{{short description|Body position in which one lies flat with the chest down and back up}} {{Multiple issues| {{missing information|prone position in other species|date=October 2025}} {{More citations needed|date=October 2025}} {{Lead too short|date=October 2025}} }} [[File:Supine and prone diagrams-en.svg|thumb|Supine position and prone position]] thumb|A child reading a book in prone position
'''Prone position''' ({{IPAc-en|p|r|oʊ|n}}) is a body position in which a person lies flat with their chest down and their back up. In anatomical terms of location, the dorsal or posterior side is facing up, and the ventral or anterior side is facing down. The supine position is the prone position's contrast, rotated 180°. To move into prone position is to ''pronate''.
==Etymology == The word ''{{linktext|prone}}'', meaning "naturally inclined to something, apt, liable," has been recorded in English since 1382; the meaning "lying face-down" was first recorded in 1578.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} It is also referred to as "lying down" or "going prone."
''Prone'' derives from the Latin ''{{wikt-lang|la|pronus}}'', meaning "bent forward, inclined to," from the adverbial form of the prefix ''pro-'' "forward." Both the original, literal, and the derived figurative sense were used in Latin, but the figurative is older in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prone|title=Merriam-Webster.com|date=1 December 2025|access-date=1 December 2025|website=Merriam-Webster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012004512/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prone|archive-date=12 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Anatomy == thumb|A postcard of a woman on a beach in prone position In anatomy, the prone position is a position of the human body lying face down. It is opposed to the supine position which is face up. Using the terms defined in the anatomical position, the ventral side is down, and the dorsal side is up.
Concerning the forearm, prone refers to that configuration where the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly, and the radius and ulna are crossed.
Researchers observed that the expiratory reserve volume measured at relaxation volume increased from supine to prone by the factor of 0.15.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumaresan |first1=Abirami |last2=Gerber |first2=Robert |last3=Mueller |first3=Ariel |last4=Loring |first4=Stephen H. |last5=Talmor |first5=Daniel |title=Effects of Prone Positioning on Transpulmonary Pressures and End-expiratory Volumes in Patients without Lung Disease |journal=Anesthesiology |date=1 June 2018 |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=1187–1192 |doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000002159|pmid=29521672 |s2cid=3776781 }}</ref>{{Technical inline|date=October 2025}}{{context inline|date=October 2025}}
== Shooting == [[File:US Navy 110817-N-PB383-010 Sailors take aim at their targets during M16 service rifle qualifications aboard the San Antonio-class amphibious transp.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Navy sailors in the prone position during service rifle qualification training]] In competitive shooting, the prone position is the position of a shooter lying face down on the ground. It is considered the easiest and most accurate position as the ground provides extra stability. It is one of the positions in three positions events. For many years (1932–2016), the only purely prone Olympic event was the 50 meter rifle prone; however, this has since been dropped from the Olympic program.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Both men and women still have the 50 meter rifle three positions as an Olympic shooting event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/olympic-shooting-air-rifle-3-positions-rapid-fire-air-pistol-shotgun-trap-skeet|title=Olympics.com|date=1 December 2025|access-date=1 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126152842/https://olympics.com/en/news/olympic-shooting-air-rifle-3-positions-rapid-fire-air-pistol-shotgun-trap-skeet|archive-date=26 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
Prone position is often used in military combat because the prone position provides the best accuracy and stability (as well as shrinking the shooter's profile). Many first-person shooter video games also allow the player character to go into the prone position, again with similar benefits. {{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
===Fullbore target rifle=== {{main|Fullbore target rifle}}
[[File:Connaught Cadets.JPG|thumb|Canadian Cadets firing fullbore target rifles prone]]
The non-ISSF fullbore disciplines governed by the International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations (ICFRA) are exclusively shot from the prone position over distances of 300–1,200 yards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shooting Rules and Match Conditions |url=https://www.icfra.com/shootingrules |website=International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705123638/https://www.icfra.com/shootingrules |archive-date=5 July 2020 |language=English |date=2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> These disciplines are popular in Commonwealth countries, and are heavily influenced by the British National Rifle Association.
===Biathlon=== {{main|Biathlon}}
[[File:Jeremy Teela in biathlon - men's pursuit at 2010 Winter Olympics 2010-02-16 2.jpg|thumb|Biathlon prone phase during the men's pursuit at the 2010 Winter Olympics]] In Biathlon, prone is one of two positions that athletes shoot from during competition, the other being standing. In the prone position biathletes, set the their poles down to their side or rear, flip open their snow covers, load their rifle, and lay on a designated shooting mat at a designated lane to perform their shooting stage. Using a system of kneeling and removal of the rifle from the athletes back, the biathlete loads their rifle and takes off their poles all on this shooting mat at a designated shooting lane. Prone lanes are specified by a visual sign.,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |publisher=International Biathlon Union |title=IBU Event and Competition Rules |date=July 2025 |version=v.2025 |page=32 |section=§3.4.2.2 Prone and Standing |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/cz0vl36hcq0x/7mkQn1kQTB7VzlUZHAcuec/c5612858222431bc703c8d52529e73d9/Rules_2025_EN_cap3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710001637/https://assets.ctfassets.net/cz0vl36hcq0x/7mkQn1kQTB7VzlUZHAcuec/c5612858222431bc703c8d52529e73d9/Rules_2025_EN_cap3.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> typically showing the position and an arrow. These lanes are typically assigned to the further half or right half of the range.<ref name=":0" />
Additionally, in this position biathletes, use a prone sling which is attached by a hook onto an armband worn on the non-shooting arm around the bicep of the biathlete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2018 |title=Winter Olympics: Anatomy of a .22 Biathlon Rifle |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBbedpBOtzw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311182035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBbedpBOtzw |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2025 |website=youtube.com}}</ref> The biathlete takes aim at 5 targets with diameters of 115mm but hit zones of only 45mm. Hitting these targets allows biathletes to avoid either, the use of spare rounds of ammunition which must be hand loaded into the chamber, the skiing of mandatory penalty loops or the imposition of time penalties depending on the biathlon event in which the shooter is participating. The number of penalties, or loops to ski directly corresponds with the missed targets in the stage however, only 3 cartridge are given for any prone stage when spare rounds are available.
==Pilots== {{main|Prone pilot}}
thumb|left|Hang glider pilot in harness The prone position is also used to describe the way pilots and other crew may be positioned in an aircraft; lying on their stomachs rather than seated in a normal upright position.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@vaishnavirajesh/a-preface-to-planes-with-pronated-pilots-33f5286cd721 | title=A Preface to Planes with Pronated Pilots | date=6 October 2021 }}</ref> During World War II, the bomb aimer in some bombers would be positioned this way to be better able to view the ground through a transparent panel or bubble in the nose of a bomber. Later, it was suggested that a pilot in the prone position might be more effective in some kinds of high-speed aircraft, because it would permit the pilot to withstand a greater ''g''-force in the upward and downward direction with respect to the plane, and many speculative designs of the 1950s featured this arrangement.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nestofdragons.net/weird-airplanes/proned-pilots/ | title=Proned pilots - Nest of Dragons }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nurflugel.com/Nurflugel/n_o_d/weird_07.htm | title=Proned pilots }}</ref> However, it never became mainstream, as testing revealed that the increased difficulty of operating aircraft controls in the prone position outweighed the advantages. Three examples of this approach are seen in the Savoia-Marchetti SM.93, the Gloster Meteor F8 "Prone Pilot", and the Northrop XP-79. Modern hang gliders are typically piloted in the prone position.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
==See also== {{col div|colwidth=30em}} *Lying position *Positional asphyxia *Prone bicycle *Proning *Recovery position *Splooting *Supine position *Tummy time {{colend}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Sources== {{Wiktionary|prone}} *[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=prone&searchmode=none Etymonline]
Category:Anatomy Category:Shooting positions Category:Human positions