Proscription

{{Short description|Public identification and official condemnation of enemies of the state}} {{distinguish|Prescription (disambiguation){{!}}Prescription}} [[Image:Millais Royalist.jpg|thumb|''The Proscribed Royalist, 1651'', painted by John Everett Millais c. 1853, in which a Puritan woman hides a fleeing Royalist proscript in the hollow of a tree]]

'''Proscription''' ({{langx|la|proscriptio}}) is, in current usage, a 'decree of condemnation to death or banishment' (''Oxford English Dictionary'') and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment. The term originated in ancient Rome, where it included public identification and official condemnation of declared enemies of the state and it often involved confiscation of property.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magill |first=Frank N. |title=The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NVFUi7G6TEC&pg=PA1209 |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher= Routledge |pages=1209– |isbn=978-1-135-45740-2}}</ref>

Its usage has been significantly widened to describe governmental and political sanctions of varying severity on individuals and classes of people who have fallen into disfavor, from the ''en masse'' suppression of adherents of unorthodox ideologies to the suppression of political rivals or personal enemies. In addition to its recurrences during the various phases of the Roman Republic, it has become a standard term to label: * Sulla's proscription – a reprisal campaign by the Roman proconsul and later dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, to eliminate the supporters of his rival Marius in the aftermath of his victory in the civil war of 83–82 BC.<ref name=Brit>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Proscription |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/proscription |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> * Proscription of the Second Triumvirate – an agreement between the triumvirs Octavian Caesar, Marcus Antonius, and Marcus Lepidus to avenge Julius Caesar's assassination, eliminate political enemies, and acquire their properties<ref name=Brit/> * The suppression of Royalists after Oliver Cromwell's decisive defeat of Charles II at the Battle of Worcester in 1651 (see image){{citation needed|date=April 2015}} * The curbing of Western religion in early 18th-century China{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-27|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Yongzheng Emperor#Relationship with the West|reason= The anchor (Relationship with the West) has been deleted.}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0295984309 Thomas H. Reilly, 2004, ''The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire'', Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, p. 43ff, 14ff, 150ff], {{ISBN|0295984309}}, accessed 18 April 2015</ref> * The banning of Highland dress following the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland * Atrocities that occurred during the Reign of Terror (1793–1796) phase of the French Revolution<ref> For example: {{cite book | last1 = Alison | first1 = Archibald | author-link1 = Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet | year = 2011 | orig-year = 1833 | title = History of Europe During the French Revolution | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GL08bzl4Q9kC | series = History of Europe during the French Revolution 10 Volume Paperback Set | volume = 2 | edition = reprint | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 309 | isbn = 9781108025386 | access-date = 2016-01-09 | quote = St Just [...] demanded the execution of victims in the same manner as the supply of armies. Proscription like victories were essential to the furtherance of his principles. }}</ref> * The mass deportations of British and French workers from Russia in the mid-19th century, with the onset of the Crimean War<ref>Edward Henry Nolan, 1856, ''The history of the war against Russia'', Vol. 5 (Illustr.), London: Virtue, p. 62, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=y8dCAAAAcAAJ books.google.com], accessed 18 April 2015.</ref> * In the 20th century, such things as the efforts of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom to prevent "Communist entryism" through blacklisting propagandizing persons and organisations<ref> [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1850434719 Darren G. Lilleker, 2004, ''Against the Cold War: The History and Political Traditions of Pro-Sovietism in the British Labour Party, 1945–1989'' (Vol. 1 of International Library of Political Studies), London, U.K.: I.B.Tauris, pp. 20f, 45f, 176f, and ''passim''], {{ISBN|1850434719}}, accessed 18 April 2015.</ref> * The broad prohibitions of Jewish cultural institutions and activities in the Soviet Union after the birth of the state of Israel in 1948 and the onset of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724215747/https://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics|title=Yaacov Ro'i, 2010, "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Culture," in ''The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe'' (online)|archive-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref> * The banning of organisations considered terrorist—including the membership of and support for—in Ireland, particularly the Provisional IRA and the INLA in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN00815|title=Proscribed Terrorist Organisations|date=7 March 2021|last1=Dawson|first1=Joanna}}</ref> * The proscription of Palestine Action by the UK government in 2025.<ref>legislation.gov.uk [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2025/803/pdfs/uksiem_20250803_en_001.pdf]</ref>

== References == {{reflist|20em}}

== Further reading == * Michnik, Adam, and Elzbieta Matynia. "The Ultras of Moral Revolution." ''Daedalus'' 136, no. 1 (2007): 67–83. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028090 * {{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Kenneth |date=1933 |title=The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C. |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=11 |pages=7–49 |doi=10.2307/4238573 |jstor=4238573}}

{{Conformity}} Category:Political and cultural purges Category:Illegal organizations Category:Proscription Category:Roman law