{{Short description|Emigration as an activist tactic}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} '''Protest emigration''' (also called ''hijrat'' or ''deshatyaga'' in South Asia) is the use of emigration as an activist tactic when it is felt political change is not currently possible inside a jurisdiction. Gene Sharp in ''The Politics of Nonviolent Action'' describes this as a form of social noncooperation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=Gene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZkUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA211|title=The Politics of Nonviolent Action|date=1973|publisher=P. Sargent Publisher|isbn=978-0-87558-068-5|language=en}}</ref>

In some traditions, such emigrations have been symbolically analogized to the Hijrah or to the Exodus.

==Pre-modern class conflict== This was a method used against local lords by peasants and lower classes in the s''ecessio plebis'' of Ancient Rome and in Japan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowen|first=Roger W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLX8sDt2vsQC&pg=PA341|title=Rebellion and Democracy in Meiji Japan: A Study of Commoners in the Popular Rights Movement|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05230-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> as well as Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adas|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMV1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|title=State, Market and Peasant in Colonial South and Southeast Asia|date=29 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-86630-2|language=en}}</ref> Fugitive peasants were a recurring phenomenon under European serfdom. This tactic has also been noted as important to the formation of various pre-colonial African states, as well as a template for later eras.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herbst|first=Jeffrey|date=1990|title=Migration, the Politics of Protest, and State Consolidation in Africa|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/722241|journal=African Affairs|volume=89|issue=355|pages=183–203|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098284 |jstor=722241 |issn=0001-9909|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Anticolonial resistance== This featured in several anticolonial and decolonization movements,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Scott|first1=James C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South-East Asia|last2=Kerkvliet|first2=Benedict J. Tria|date=19 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-84532-4|language=en}}</ref> including in British India, as in the Hijrat of 1920 from North-West Frontier Province to independent Afghanistan associated with Abul Kalam Azad of the Khilafat Movement,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clements|first1=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA109|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia|last2=Adamec|first2=Ludwig W.|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|language=en}}</ref> and in the 1928 Bardoli Satyagraha and 1930 Salt March operations which included some migrations from Gujarat to the princely Baroda State.<ref name=":0" /> Hijrat was a tactic commended several times by Gandhi as appropriate to certain circumstances.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jolly|first=Surjit Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aRJmXagK64C&pg=PA112|title=Reading Gandhi|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-356-4|language=en}}</ref> This tactic was also proposed but not pursued as a form of resistance to concessions in China.<ref name=":0" /> And it was also significant in emigration from French West Africa to the Gold Coast and other colonies of British West Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Asiwaju|first=A. I.|date=1976|title=Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta before 1945|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/180740|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=17|issue=4|pages=577–594|doi=10.1017/S0021853700015073 |jstor=180740 |s2cid=161799322 |issn=0021-8537|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Radical federalism== In a country under strong federalism such as the United States, protest can take the form of an internal migration through foot voting to better individual lives, or in a more utopian mode, to alter the political character of a sub-national state through a directed partisan sorting.

== See also == * Inner emigration

==References== {{reflist}}

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Category:Activism by type Category:Emigration * Category:Protest tactics