Pterygoid plexus

{{Infobox vein | Name = Pterygoid plexus | Latin = plexus venosus pterygoideus, <br>plexus pterygoideus | Image = Gray AnatomyOfHumanBody1918-P644 Figure557.jpg | Caption = Veins of the head and neck. | Image2 = | Caption2 = | DrainsFrom = | DrainsTo = Maxillary vein | Artery = Maxillary artery }} The '''pterygoid plexus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|r|ɪ|g|ɔɪ|d}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pterygoid Entry "pterygoid"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> from Greek ''pteryx'', "wing" and ''eidos'', "shape") is a fine venous plexus upon and within the lateral pterygoid muscle. It drains by a short maxillary vein.'''<ref name=":0223">{{Cite book |last=Sinnatamby |first=Chummy S. |title=Last's Anatomy |vauthors= |publisher= |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7295-3752-0 |edition=12th |pages=364}}</ref>'''

== Anatomy == It is a venous plexus of considerable size, situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle, and partly between the two pterygoid muscles.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The plexus features venous valves. The contractions of the lateral pterygoid muscle promote venous drainage.'''<ref name=":0223" />'''

=== Tributaries === The plexus drains all veins that correspond to the branches of the maxillary artery (however, much of the blood delivered by the maxillary artery is returned by other routes), as well as two additional veins.'''<ref name=":0223" />'''

It receives the following veins:{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} * sphenopalatine * middle meningeal * deep temporal (anterior & posterior) * pterygoid * masseteric * buccinator * alveolar * some palatine veins (palatine vein which divides into the greater and lesser palatine v.) * inferior ophthalmic vein'''<ref name=":0223" />''' * deep facial vein'''<ref name=":0223" />''' * infraorbital vein

=== Anastomoses === The plexus is connected with the intercranial cavernous sinus by emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale and foramen lacerum.'''<ref name=":0223" />'''

=== Relations === This plexus communicates freely with the anterior facial vein; it also communicates with the cavernous sinus, by branches through the foramen Vesalii, foramen ovale, and foramen lacerum. Due to its communication with the cavernous sinus, infection of the superficial face may spread to the cavernous sinus, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis. Complications may include edema of the eyelids, conjunctivae of the eyes, and subsequent paralysis of cranial nerves which course through the cavernous sinus.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The pterygoid plexus of veins becomes the maxillary vein. The maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein later join to become the retromandibular vein. The posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein then form the external jugular vein, which empties into the subclavian vein.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==References== {{Gray's}} <references/>

==External links== * {{SUNYAnatomyLabs|27|13|01|00}} - "Infratemporal Fossa: The Pterygoid Plexus of Veins" * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722115640/http://jpc.vis.ne.jp/anatomy/tmj2/Fig4.jpg Pterygoid Plexus]

Category:Veins of the head and neck