{{Short description|Admiration and fondness of Russia}} {{For|the 19th–early 20th century Ukrainian cultural faction in Galicia who espoused Ruthenian autonomy|Galician Russophilia}} {{Confusing|reason=the article focuses mainly on appreciation for Russia's politics and not on admiration for Russia's culture, which is what the article should focus on|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|Flag of Russia]] [[File:Moscow 05-2012 StBasilCathedral.jpg|thumb|Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow is often considered as a cultural symbol of Russia]] '''Russophilia''' is the identification or solidarity with, appreciation of, or support for the country, people, language, and history of Russia. One who espouses Russophilia is called a '''russophile'''. Its antonym is Russophobia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Russophobia|title=Russophobia|website=The American Heritage Dictionary|access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russophobia|website=Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Russophobia|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> In the 19th century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of pan-Slavism, since the Russian Empire was the only Slavic sovereign state during and after the Springtime of Nations.
In politics, the term has been used to describe political actors who support closer relations with the Russian government or support its policies. Particularly in the post-Soviet states, Russophile politicians may also support maintaining or increasing Russification policies, such as Alexander Lukashenko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russophile Populism – ECPS |url=https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/russophile-populism/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=Russification in the cultural sphere of Belarus 2022–2023 |url=https://penbelarus.org/en/2023/12/26/rusifikaczyya-belarusi-sfera-kultury.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=PEN Belarus |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Miriam |date=2012-07-04 |title=Ukrainians protest against Russian language law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/ukrainians-protest-russian-language-law |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
==By country== {{Expand section|date=November 2024|text=for example, Italy}}
===Armenia=== {{Further|Russia–Armenia relations|List of pro-Russian political parties#Armenia}} The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Republican Party of Armenia, and Prosperous Armenia are the main pro-Russian political parties in Armenia.<ref>[https://hetq.am/en/article/131827 Prosperous Armenia Party Stresses Importance of Expanded Security Relations with Russia]</ref><ref>[https://caucasuswatch.de/en/news/republican-party-of-armenia-equates-anti-russian-propaganda-with-anti-armenian.html Republican Party of Armenia Equates Anti-Russian Propaganda with Anti-Armenian]</ref><ref>[https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/318446 ARF: Azerbaijan and Turkey impose destructive concessions on Armenia]</ref><ref>[https://www.azatutyun.am/a/2144549.html#selection-1811.1-1811.9 Dashnaks Back New Russian-Armenian Pact]</ref>
===Belarus=== Belarus has close political and economic ties with Russia, both being part of the Union State, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Eurasian Economic Union. Following the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, many observers have described Belarus as a Russian puppet state or a satellite state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haltiwanger |first=Josh |date=14 December 2022 |title=Ukrainian forces are bracing for the possibility of another Russian invasion via Belarus: 'We have to be ready' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-bracing-for-possibility-of-another-russian-invasion-via-belarus-2022-12 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Valerie |date=2023-06-22 |title=Belarus Is Fast Becoming a 'Vassal State' of Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/22/world/europe/belarus-russia-lukashenko.html |access-date= |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Belarus: MEPs alarmed by Russia's subjugation of Belarus as a satellite state |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/ga/agenda/briefing/2023-09-11/12/belarus-meps-alarmed-by-russia-s-subjugation-of-belarus-as-a-satellite-state |access-date= |website=European Parliament |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzio |first=Taras |author-link=Taras Kuzio |date=6 December 2022 |title=Russia must stop being an empire if it wishes to prosper as a nation |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/russia-must-stop-being-an-empire-if-it-is-wishes-to-prosper-as-a-nation/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Atlantic Council}}</ref>
===China=== The People's Republic of China under the leadership of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping has supported the Russian Federation closely following international sanctions after Russia invaded Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis: Russia becomes China's 'junior partner' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/12/china-russia-power-imbalance-putin-xi-junior-partner/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia's reliance on China will outlast Vladimir Putin, says Alexander Gabuev |url=https://www.economist.com/russias-reliance-on-china-will-persist-even-after-vladimir-putin-is-gone-says-alexander-gabuev |access-date=2023-04-28 |newspaper=The Economist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia could become China's 'economic colony', CIA director says |url=https://fortune.com/2023/04/12/russia-risks-becoming-china-economic-colony-cia-director/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> China had close ties with the Soviet Union prior to the Sino-Soviet split, owing to ideological kinship between the two communist states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |year=2022 |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |oclc=1332788951 |page=27}}</ref> Previous anti-Russian sentiment in China has greatly downgraded, due to perceived common anti-Western sentiment among Russian and Chinese nationalists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/Russia-and-China-s-anti-West-partnership-threatens-global-order|title=Russia and China's anti-West partnership threatens global order|website=Nikkei Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/russia-and-china-present-a-united-front-to-the-west-but-theres-plenty-of-potential-for-friction-157934|title=Russia and China present a united front to the west – but there's plenty of potential for friction|first=Natasha|last=Kuhrt|website=The Conversation|date=29 March 2021 }}</ref> Ethnic Russians are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.<ref>Li 2003, p. 100</ref>
According to a 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center, 71% of Russians have a favourable view of China.<ref>{{cite web|title=People around the globe are divided in their opinions of China|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/30/people-around-the-globe-are-divided-in-their-opinions-of-china/|access-date=1 October 2019|website=Pew Research}}</ref> A YouGov survey conducted in the same year found that 71% of the Chinese think Russia has a positive effect on world affairs.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2019|title=Superpowers and Country Reputations|url=https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/iqsvihsq0t/Globalism2019_Superpowers_and_Country_Reputations.pdf|publisher=YouGov}}</ref> During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many social media users in China showed sympathy for Russian narratives due in part to distrust of US foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Repnikova |first1=Maria |last2=Zhou |first2=Wendy |date=11 March 2022 |title=What China's Social Media Is Saying About Ukraine |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/china-xi-ukraine-war-america/627028/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2022 |title=Ukraine war: most Chinese believe backing Russia is in their national interest, says US think tank |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3174934/ukraine-war-most-chinese-believe-backing-russia-their-national}}</ref> According to a Carter Center China Focus survey in April 2022, approximately 75% of respondents agreed that supporting Russia in the war in Ukraine was in China's best interest.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kelter |first=Frederik |date=31 March 2023 |title=Russian 'invasion was wrong': Views from China on war in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/31/russian-invasion-was-wrong-views-from-china-on-war-in-ukraine |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On the other hand, a Genron NPO poll published seven months later found that 50.6% of Chinese respondents expressed some level of opposition to Russia’s wartime actions, compared with the 39.5% who expressed that its wartime actions were "not wrong".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=How do the Chinese view the Taiwan Strait issue and the Russian invasion of Ukraine? |url=https://www.genron-npo.net/en/opinion_polls/archives/5610.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Genron NPO |language=en}}</ref>
===Finland=== {{Further|Russia–Finland relations}} The Communist movement in Finland during the Cold War inclined towards pro-Soviet tendencies, of which the Taistoist movement was especially pro-Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Eteenpäin O.W. Kuusisen viitoittamaa tietä" – Taistolaiset |url=http://www.tyovaenliike.fi/tyovaenliikkeen-vaiheita/alasivu-7/eteenpain-o-w-kuusisen-viitoittamaa-tieta-taistolaiset/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tämä kolahti: Lauri Hokkasen teos on silmiä avaava tilitys siitä, mihin totuudelta silmät sulkeva opillisuus voi johtaa |url=https://www.kirkkojakaupunki.fi/-/tama-kolahti-lauri-hokkasen-teos-on-silmia-avaava-tilitys-siita-mihin-totuudelta-silmat-sulkeva-opillisuus-voi-johtaa |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.kirkkojakaupunki.fi |language=fi-FI}}</ref>{{clarify|Was Russophilia involved?|date=March 2023}} Into the 2020s, Russophilic sentiment in Finland has persisted in various forms. In 2023, former Social Democrat representative Mikko Elo, together with Mauno Saari, founded the Russophilic organization ''Naapuriseura'' ("Neighbour Society"), which promotes closer ties and cultural exchange with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suomeen on perustettu uusi Venäjä-mielinen yhdistys |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/e9b59d8a-5519-4a71-864a-4c4dd9de7b7c |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref>
The modern Finnish political landscape has also seen some pro-Russian political parties. The Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party was notable for being the only political party in Finland with a strong, openly pro-Russian platform in 2022. VKK opposed economic sanctions imposed on Russia and expressed support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiiro |first=Jukka |date=2022-08-25 |title=Seuran kysely: VKK:n kannattajat erottuvat kaikissa Venäjä-kysymyksissä – Venäjä-vastaisimpia ovat Rkp:n ja kokoomuksen kannattajat |url=https://seura.fi/asiat/ajankohtaista/seuran-kysely-vkkn-kannattajat-erottuvat-kaikissa-venaja-kysymyksissa/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Seura.fi |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=VKK:n rivit rakoilevat: Ano Turtiaisen Venäjä-puheet, autoritaarinen johtajuus ja uskonnolliset kannanotot ajavat pois puolueesta |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-12398273 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> However, the party has since dissasociated from the connections to Russia after Ano Turtiainen was replaced by Antti Asikainen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Ano Turtiainen sai lähtöpassit Valta kuuluu kansalle -puolueen johdosta |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20080739 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ano Turtiainen syrjäytettiin |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/eea26083-0c0b-4f5f-ad3e-80045fdea63c |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref> Nevertheless, other political entities have also since echoed pro-Russian positions to varying degrees. The Truth Party in Finland, had also refused to condemn Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine and advocates for stronger bilateral relations with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Totuuspuolue ei tuomitse Venäjän hyökkäystä |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20092470/64-3-232785 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=EU-ero, sarjatuotettuja pienydinvoimaloita ja koronarokotteiden vastustamista – tässä ovat vaalien pienpuolueet ja niiden johtajat |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20092114 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> And some who have promoted pro-Russian sentiment have also been found in the Freedom Alliance party of Finland, as a former National Coalition member who argued that Ukraine should be Russian territory was allowed to be among the candidates of the Freedom Alliance party in the 2025 Finnish municipal elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-24 |title=Ukrainaa Venäjän osaksi kutsunut ehdokas sai lähtöpassit kokoomuksesta – pääsee nyt vaaleissa vapauden liiton listoille |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20145613 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> Pro-Russian viewpoints have also been advocated by the Freedom Alliance member Armando Meman, who has been seen on Russian national television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Hanna Smith: Venäjän mediassa esiintyvä uusi suomalaiskommentaattori tukee Venäjän infovaikuttamista |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20193808 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref>
Certain individual political activists in Finland have also been prominent for their support of Russia. Johan Bäckman is widely recognized for his pro-Russian views and has actively recruited Finnish volunteers to participate in the conflict in Ukraine on Russia’s side, even for a time joining the VKK party, led by Ano Turtiainen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=VKK-puolue yrittää saada dosentti Johan Bäckmanin eduskuntaan |url=https://demokraatti.fi/vkk-puolue-yrittaa-saada-dosentti-johan-backmanin-eduskuntaan/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=demokraatti.fi |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Itä-Ukrainassa Venäjän puolesta taistelleet suomalaiset kehuskelevat kokemuksillaan – muualla Euroopassa vierastaistelijoita on tuomittu rikoksista |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-12153718 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi}}</ref> Similarly to Bäckman, another Finnish influencer Janus Putkonen is known for pro-Russian rhetoric, and maintains the extremely pro-Russian Finnish language MV-media website from Russian occupied Donbas, which is known for sharing pro-Kremlin rhetoric.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Venäjä-mielistä Janus Putkosta ylistävä kirja ilmestyi myyntiin Suomalaisessa Kirjakaupassa – näin ketju vastaa |url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000009407319.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Ilta-Sanomat |language=fi}}</ref> Some members of the Finns Party also held pro-Russian views in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osa perussuomalaisista myötäilee suoraan Venäjän kantoja |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/af390958-aaa2-46af-9084-8c85dc6c60fd |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.iltalehti.fi |language=fi}}</ref>
===Germany=== [[File:Reichsbuerger Ruediger Hoffmann und Helmut Buschujew vor dem Reichstag in Berlin.jpg|thumb|Members of the "Reichsbürger movement" protesting in Berlin, featuring flags of the Ribbon of Saint George, of the Donetsk People's Republic, and of the Federal State of New Russia, 2014]] German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche described Russia as "the only power that has durability in it, which can wait, which can still produce something... the antithesis of that pitiable European petty-state politics and nervousness, with which the foundation of the German {{lang|de|Reich}} has entered its crucial phase..." in his 1895 book ''The Antichrist''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iai.tv/articles/nietzsche-putin-and-the-spirit-of-russia-auid-2248|title=Nietzsche, Putin and the spirit of Russia|date=27 August 2022}}</ref> Many members of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) have expressed pro-Russian or pro-Kremlin sentiments on various issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Germany's far right loves one migrant group: Russian Germans |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/alternative-for-germany-afd-far-right-russian-germans-migration-marzahn-hellersdorf/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Russia's best friends in Germany: AfD and BSW – DW – 09/01/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-best-friends-in-germany-afd-and-bsw/a-70072663 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> The left-populist party Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance has expressed pro-Russian sentiments and opinions.<ref name=":0" />
===India=== A poll conducted in summer 2022 shows that Indians most frequently named Russia their most trusted partner, with 43% naming Russia as such compared to 27% who named the US.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Shashank Mattoo |author2=Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy |author3=Antara Ghosal Singh |author4=Harsh V. Pant |author5=Premesha Saha |author6=Renita D’souza |title=The ORF Foreign Policy Survey 2022: India @75 and the World |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-orf-foreign-policy-survey-2022/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Indonesia=== Some Indonesians have positively compared support for Russian president Vladimir Putin in the Russo-Ukrainian war to support for former president Suharto in the Indonesian invasion of East Timor.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kaltim.tribunnews.com/2022/03/19/dinilai-mirip-dengan-soeharto-jadi-alasan-warganet-kagumi-putin-dan-dukung-invasi-rusia-ke-ukraina |title=Dinilai Mirip dengan Soeharto jadi Alasan Warganet Kagumi Putin dan Dukung Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina |date=19 March 2022 |language=id |trans-title=Judging Similar to Suharto is the Reason Netizens Admire Putin and Support Russia's Invasion of Ukraine|website=Tribun Kaltim}}</ref> Russophiles are also found among the political left, who support Russia due to the inaugural Indonesian president, Sukarno's closeness to the Soviet Union. Pro-Russian sentiment is especially strong among members of the governing Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, led by Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri, who publicly criticized Ukraine and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230601235910-20-956809/megawati-singgung-perang-ukraina-rusia-saat-resmikan-kri-bung-karno | title=Megawati Singgung Perang Ukraina-Rusia saat Resmikan KRI Bung Karno | work=nasional }}</ref>
===Romania=== {{Further|Accusations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election}} Traditionally, relations between Romania and Russia were shaped by the political system applied in both countries. Relations were cordial prior to the 19th century, and Russia helped Romania achieving its independence from the Ottoman Empire, the royal families of both countries later being allied. Relations developed after the Second World War, when Romania fell under the communist umbrella led by the Soviet Union, becoming a satellite state of the USSR. However, after Ceaușescu's rise to power in 1965, relations became strained; Romania became the first country to free itself fully from the Soviet Union, and relations were mostly only cordial, as Ceaușescu promoted his own view of communism, inspired by the Chinese and North Korean systems, rather than the Soviet vision.
After the fall of the Eastern Bloc, Romania became an ally of the United States, joining both NATO and the European Union, which faced criticism from Moscow. Romania's strategic position in NATO was seen as undesirable by Russia. As nationalist movements grew in Romania during the early 2020s, parties such as the Alliance for the Union of Romanians or S.O.S. Romania, parties seeking closer ties with Russia, rose to power, inadvertently dragging Romania back into a potential Russian influence zone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Jihadul Ortodox Rusesc – ce susțin fanii Dianei Șosoacă pe grupul acesteia de Telegram |url=https://www.romaniacurata.ro/jihadul-ortodox-rusesc-ce-sustin-fanii-dianei-sosoaca-pe-grupul-acesteia-de-telegram/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=România curată |language=ro-RO}}</ref>
Revelations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election strained bilateral relations, with numerous large protests erupting across Romania after pro-Russian far-right candidate Călin Georgescu won the first round of elections through supposedly corrupt means, such as falsifying his budget for the electoral campaign, alongside Russian state-sponsored troll farms and hackers artificially increasing his support on social media, particularly TikTok.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Romania accuses Russia of interference in Sunday's presidential runoff |url=http://www.euronews.com/2025/05/19/romanian-ministries-accuse-russia-of-interference-in-sundays-presidential-runoff |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> Due to those accusations, the Constitutional Court of Romania annulled the election, while Romania's Permanent Electoral Authority barred Georgescu from running at next year's repeated election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tejeda |first=Gaby |date=2024-12-13 |title=Romania's Election Nullified: Russian Interference and the Struggle for Democracy |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-december-13/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Soufan Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Romanian Elections Targeted By 'Aggressive Hybrid Russian Action,' Declassified Documents Show |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-russia-election-interference-tiktok/33227010.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, George Simion replaced Georgescu as a candidate in the 2025 Romanian presidential election; however, despite securing a victory in the first round, he was eventually defeated in the runoff on 18 May by his pro-European and pro-Western opponent, Nicușor Dan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Nicusor Dan wins Romanian presidential election, defeating anti-Ukraine Simion |url=https://kyivindependent.com/nicusor-dan-defeats-far-right-simion-in-romanian-presidential-election/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Pro-European Candidate Nicușor Dan Wins Romanian Election Despite Russian Interference |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/pro-european-candidate-nicusor-dan-wins-romanian-election-despite-russian-interference-8477 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=UNITED24 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Furlong |first=Ray |date=2025-05-19 |title=Nicusor Dan's Surprise Victory in Romanian Presidential Elections Signals Relief for EU, NATO |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bucharest-dan-surprise-presidential-win-eu-nato-romania/33417526.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref>
===Serbia=== {{Further|Russia–Serbia relations}} Serbia has historically been regarded as one of the most pro-Russian countries not only in Europe but also globally, with sympathies towards Russia remaining widespread to this day. Many Serbs consider Russia to be one of their country's closest allies, particularly due to the countries' shared (or similar) Slavic heritage, culture, language, and Eastern Orthodox Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crms.org.rs/zasto-je-putin-toliko-popularan-u-srbiji/|title=Зашто је Путин толико популаран у Србији? – Центар за развој међународне сарадње|website=crms.org.rs|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gethins |first=Stephen |date=2024-02-27 |title=Russia: Serbia's history is key to understanding its close relationship with Moscow |url=http://theconversation.com/russia-serbias-history-is-key-to-understanding-its-close-relationship-with-moscow-223601 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popović |first=Sofija |date=2025-10-28 |title=Russian Historical Society opens branch in Belgrade |url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2025/10/28/russian-historical-society-opens-a-branch-in-belgrade/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=European Western Balkans |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the European Council on Foreign Relations' 2021 opinion poll, 54% of Serbians considered Russia as an ally. In comparison, 11% perceived the European Union as an ally, and only 6% regarded the United States in the same manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecfr.eu/article/pandemic-trends-serbia-looks-east-ukraine-looks-west//|title=Pandemic trends: Serbia looks east, Ukraine looks west|website=ecfr.eu|date=5 August 2021|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
In 2017, the inhabitants of the Serbian village of Adžinci renamed their village Putinovo, in honor of Vladimir Putin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbian village renamed for Putin would welcome Trump, too |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/serbian-village-loves-putin-so-much-it-changed-its-name-n715281 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=NBC News |date=5 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Коцић |first=Данило |title=Путиново, село с 12 душа |url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/420857/Drustvo/Putinovo-selo-s-12-dusa |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, People's Patrol, a far-right group, organized pro-Russian rallies in Belgrade, which were attended by 4,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Filipovic |first=Branko |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade as country treads ever finer line between East and West |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pro-russia-serbs-march-belgrade-country-treads-ever-finer-line-between-east-west-2022-03-04/ |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60630351 |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pod maskama u Beogradu 'brane' Kosovo |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-rusija-desnicari-kosovo/32176352.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Radio Slobodna Evropa |date=14 December 2022 |language=sh|last1=Komarčević |first1=Dušan }}</ref>
Public opinion surveys have shown that, even after many years into the Russian full-scale invasion and occupation of Ukraine, Serbian citizens' support for Russia has remained, on average, higher than in any other European country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OctopusInstitute |date=2025-12-12 |title=Serbia's chronic dependence on the Russian Federation: How Serbia is turning into a client and proxy state - Octopus Institute |url=https://octopusinstitute.org/chronic-dependency-of-serbia-on-russia-how-serbia-is-becoming-a-client-and-proxy-state/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EWB |date=2024-02-29 |title=Russian state media in Serbia support the government with anti-Western narratives |url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2024/03/01/russian-state-media-in-serbia-support-the-government-with-anti-western-narratives/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=European Western Balkans |language=en-US}}</ref> Results of opinion polls that were conducted by the International Republican Institute across Western Balkan countries in the summer of 2025 found that 52% of Serbian citizens hold "very favorable" views of Russia, while Russian President Vladimir Putin is viewed "very favorably" by 50% of Serbian citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=Western Balkans Regional Poll {{!}} May-July 2025 |url=https://www.iri.org/resources/western-balkans-regional-poll-may-july-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=International Republican Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly, the results of WeBalkans' opinion polls, which were conducted during the same time, found that Russia is considered as "trustworthy" by 59% of Serbian citizens, which was significantly higher than Serbian citizens' trust in any other country or international institution, including European Union, United States, United Kingdom, and NATO, which were regarded as "trustworthy" only by 38%, 17%, 13%, and 5% of Serbian citizens respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2025-09-02 |title=Annual perception surveys 2025 published News {{!}} WeBalkans |url=https://webalkans.eu/en/news/surveys-on-perceptions-of-the-eu-in-the-western-balkans-published/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=WeBalkans {{!}} EU Projects in the Western Balkans |language=en-US}}</ref>
<gallery> Image:Ruski centar za kulturu i nauku u Beogradu.JPG|Russian Center of Science and Culture, Belgrade Image:Dmitry Medvedev in Serbia 20 October 2009-8.jpg|Dmitry Medvedev in the National Assembly of Serbia Image:Russian church in Belgrade 2017.JPG|Russian Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity in Tašmajdan Park, Belgrade File:Vladimir Putin in Serbia March 2011-39.jpeg|Vladimir Putin in front of the Church of Saint Sava Image:Photo_of_a_mural_in_support_of_Russia's_war_efforts,_outskirts_of_Belgrade,_Serbia.jpg|"Z" symbol in support of Russia's war against Ukraine with an inscription "Russians and Serbs brothers forever" </gallery>
===Ukraine=== {{Main|Derussification in Ukraine}}
{{See also|Galician Russophilia}} [[File:Russian occupied territories in map.svg|thumb|Map showing the Russian Federation in dark red with Russian-occupied territories in Europe in light red]] [[File:2014-04-06. Протесты в Донецке 035.jpg|thumb|Pro-Russian rally in Donetsk, eastern Ukraine, April 2014]]
Following Ukrainian independence in 1991, in the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, 92% (including 55% of ethnic Russians) voted for independence from the Soviet Union,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=n_IantohIZkC&pg=PA178 The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev] by Daniel Treisman, Free Press, 2012, {{ISBN|1416560726}} (page 178)</ref> but some Ukrainians, mostly in the east and south of the country, voted to see a more Russophile attitude of the government, ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|title=Ethnic Reidentification in Ukraine (page 17)|publisher=United States Census Bureau|first=Stephen|last=Rapawy|year=1997|location=Washington, D.C.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191328/http://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> Russia and Ukraine had especially close economic ties, and the Russophilic political party, the Party of Regions, became the largest party in the Verkhovna Rada in the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election, receiving 33% of the votes. It would remain a dominant force in Ukrainian politics until the 2014 Revolution of Dignity. Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the overall attitude of Ukrainians towards Russia and Russians has become much more negative,<ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/10/18/how-ukraine-views-russia-and-the-west/ How Ukraine views Russia and the West], Brookings Institution (18 October 2017)</ref> with most Ukrainians favoring NATO<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-10|title=Pledging reforms by 2020, Ukraine seeks route into NATO|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-nato-idUSKBN19V12V|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> and European Union membership.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Simmons|first1=Katie|last2=Stokes|first2=Bruce|last3=Poushter|first3=Jacob|date=2015-06-10|title=3. Ukrainian Public Opinion: Dissatisfied with Current Conditions, Looking for an End to the Crisis|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/06/10/3-ukrainian-public-opinion-dissatisfied-with-current-conditions-looking-for-an-end-to-the-crisis/|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Their views on Russia would further deteriorate following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
A survey by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2016 found that 67% of Ukrainians had a positive attitude to Russians, but that only 8% had a positive attitude to the Russian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=680&page=2 |title=Changes in the Attitude of the Population of Ukraine Towards Russia and of the Population of Russia Towards Ukraine |language=en |publisher=Kyiv International Institute of Sociology |date=10 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> According to an October 2021 poll of the country's population, 41% of Ukrainians had a "good" attitude towards Russians (42% negatively), while in general, 54% of Russians had a positive attitude towards Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1015&page=1|title=Украинцы хуже относятся к РФ, чем россияне в Украине – опрос|language=uk|website=www.kiis.com.ua/|publisher=|date=|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> However, this sentiment among Ukrainians collapsed following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In a poll in August 2022, 81% of Ukrainians expressed negative views towards Russia, 14% have neutral attitudes, and only 3% have positive ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сімнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування: Ідентичність. Патріотизм. Цінності (17-18 серпня 2022) |trans-title=Seventeenth National Survey: Identity. Patriotism. Values (17-18 August 2022) |publisher=Rating (sociological group) |date=17-18 August 2022 |url=http://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/s_mnadcyate_zagalnonac_onalne_opituvannya_dentichn_st_patr_otizm_c_nnost_17-18_serpnya_2022.html |language=uk }}</ref>
This change following the invasion in 2022 is also reflected in political attitudes. According to two polls conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in February and May 2022, Russophilic attitudes in Ukraine plunged in just three months, with positive attitudes towards Russia falling from 53% to 4% in the East, and from 45% to just 1% in the South.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ставлення Населення України До Росії Та Якими Мають Бути Відносини України І Росії, Лютий 2022 Року |trans-title=Attitude of the Ukrainian Population Towards Russia and what Relations Between Ukraine and Russia Should Be, February 2022 |publisher=Kyiv International Institute of Sociology |date=February 17, 2022 |url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1102&page=7 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130004404/https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1102&page=7 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Динаміка ставлення населення до росії та емоційний фон унаслідок війни: результати телефонного опитування, проведеного 13-18 травня 2022 року |trans-title=Dynamics of the population's attitude towards Russia and the emotional background as a result of the war: results of a telephone survey conducted on 13-18 May 2022 |publisher=Kyiv International Institute of Sociology |date=26 May 2022 |url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1112&page=6 |language=uk}}</ref> Conversely, support for Ukrainian membership in NATO skyrocketed, from 36% to 69% in the country's east, and from 48% to 81% in the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Динаміка зовнішньополітичних орієнтацій |publisher=Рейтинг (Rating) |url=https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_international_moods_022022_press.pdf |language=uk}}</ref> From a poll in April 2022, 90% of surveyed Ukrainians support stripping deputies from pro-Russian parties of their mandates, and 86% support banning the activities of these parties entirely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022) |trans-title=Eighth National Poll: Ukraine at War (6 April 2022) |publisher=Rating |date=8 April 2022 |url=https://www.ratinggroup.ua/news/vosmoy-obschenacionalnyy-opros-ukraina-v-usloviyah-voyny-6-aprelya-2022 |language=uk }}</ref> As a result, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace announced that regardless of how the war ends, pro-Russian parties and sentiments in Ukraine are "firmly in the past".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skorkin |first=Konstantin |title=What Next for Ukraine's Formerly Pro-Russian Regions? |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=December 2, 2022 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2022/11/what-next-for-ukraines-formerly-pro-russian-regions?lang=en}}</ref>
Besides politics, there is also increasing support for the removal of symbols of Russian culture in Ukraine, including monuments<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Pushkin to Gagarin, Ukraine rids itself of Russia one symbol at a time |publisher=Euronews |date=April 21, 2022 |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/04/21/from-pushkin-to-gagarin-ukraine-rids-itself-of-russia-one-symbol-at-a-time}}</ref> and streets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv renames nearly 100 streets to shed Russian past |publisher=Reuters |date=August 25, 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kyiv-renames-nearly-100-streets-shed-russian-past-2022-08-25/}}</ref> named after notable Russians,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine agonizes over Russian culture and language in its social fabric |publisher=National Public Radio |date=June 2, 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/02/1101712731/russia-invasion-ukraine-russian-language-culture-identity}}</ref> along with limiting Russian literature and music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine restricts Russian books and music in latest step of 'derussification' |work=The Guardian |date=June 19, 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/20/ukraine-restricts-russian-books-and-music-in-latest-step-of-derussification |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623072120/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/20/ukraine-restricts-russian-books-and-music-in-latest-step-of-derussification}}</ref> Massive decommunization campaigns coupled with intensive derussification have been carried out since 2014, most notably the toppling of several statues of Vladimir Lenin (termed Leninfall) and the renaming of many places with Soviet-associated names.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Ukraine: from decommunisation to derussification |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2022-06-17/ukraine-decommunisation-to-derussification |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> Since the invasion, Ukrainian cities demolished monuments to Russian writer Alexander Pushkin across the country,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The last monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Ukrainian Chernivtsi |publisher=Euromaidan Press |date=December 23, 2022 |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/12/23/the-last-monument-to-pushkin-was-dismantled-in-ukrainian-chernivtsi/}}</ref> and there are also hundreds of renamed placenames due to their affiliation with Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament already renamed nearly 330 towns and villages across Ukraine |publisher=Ukrinform |date=November 12, 2024 |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3925710-parliament-already-remained-nearly-330-towns-and-villages-across-ukraine.html}}</ref>
===United Kingdom=== In a 2023 interview conducted by the Ukrainian Rada TV, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson admitted he had a favorable view of Russian language, civilisation and culture, despite his criticism of Russia's war on Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boris Johnson Admits He Is “Still a Russophile” |url=https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2023/10/13/7171311/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=European Pravda |language=en|date=2026-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="I am still a Russophile; I admire Russian civilization; only a fool will not admire it."|website=Radar Armenia|url=https://radar.am/en/news/world-2594224833/|date=13 October 2023}}</ref>
MP for Clacton and Reform UK leader Nigel Farage has made multiple comments praising Russian president Vladimir Putin<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2014-03-31 |title=Nigel Farage: I admire Vladimir Putin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/mar/31/farage-i-admire-putin |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Catherine |date=2014-04-01 |title=Why I respect Putin: UK's Farage |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/04/01/why-i-respect-putin-uks-farage.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> and pushing pro-Russian views<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Nigel Farage 'parroting Putin's lies' on Ukraine, says Boris Johnson |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-accuses-nigel-farage-parroting-putin-lie-on-ukraine-uk/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2014 as well as after the Russian invasion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-27 |title=Farage: EU does have 'blood on its hands' over Ukraine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-26768602 |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Nigel Farage criticised for saying West provoked Ukraine war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cldd44zv3kpo |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Along with Farage, Your Party leader Jeremy Corbyn is also noted for not sharing the dislike of Russia promoted by mainstream politicians<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molly O’Neal |title=Will UK's populist surge challenge support for Ukraine? {{!}} Responsible Statecraft |url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/corbyn-yourparty/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=responsiblestatecraft.org |language=en}}</ref> and he was called "UK's Russophile-in-chief" back in 2018 for his dissenting stance on the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-14 |title=UK’s Russophile-in-chief stands up to Theresa May |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uks-russophile-in-chief-fails-sanctions-test/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref>
===United States=== From the end of World War II to the end of the Cold War and also several decades afterward, the Republican Party was considered to have more negative attitudes towards Russia than the Democratic Party, with the former overwhelmingly perceiving Russia as one of the biggest (if not the biggest) US adversaries and threats to US's friends and allies across the world, as well as a threat to US interests on international level, which it pursued by supporting US's enemies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=by |first=Written |date=2025-03-13 |title="Party of Reagan" no more: the Trump-Zelenskyy meeting and a new GOP foreign policy |url=https://paytonpawprint.com/2025/03/13/party-of-reagan-no-more-the-trump-zelenskyy-meeting-and-a-new-gop-foreign-policy/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Paw Print |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump, Russia, NATO: How GOP moved on from Reagan's confident view |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2024/0212/Trump-Russia-NATO-How-GOP-moved-on-from-Reagan-s-confident-view |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> However, the perception of Russia among Republican Party members began to shift gradually from negative to positive in the 2010s, with an increasing number of Republicans and their supporters expressing positive views on Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |date=2019-12-05 |title=The Russification of the Republican Party |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/12/impeachment-republican-party-russia/603088/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauke |first=David |date=2025-03-04 |title=The strange rise of the pro-Russia right |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2025/03/strange-rise-of-pro-russia-right-trump-vance |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How Republicans Spent Decades Cozying Up to Putin's Kremlin |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165782/republicans-putin-history-relationship-manafort |access-date=2025-12-18 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smeltz |first=Dina |title=Republicans used to fear Russians. Here's what they think now. |url=https://goodauthority.org/news/republicans-used-to-fear-russians-heres-what-they-think-now/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Good Authority |language=en-US}}</ref> A 2017 poll highlighted that around 32% of respondents had favorable views of Russian President Vladimir Putin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Windsor |title=Republicans' inexplicable surge in Russophilia: Windsor Mann |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/03/03/putin-trump-republican-favorite-foreigner-windsor-mann/98656608/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, these numbers surged.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Philip |title=How Putin Co-Opted the Republican Party |url=https://time.com/6757904/trump-russia-republican-party/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250930135245/https://time.com/6757904/trump-russia-republican-party/ |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-12-18 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> A YouGov poll found nearly 62% of Republicans preferred Vladimir Putin over Joe Biden, noting that the former was a stronger leader than the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=2022-03-01 |title=Why does Putin have superfans among the US right wing? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/01/why-does-putin-have-superfans-among-the-us-right-wing |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Many notable Republican politicians and conservative public figures, including US President Donald Trump, US Vice President JD Vance, Trump's Senior Counselor and media executive Steve Bannon, politician and commentator Pat Buchanan, Kentucky Senator Rand Paul, Georgia Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, Florida Representative Matt Gaetz, political commentator and live streamer Nick Fuentes, social media influencer Jackson Hinkle, television presenter Tucker Carlson, political commentator and journalist Megyn Kelly, political activist and author Candace Owens, and Turning Point USA's founder Charlie Kirk, have expressed support for Russia or Putin in the war against Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the pro-Putin Republicans and conservatives |url=https://accountability.gop/ukraine-quotes/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Republican Accountability |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Candace Owens mocked by historian for 'pure ignorance' on Ukraine |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/candace-owens-ukraine-anne-applebaum-b2039581.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
===Vietnam=== Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have 83% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/|title=Vietnam views of Russia|date=16 August 2017 }}</ref> This stems from historic Soviet support for North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, as well as well as support for Vietnam since 1975 by both the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia |title=Anti-Western and hyper macho, Putin's appeal in Southeast Asia |date=2022-11-18 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119175300/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia |archive-date=2022-11-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also== {{Commons category-inline|Russophiles}} {{div col}} * Eurasianism * Euroscepticism * List of pro-Russian political parties * Nostalgia for the Soviet Union * Putinism * Russian nationalism * Slavophilia * Soviet patriotism * Z (military symbol) {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Orest Subtelny. Ukraine. A history. University of Toronto Press. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8020-0591-8}}.
{{Cultural appreciation}} {{Russian nationalism}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Russophilia Category:Admiration of foreign cultures Category:Culture of Russia Category:Foreign relations of Russia