Aphrodisiac

{{short description|Substance that arouses sexual desires}} {{About|the detailed description of the term|}} {{for|similarly-titled topics|Afrodisiac (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|Love Drug|the song by Lady Gaga|LoveDrug}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} thumb|An advertisement for pills from 1926 implies an aphrodisiac effect: "full of red-blooded vim and push".

An '''aphrodisiac''' is a substance that increases libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.<ref name="Melnyk-2011">{{Cite journal|last1=Melnyk|first1=John P.|last2=Marcone|first2=Massimo F.|date=May 2011|title=Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources—A review of current scientific literature|journal=Food Research International|volume=44|issue=4|pages=840–850|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.043}}</ref><ref name="Lehmiller-2017">{{Cite book|title=The psychology of human sexuality|last=Lehmiller, Justin J.|isbn=9781119164708|edition=Second|location=Hoboken, NJ |oclc=992580729 |date = 12 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sandroni-2001">{{Cite journal|last=Sandroni|first=Paola|date=October 2001|title=Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review|journal=Clinical Autonomic Research |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=303–307 |doi=10.1007/bf02332975 |pmid=11758796 |s2cid=32348540 |issn=0959-9851}}</ref> These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Bella|first1=Anthony J|last2=Shamloul|first2=Rany|date=June 2014|title=Traditional Plant Aphrodisiacs and Male Sexual Dysfunction: PLANT APHRODISIACS|journal=Phytotherapy Research|volume=28|issue=6|pages=831–835|doi=10.1002/ptr.5074|pmid=25032254|s2cid=29716079}}</ref> Natural aphrodisiacs, such as cannabis or cocaine, are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances.<ref name="Bella-2014" /><ref name="Shamloul-2010">{{Cite journal|last=Shamloul|first=Rany|date=January 2010|title=Natural Aphrodisiacs|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=7|issue=1|pages=39–49|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01521.x|pmid=19796015}}</ref> Synthetic aphrodisiacs include MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (psychological or physiological).<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties, such as bufotenin, have psychological effects that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties, such as yohimbine, have physiological effects that can affect hormone concentrations and increase blood flow.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014" /> Substances that have the opposite effects on libido are called anaphrodisiacs.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /> Aphrodisiac effects can also be due to the placebo effect.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" />

Both males and females can potentially benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males, as their properties tend to increase testosterone concentrations rather than estrogen concentrations.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on males. Only recently has attention been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> In addition, cultural influences on appropriate sexual behavior of males and females also play a part in the research gap.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" />

==History== The word comes from the Greek {{lang|el|ἀφροδισιακόν}}, {{translit|grc|aphrodisiakon}} {{gloss|sexual, aphrodisiac}}, from {{translit|grc|aphrodisios}} {{gloss|pertaining to Aphrodite}},<ref>{{LSJ|*)afrodisiako/s|ἀφροδισιακόν|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Aphrodisiac|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aphrodisiac&allowed_in_frame=0|dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> the Greek goddess of love. Throughout human history, food, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable. However, from a historical and scientific standpoint, the alleged results may have been mainly due to mere belief on the part of their users that they would be effective (a placebo effect). Likewise, many medicines are reported to ''affect'' libido in inconsistent or idiopathic ways: enhancing or diminishing overall sexual desire, depending on the circumstances.<ref name="West-2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=West E, Krychman M |title=Natural Aphrodisiacs-A Review of Selected Sexual Enhancers |journal=Sex Med Rev |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=279–288 |date=October 2015 |pmid=27784600 |doi=10.1002/smrj.62 }}</ref> For example, bupropion (Wellbutrin) is known as an antidepressant that can counteract other co-prescribed antidepressants with libido-diminishing effects. However, because bupropion increases libido only when it is already impaired by related medications, it is not generally classed as an aphrodisiac.

Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Roman, and Greek cultures believed that certain substances could provide the key to improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunlap |first1=Robert Ellis |title=The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality |chapter=Aphrodisiacs |date=2015 |pages=1–111 |doi=10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs034|isbn=978-1-4051-9006-0 }}</ref> This was important because some men suffered from erectile dysfunction and could not reproduce.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014" /> Men who could not impregnate their wives and father large families were seen as failures, whereas those who could were respected. Hence, a stimulant was needed.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> Others who did not suffer from this also desired performance enhancers.<ref name="Bella-2014" /> Regardless of their usage, these substances gained popularity and began to be documented, information being passed down generations.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> There are Hindu poems dated back to around 2000 to 1000 BCE that spoke of performance enhancers, ingredients, and usage tips.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> Chinese texts date back to 2697 to 2595 BC.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> Roman and Chinese cultures documented their belief in aphrodisiac qualities in animal genitalia, while Egyptians wrote tips for treating erectile dysfunction.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> In post-classical West Africa, a volume titled ''Advising Men on Sexual Engagement with Their Women'' from the Timbuktu Manuscripts acted as a guide on aphrodisiacs and infertility remedies. It offered advice to men on "winning back" their wives. According to Hammer, "At a time when women’s sexuality was barely acknowledged in the West, the manuscript, a kind of Baedeker to orgasm, offered tips for maximizing sexual pleasure on both sides."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=Joshua|title=The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4767-7743-6|location=New York, NY|pages=27}}</ref>

Ambergris, yohimbine, horny goat weed, ginseng, alcohol, toads from the genus {{em|Bufo}}, and certain foods are recorded throughout these texts as possessing aphrodisiac qualities.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> While many plants, extracts, or manufactured hormones have been proposed as aphrodisiacs, there is little high-quality clinical evidence of their efficacy or long-term safety.<ref name="West-2015" /><ref name="Drugs-2016">{{cite web|title=Sexual health|url=https://www.drugs.com/sexual-health.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=17 May 2018|date=11 June 2016}}</ref> In 2020, Brian Earp and Julian Savulescu published a philosophy book titled ''Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships'' (UK title ''Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships)''. They argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships, both to fall in love and to fall out of it.<ref name="Guardian-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=Love as a drug: can romance be medically prescribed? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/feb/09/love-as-a-drug-can-romance-be-medically-prescribed |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

==Types== ===Ambergris=== thumb|upright=0.75|Ambergris Ambergris is found in the gut of sperm whales. It is commonly used in Arab cultures as relief medication for headaches or as a performance enhancer. The derived chemical ambrein increases testosterone concentrations, triggering sexual desire and sexual behavior, but in animal studies only. Further research is needed to know the effects in humans.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" />

===Bufotenin=== Bufotenin is found in the skin and glands of toads belonging to the genus {{em|Bufo}}. It is commonly used in the Caribbean and China. In the Caribbean, it is used as an aphrodisiac called 'Love Stone'; in China, it is used as a heart medication called ''Chan su''.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> Research shows that the toad skin secretion containing this compound can reduce a toad’s heart rate, but its effect on humans is unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdel-Rahman |first1=Mohamed A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=Sherifa Hamid |last3=Nabil |first3=Zohour I. |date=2010-03-01 |title=In vitro cardiotoxicity and mechanism of action of the Egyptian green toad Bufo viridis skin secretions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887233309002902 |journal=Toxicology in Vitro |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=480–485 |doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.021 |pmid=19825411 |bibcode=2010ToxVi..24..480A |issn=0887-2333|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Yohimbine=== thumb|upright=0.75|Yohimbine chemical structure Yohimbine is a substance found in the bark of yohim trees in West Africa.<ref name="Bella-2014" /> It was traditionally used in West African cultures, in which the bark would be boiled and the resulting water drunk until it increased sexual desire.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> It is also found in over-the-counter health products.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid and is an adrenoceptor antagonist. Known adverse effects include nausea, anxiety, irregular heartbeats, and restlessness.<ref name="Bella-2014" />

===Horny goat weed=== Horny goat weed (''Epimedii herba'') is used in Chinese folk medicine.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> It was thought to be useful for treating medical conditions and improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> Horny goat weed contains icariin, a flavanol glycoside. Its exotic name comes from the tendency of goats in the region to seek out this weed. Once farmers saw its effects on the goat population they began to use it to increase the number of workers on their farms.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014" />

===Alcohol=== upright=0.75|thumb|right|A molecule of alcohol Alcohol has traditionally been viewed as possessing aphrodisiac-like qualities owing to its effect as a central nervous system depressant,<ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> as depressants can increase sexual desire and sexual behavior through disinhibition.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /><ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> Alcohol affects people both physiologically and psychologically, and it is therefore difficult to determine exactly how people experience its aphrodisiac effects (aphrodisiac qualities or the expectancy effect).<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /> Alcohol taken in moderate quantities can elicit a positive increase in sexual desire, whereas larger quantities are associated with difficulties in reaching sexual pleasure.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Jessica|date=2019-02-14|title=Do aphrodisiacs really work?|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190211-do-aphrodisiacs-really-work|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519210407/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190211-do-aphrodisiacs-really-work |archive-date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> Chronic alcohol consumption is related to sexual dysfunction.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" />

===Cannabis=== {{See also|Cannabis and sex}} Marijuana reports are mixed. Half of users claim an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure while the other half report no effect.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /> Consumption, individual sensitivity, and possibly marijuana strain, are factors that affect outcomes.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" />

===Food=== Many cultures have turned to foods as sources of increasing sexual desire; however, significant research is lacking in the study of the aphrodisiac qualities of foods. Most claims can be linked to the placebo effect.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /> Misconceptions revolve around the visual appearance of these foods in relation to male and female genitalia (carrots, bananas, oysters, and the like).<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /><ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> Other beliefs arise from the thought of consuming animal genitalia and absorbing their properties (e.g. cow cod soup in Jamaica and balut in the Philippines).<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> Korean bug is a popular aphrodisiac in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia, either eaten alive or in gelatin form.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JK, Tan RB, Chung E | title = Erectile dysfunction treatment and traditional medicine-can East and West medicine coexist? | journal = Translational Andrology and Urology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–100 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28217454 | pmc = 5313309 | doi = 10.21037/tau.2016.11.13 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The caterpillar fungus (''Ophiocordyceps sinensis'') is used as an aphrodisiac in China.<ref name="Lu-2023">{{cite book |author=Lu, D. |title=The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus |series=Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History |year=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=1–294 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1 |isbn=978-3-031-24722-4 |s2cid=256618310 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1 |language=en}}</ref> The story of Aphrodite, who was born from the sea, is another reason why individuals believe seafood is another source of aphrodisiacs.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" /> Foods that contain volatile oils have gained little recognition in their ability to improve sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior, because they are irritants when released through the urinary tract.<ref name="Sandroni-2001" /> Chocolate has been reported to increase sexual desire in women who consume it over those who do not.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Cloves and sage have been reported to demonstrate aphrodisiac qualities, but their effects have not been specified.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /> Tropical fruits, such as Borojó and Chontaduro, are considered to be energizers in general and sexual energizers in particular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González-Jaramillo |first1=Nancy |last2=Bailon-Moscoso |first2=Natalia |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Romero-Benavides |first4=Juan Carlos |date=January 2022 |title=Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.): Ancestral Tropical Staple with Future Potential |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=3134 |doi=10.3390/plants11223134 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=9695847 |pmid=36432863|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Plnts..11.3134G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González-Jaramillo |first1=Nancy |last2=Bailon-Moscoso |first2=Natalia |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Romero-Benavides |first4=Juan Carlos |date=2022-12-16 |title=Alibertia patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C.H.Perss. (Borojó): food safety, phytochemicals, and aphrodisiac potential |journal=SN Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1007/s42452-022-05251-1 |issn=2523-3971|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ginseng=== thumb|upright=0.75|Ginseng Ginseng is the root of any member of the genus ''Panax''.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Bella-2014" /> Ginseng's active ingredients are ginsenosides and saponin glycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=Jian-Ming |last2=Yao |first2=Qizhi |last3=Chen |first3=Changyi |date=25 August 2010 |title=Ginseng Compounds: An Update on Their Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications |journal=Current Vascular Pharmacology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.2174/157016109788340767 |pmid=19601854 |pmc=2928028 }}</ref> There are three different ways of processing ginseng. Fresh ginseng is cut at four years of growth, white ginseng is cut at four to six years of growth, and red ginseng is cut, dried, and steamed at six years of growth. Red ginseng has been reported to be the most effective aphrodisiac of the three.<ref name="Bella-2014" /> Known adverse effects include mild gastrointestinal upsets.<ref name="Shamloul-2010" />

===Synthetic aphrodisiacs=== {{See also|Sex and drugs}} [[File:MDMA structure.svg|upright=0.75|thumb|right|MDMA molecule, the compound found in Ecstasy]] Popular party substances have been reported by users to consist of aphrodisiac properties because of their enhancing effects with sexual pleasure. Ecstasy users have reported an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure; however, there have been reports of delayed orgasm in both sexes and erectile difficulties in men. Poppers, containing drugs for inhalation, have been linked to increased sexual pleasure. Known adverse effects are headaches, nausea, and temporary erectile difficulties.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" />

====Phenethylamines==== Amphetamine, methylphenidate, and methamphetamine are phenethylamine derivatives, which increase libido and cause frequent or prolonged erections as potential adverse effects, particularly in supratherapeutic doses, when sexual hyperexcitability and hypersexuality can occur;<ref name="Gunne-2013">{{cite book | author=Gunne LM | title=Drug Addiction II: Amphetamine, Psychotogen, and Marihuana Dependence | date=2013 | publisher=Springer | location=Berlin, Germany; Heidelberg, Germany | isbn=9783642667091 | pages=247–260 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 | access-date=4 December 2015 | chapter=Effects of Amphetamines in Humans }}</ref><ref name="USFDA-2013b">{{cite web | title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf | pages = 4–8 | work = United States Food and Drug Administration |date=December 2013 | access-date = 30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Montgomery-2008">{{cite journal | author = Montgomery KA | title = Sexual desire disorders | journal = Psychiatry (Edgmont) | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 50–55 |date=June 2008 | pmid = 19727285 | pmc = 2695750 }}</ref><ref name="USFDA-2013a">{{cite web| title=Desoxyn Prescribing Information| url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/005378s028lbl.pdf|date=December 2013 |work=United States Food and Drug Administration| access-date=6 January 2014 | quote = ADVERSE REACTIONS ... '''changes in libido'''; frequent or prolonged erections. [emphasis added]}}</ref> however, in some individuals who use these drugs, libido is reduced.<ref name="USFDA-2013b" /><ref name="USFDA-2013a" /> 2C-B was sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erowid Chemicals Vaults : Images : 2cb pack|url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/2cb_pack2.jpg|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.erowid.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nolan|first=James|date=2019-03-05|title=This Is What 2-CB Does to You|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/what-is-2cb-and-its-effects/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Vice.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222938/https://www.vice.com/en/article/d3mwgx/what-is-2cb-and-its-effects |archive-date=11 November 2020 }}</ref>

====Testosterone==== Libido in males is linked to concentrations of sex hormones, particularly testosterone.<ref name="Drugs-2016"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function |author=R. Shabsigh| year=1997|journal=World J. Urol.| pmid=9066090 | volume = 15 | pages = 21–6 | doi = 10.1007/BF01275152 |issue=1|s2cid=23591806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=Helen E.|last2=Aron|first2=Arthur|last3=Brown|first3=Lucy L.|date=2006-12-29|title=Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1476|pages=2173–2186|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1938|issn=0962-8436|pmid=17118931|pmc=1764845}}</ref> When there is reduced sex drive in individuals with relatively low concentrations of testosterone, particularly in postmenopausal women or men over the age of 60,<ref name="Snyder-2016">{{cite journal|pmc=5209754|year=2016|last1=Snyder|first1=P. J|title=Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=7|pages=611–624|last2=Bhasin|first2=S|last3=Cunningham|first3=G. R|last4=Matsumoto|first4=A. M|last5=Stephens-Shields|first5=A. J.|author5-link=Alisa Stephens-Shields|last6=Cauley|first6=J. A|last7=Gill|first7=T. M|last8=Barrett-Connor|first8=E|last9=Swerdloff|first9=R. S|last10=Wang|first10=C|last11=Ensrud|first11=K. E|last12=Lewis|first12=C. E|last13=Farrar|first13=J. T|last14=Cella|first14=D|last15=Rosen|first15=R. C|last16=Pahor|first16=M|last17=Crandall|first17=J. P|last18=Molitch|first18=M. E|last19=Cifelli|first19=D|last20=Dougar|first20=D|last21=Fluharty|first21=L|last22=Resnick|first22=S. M|last23=Storer|first23=T. W|last24=Anton|first24=S|last25=Basaria|first25=S|last26=Diem|first26=S. J|last27=Hou|first27=X|last28=Mohler Er|first28=I. I. I|last29=Parsons|first29=J. K|last30=Wenger|first30=N. K|display-authors=29|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1506119|pmid=26886521}}</ref> dietary supplements that are purported to increase serum testosterone concentrations have been used, with the intention of increasing libido, although with limited benefits.<ref name="Drugs-2016"/><ref name="Snyder-2016"/> Long-term therapy with synthetic oral testosterone is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4245724|year=2014|last1=Borst|first1=S. E|title=Cardiovascular risks and elevation of serum DHT vary by route of testosterone administration: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=12|article-number=211|last2=Shuster|first2=J. J|last3=Zou|first3=B|last4=Ye|first4=F|last5=Jia|first5=H|last6=Wokhlu|first6=A|last7=Yarrow|first7=J. F|doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0211-5|pmid=25428524 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Risks== Solid evidence is hard to obtain, as these substances come from many different environments cross-culturally and therefore give variable results, because of variations in growth and extraction.<ref name="Bella-2014" /> The same is also true for unnatural substances, because variations in consumption and individual sensitivity can affect outcomes.<ref name="Lehmiller-2017" /> Folk medicine and self-prescribed methods can be potentially harmful, as their adverse effects are not fully known and are therefore not made aware to the people searching this topic on the internet.<ref name="Melnyk-2011" /><ref name="Sandroni-2001" />

== Citations == {{Reflist}}

== General and cited references == * Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): ''Lust and Love: Is It More than Chemistry?'' Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006; {{ISBN|0-85404-867-7}}. * Michael Scott: ''Pillow Talk: A Comprehensive Guide to Erotic Hypnosis and Relyfe Programming''. Blue Deck Press, 2011; {{ISBN|0-98341-640-0}}.

==External links== {{Commons category|Aphrodisiacs}} * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27752 ''Aphrodisiacs and Anti-aphrodisiacs: Three Essays on the Powers of Reproduction'' by John Davenport].

Category:Aphrodisiacs Category:Sex and drugs