ref> Pal described Jasper as the Huckleberry Finn of American folklore.<ref name="Cohen" />

Already in 1946, an article of the ''Hollywood Quarterly'' protested that the Jasper shorts presented a "razor-totin', ghost-haunted, chicken-stealin' concept of the American Negro".<ref name="Cohen" /> A 1947 article in ''Ebony'' pointed out that George Pal was a European and not raised on racial prejudice: "To him there is nothing abusive about a Negro boy who likes to eat watermelons or gets scared when he goes past a haunted house". The article, though, pointed that this depiction touched on the stereotypes of Negroes being childish, eating nothing but molasses and watermelons, and being afraid of their own shadows.<ref name="Cohen"/>

Jasper's full name is Jasper Jefferson Lincoln Washington Hawkins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jasper and the Puppetoons - Part 3|url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/jasper-and-the-puppetoons-part-3/|author=Christopher P. Lehman|website=CR|date=December 1, 2018|access-date=January 25, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305162829/https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/jasper-and-the-puppetoons-part-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At one point, Jasper's popularity was on par with Mickey Mouse's and Donald Duck's.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Vidette-Messenger of Porter County |title=Hollywood Film Shop |publisher=United Press |date=13 April 1944 |location=Valparaiso |page=4|url=https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/333163964/?terms=%22jasper%22%20%22mickey%20mouse%22%20%22donald%20duck%22&match=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230755/https://www.newspapers.com/image/333163964/?image=333163964&words=&terms=%22jasper%22+%22mickey+mouse%22+%22donald+duck%22&match=1 |archive-date=2021-08-18}} (login needed)</ref>

==Legacy and preservation== In 1987, film producer-director-archivist Arnold Leibovit, a friend of George Pal, collected several ''Puppetoons'' and released them theatrically and to video as ''The Puppetoon Movie'', reintroducing them to contemporary audiences. A feature-length documentary on the life and films of George Pal followed, ''The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal''. In 2020 and 2023, ''The Puppetoon Movie Volume 2'' and ''The Puppetoon Movie Volume 3'' was released on Blu-ray and DVD, featuring 17 shorts and over 30 shorts on the latter not included on ''The Puppetoon Movie'' original film release. ''The Puppetoon Movie Volume 3'' is a Rondo Award Winner for Best Blu-ray Collection of 2024.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 30, 2024|title='Here are the Winners of the 22nd Annual Rondo Awards |url=https://rondoaward.com/rondoaward.com/blog|website=Rondo Awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=December 1, 2020|title='The Puppetoon Movie Volume 2' Now Available on Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack |url=https://www.awn.com/news/puppetoon-movie-volume-2-now-available-blu-raydvd-combo-pack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117121207/https://www.awn.com/news/puppetoon-movie-volume-2-now-available-blu-raydvd-combo-pack|archive-date=January 17, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021|website=AWN}}</ref>

The Academy Film Archive preserved several of the ''Puppetoons'' in 2009, including ''Jasper and the Beanstalk'', ''John Henry and the Inky Poo'', and ''Rhythm In the Ranks''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=George+Pal&category=All&collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive|access-date=2016-08-04|archive-date=2016-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813135524/http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=George+Pal&category=All&collection=All|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography== ===European shorts=== ====1932==== {{Episode table |background = #000000 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |RTitle = ''Midnight'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1932}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Animation Resources: George Pal|url=https://animationresources.org/biography-george-pal-2/}}</ref> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000000 }} }}

====1934==== {{Episode table |background = #5499FF |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |RTitle = ''Philips Cavalcade ({{aka}} Cavalcade of Music)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1934|02|02}}<ref name="IMDBGP">{{cite web|title=IMDB: George Pal|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0657162/}}</ref> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #575959 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |RTitle = ''The Ship of the Ether'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1934|03|06}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #5499FF }} }}

====1935==== {{Episode table |background = #970000 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |RTitle = ''The Magic Atlas'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1935|02|02}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #970000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |RTitle = ''The Sleeping Beauty'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1935|05|31}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #575959 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 6 |RTitle = ''Ali Baba and The Forty Thieves'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #970000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 7 |RTitle = ''In Lamp Light Land ({{aka}} In Lamplightland)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1935|11|22}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #970000 }}

}}

====1936==== {{Episode table |background = #1034A6 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 8 |RTitle = ''On Parade!'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1936|01|01}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #1034A6 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 9 |RTitle = ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1936|02|02}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #575959 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 10 |RTitle = ''Ether Symphony'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1936|06|17}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #1034A6 }} }}

====1937==== {{Episode table |background = #32CD32 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 11 |RTitle = ''What Ho, She Bumps ({{aka}} Captain Kidding)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1937|3|11}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #32CD32 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 12 |RTitle = ''The Reddingsbrigade ({{aka}} Rescue Brigade)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1937|07|10}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #32CD32 }} }}

====1938==== {{Episode table |background = #FBCEB1 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 13 |RTitle = ''The Ballet of Red Radio Valves'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1938|04|15}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FBCEB1 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 14 |RTitle = ''How An Advertising Poster Came About ({{aka}} Hoe Een Reclame-Affiche Ontstond)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1938|04|22}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FBCEB1 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 15 |RTitle = ''South Sea Sweethearts'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1938|06|22}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FBCEB1 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 16 |RTitle = ''Sky Pirates'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1938|06|24}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FBCEB1 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 17 |RTitle = ''Philips Broadcast of 1938 ({{aka}} De Groote Philips Revue)'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1938|11|13}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #32CD32 }} }}

====1939==== {{Episode table |background = #575959 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 18 |RTitle = ''Love on the Range'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1939}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FBCEB1 }} }}

===American shorts=== ====1941==== {{Episode table |background = #0E6161 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 19 |RTitle = ''Western Daze'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1941|01|07}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FCA02F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 20 |RTitle = ''Dipsy Gypsy'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1941|04|04}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FCA02F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 21 |RTitle = ''Hoola Boola'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1941|06|27}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 22 |RTitle = ''The Gay Knighties'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1941|08|22}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 23 |RTitle = ''Rhythm in the Ranks'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1941|12|26}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} }}

====1942==== {{Episode table |background = #C38950 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 24 |RTitle = ''Jasper and the Watermelons'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1942|02|26}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #C38950 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 25 |RTitle = ''The Sky Princess'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1942|03|27}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 26 |RTitle = ''Mr. Strauss Takes a Walk'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1942|05|08}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #C38950 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 27 |RTitle = ''Tulips Shall Grow'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1942|06|26}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #C38950 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 28 |RTitle = ''Jasper and the Haunted House'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1942|10|23}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #C38950 }} }}

====1943==== {{Episode table |background = #FF5F5F |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 29 |RTitle = ''Jasper and the Choo-Choo'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|01|01}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 30 |RTitle = ''Bravo, Mr. Strauss'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|02|26}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 31 |RTitle = ''The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|04|30}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 32 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Music Lesson'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|05|21}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 33 |RTitle = ''The Truck That Flew'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|08|06}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 34 |RTitle = ''The Little Broadcast'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|09|25}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 35 |RTitle = ''Jasper Goes Fishing'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|10|08}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 36 |RTitle = ''Goodnight Rusty'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1943|12|03}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F }} }}

====1944==== {{Episode table |background = #A80F11 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 37 |RTitle = ''Package for Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|01|28}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 38 |RTitle = ''Say Ah, Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|03|10}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 39 |RTitle = ''And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|07|28}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 40 |RTitle = ''Jasper Goes Hunting'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|07|28}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 41 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Paradise'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|10|13}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 42 |RTitle = ''Two-Gun Rusty'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1944|12|01}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} }}

====1945====

{{Episode table |background = #000080 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 43 |RTitle = ''Hotlip Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|01|05}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 44 |RTitle = ''Jasper Tell'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|03|23}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 45 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Minstrels'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|05|25}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 46 |RTitle = ''A Hatful of Dreams'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|07|06}}{{cn|date=September 2025}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #A80F11 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 47 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Booby Traps'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|08|03}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 48 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Close Shave'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|09|28}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 49 |RTitle = ''Jasper and the Beanstalk'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|10|19}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 50 |RTitle = ''My Man Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1945|12|14}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #000080 }} }}

====1946==== {{Episode table |background = #3CB371 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 51 |RTitle = ''Olio for Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1946|01|25}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 52 |RTitle = ''Together in the Weather'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1946|03|22}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 53 |RTitle = ''John Henry and the Inky-Poo'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1946|09|06}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 54 |RTitle = ''Jasper's Derby'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1946|09|20}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 55 |RTitle = ''Jasper in a Jam'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1946|10|18}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} }}

====1947==== {{Episode table |background = #0E6161 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 56 |RTitle = ''Sweet Pacific'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #b8cacf }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 57 |RTitle = ''Shoe Shine Jasper'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|02|28}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 58 |RTitle = ''Wilbur the Lion'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|04|18}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #3CB371 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 59 |RTitle = ''Tubby the Tuba'' |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|07|11}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 60 |RTitle = ''Romeow and Julicat'' (shown in the film ''Variety Girl'') |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|08|29}}<ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 61 |RTitle = ''Date with Duke'' (featuring Duke Ellington)<ref name=Enough>{{cite book |last1=Sampson |first1=Henry T. |title=That's Enough, Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960 |date=1998 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810832503 |url=https://archive.org/details/thatsenoughfolks0000samp/page/166/mode/2up |pages=166–167}}</ref> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|10|31}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 62 |RTitle = ''Rhapsody in Wood'' (featuring Woody Herman) |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1947|12|29}}<ref name="EAC"/><ref name="IMDBGP"/> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #0E6161 }} }}

====1971==== {{Episode table |background = #002FA7 |overall = |title = |airdate = |episodes = {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 63 |RTitle = ''The Tool Box'' (broadcast on ''Curiosity Shop'') |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|1971|9|2}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} |ShortSummary = |LineColor = #002FA7 }} }}

==Cancelled projects== * ''Sinbad'' * ''Three Little Princes''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/100011192462839/videos/570855896630821/ |title=Arnold Leibovit Facebook Post, May 12, 2018 |website=Facebook |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230741/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F100011192462839%2Fvideos%2F570855896630821%2F |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Chico Record |title=Hollywood |author=Virginia McPherson |date=25 October 1945 |location=Chico |page=2 |url=https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/681104846/?terms=inkypooh&match=1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230757/https://www.newspapers.com/image/681104846/?image=681104846&words=&terms=inkypooh&match=1 |archive-date=2021-08-18}} (login needed)</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |title=Ellen Drew Named For Film Comedy |date=13 April 1946 |location=Brooklyn |page=14 |url=https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/686223057/?terms=%22john%20henry%20and%20the%20inky%22&match=1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230758/https://www.newspapers.com/image/686223057/?image=686223057&words=&terms=%22john+henry+and+the+inky%22&match=1 |archivedate=2021-08-18}} (login needed)</ref> * ''Gulliver's Travels'' * ''Casey Jones'' * ''Davy Crockett'' * ''Johnny Appleseed''

==See also== * ''The Puppetoon Movie''

== Sources == * {{citation | last1=Cripps | first1=Thomas | title=''Making Movies Black: The Hollywood Message Movie from World War II to the Civil Rights Era'' | year=1993 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-536034-9 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ypXaryjPaV0C&pg=PA197}} * {{citation | last1=Cohen | first1= Karl F. | title=''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America'' | chapter= Racism and Resistance: Stereotypes in Animation | year=2004 | publisher=McFarland & Company | isbn=978-0786420322 | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=gIyH_DLYhoIC&pg=PA36}}

== References == {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://www.intanibase.com/iad_series/series.aspx?seriesID=335 Puppetoons] at '''Internet Animation Database''' * {{cite web |url=http://www.awn.com/heaven_and_hell/PAL/GP2.htm |title=The George Pal Site |publisher=Animation World Network <!-- |access-date=2008-02-06 -->}} * {{cite web |url=<!-- Archived on August 24, 2016 https://www.webcitation.org/6k0mLvr17?url=http://toonopedia.com/pupetoon.htm -->http://www.toonopedia.com/pupetoon.htm |title=George Pal's Puppetoons |publisher=Don Markstein's Toonopedia <!-- |access-date=2008-02-06 -->}}

{{Animation}}

Category:Puppetoons Category:Animated film series Category:American film series Category:Short film series Category:Film series introduced in 1932 Category:Film series introduced in 1940 Category:Puppet films Category:Paramount Pictures animated films Category:1930s stop-motion animated films Category:Paramount Pictures short films Category:1940s stop-motion animated films Category:Race-related controversies in animation