Prajapati

{{Short description|Vedic deity identified with Vishwakarma; also a Kamadeva in Jainism}} {{distinguish|Pashupati}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}} [[File:Prajapati.JPG|thumb|Vishwakarma as Prajapati with the same iconographical features of Brahma, a statue from Tamil Nadu]] {{Hinduism}} '''Prajapati''' ({{langx|sa|प्रजापति |lit=Lord of the people}}, {{IAST3|Prajāpati}}) is a name applied to many different deities of Hinduism that played roles in creation.

These include: Brahma, the creator god; a son of Brahma; Vishwakarma, the architect of the devas; Agni, the fire god; Indra, the weather god; Daksha, the ritual god; and Kashyap, the father of the Adityas (solar deities), Asuras (malevolent gods), Gandharva (celestial musicians), Yakshas (nature spirits), and humans (through his grandson Vaivasvata Manu)<ref name="Dalal2010p311" /><ref name="Williams2008p234" /><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p518">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/518 518]–519}}</ref>. In Jain tradition, Prajapati is identified as a Kamadeva.

In classical and medieval era literature, Prajapati is the metaphysical concept called Brahman as Prajapati-Brahman, and Brahman is the primordial matter that made Prajapati.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji|title=The Indian Theogony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=322–323, 337, 338, 341–342}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/prajapati | title=Prajapati, Prajāpati, Prajāpatī, Praja-pati: 30 definitions | date=28 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Etymology== Prajapati (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|प्रजापति}}) is a compound of "praja" (creation, procreative powers) and "pati" (lord, master).<ref>Jan Gonda (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 The Popular Prajāpati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215195110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 |date=15 February 2020 }}, History of Religions, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Nov., 1982), University of Chicago Press, pp. 137-141</ref> The term means "lord of creatures",<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/><ref name="Williams2008p234"/> or "lord of all born beings".<ref name="JonesRyan2006p332"/> In the later Vedic texts, Prajapati is a distinct Vedic deity, but whose significance diminishes.<ref name="Williams2008p234"/> Later, the term is synonymous with other gods, particularly Brahma.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p518"/> Still later, the term evolves to mean any divine, semi-divine or human sages who create something new.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/><ref name="Williams2008p234"/><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=169, 518–519}}</ref>

==Origins== thumb|A Statue of Brahma as Prajapati at Daksha Prajapati Temple, Banapura, Odisha thumb|"An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati", a steel engraving from the 1850s. The origins of Prajapati are unclear. He appears late in the Vedic layer of texts, and the hymns that mention him provide different cosmological theories in different chapters.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p518"/> He is missing from the Samhita layer of Vedic literature, conceived in the Brahmana layer, states Jan Gonda.<ref name="Gonda1986p2"/> Prajapati is younger than Savitr, and the word was originally an epithet for the sun.<ref name=gonda130>Jan Gonda (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 The Popular Prajāpati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215195110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 |date=15 February 2020 }}, History of Religions, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Nov., 1982), University of Chicago Press, pp. 129-130</ref> His profile gradually rises in the Vedas, peaking within the Brahmanas.<ref name="Gonda1986p2">{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Prajāpatiʼs rise to higher rank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OIUAAAAIAAJ |year=1986|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-07734-0|pages=2–5}}</ref> Scholars such as Renou, Keith and Bhattacharji posit Prajapati originated as an abstract or semi-abstract deity in the later Vedic milieu as speculations evolved from the archaic to more learned speculations.<ref name=gonda130/>

===Similar Deities === A similarity between Prajapati (and related figures in Hindu mythology) and Phanes, also named as Protogonus ({{langx|grc|Πρωτογόνος}}, literally "first-born") of the Greco-Roman mythology has been proposed:<ref>Martin West, ''Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient''. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971: 28-34</ref><ref name=alsobrook20>Kate Alsobrook (2008), "The Beginning of Time: Vedic and Orphic Theogonies and Poetics". M.A. Thesis, Reviewers: James Sickinger, Kathleen Erndl, John Marincola and Svetla Slaveva-Griffin, Florida State University, pages 20, 1-5, 24-25, 40-44</ref>

{{Blockquote|Phanes is the Classical mythology equivalent of the Hindu god Brahma's Prajapati form in several ways: he is the first god born from a cosmic egg, he is the creator of the universe, and in the figure of Phanes— worshippers participate in his birth, death, rebirth, redeath. |Kate Alsobrook|''The Beginning of Time: Hindu Greco-Roman Theogonies and Poetics''<ref name=alsobrook20/>}}

According to Robert Graves, the name of /PRA-JĀ[N]-pati/ ('progeny-potentate') is etymologically equivalent to that of the oracular god Phanes at Colophon (according to Macrobius<ref>Robert Graves : ''The Greek Myths''. 1955. vol. 1, p. 31, sec. 2.2</ref>), namely /prōtogonos/.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Protogonos Greek First Born From Prajapati Hinduism |url=https://ramanisblog.in/2020/08/12/protogonos-greek-first-born-from-prajapati-hinduism/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Ramanisblog |language=en}}</ref> The cosmic egg concept linked to Prajapati and Phanes is common in many parts of the world, states David Leeming, which appears in later Greco-Roman worship in Greece and Rome.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Adams Leeming|title=Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I62BcuPxfYC |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-174-9|pages=313–314}}</ref>

==Texts== Prajapati is described in many ways in Hindu texts, both in the Vedas and in the post-Vedic texts. These range from Brahma to being same as one of the following: Agni, Indra, Vishvakarma, Daksha and many others.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji |year= 2007 |title=The Indian Theogony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ |publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages= 322–330}}</ref>

===Vedas=== His role varies within the Vedic texts such as being one who created heaven and earth, all of waters and beings, the creator of the universe, the creator of gods and goddesses, the creator of devas and devis and ''asuras and asuris and'' the cosmic egg and the Purusha.<ref name="Williams2008p234"/><ref name="JonesRyan2006p332">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=332}}</ref> His role peaked in the Brahmanas layer of Vedic texts, then declined to name a group of creators in the creation process.<ref name="Williams2008p234"/> In some Brahmana texts, his role is paired since he co-creates with the powers of the creator goddess Vac.<ref name="Kinsley1988p12">{{cite book|author=David Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/12 12]–13}}</ref>

In the ''Rigveda'', Prajapati appears as a name for Savitr, Chandra, Agni and Indra, who are all praised as equal, same and gods of creatures.<ref name= Bhattacharji322>{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji |year= 2007 |title=The Indian Theogony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ |publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages= 322–323}}</ref> Elsewhere, in hymn 10.121 of the ''Rigveda'', is described ''Hiranyagarbha'' (golden embryo) that was born from the waters containing everything, which produced Prajapati. It then created ''manas'' (mind), ''kama'' (desire), ''tapas'' (heat) and Prajapati created the universe. And this Prajapati is a creator god who created the universe, one of many Hindu cosmology theories, and there is no supreme god or supreme goddess in the ''Rigveda''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration|year=1996 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-43878-0|pages= [https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/45 45]–46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Henry White Wallis|title=The Cosmology of the Ṛigveda: An Essay|url= https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog|year= 1887|publisher= Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cosmologyigveda00wallgoog/page/n67 61]–73, 117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Laurie L. Patton|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC |year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93088-9|pages=113, 216}}</ref> One of the striking features about the Hindu Prajapati myths, states Jan Gonda, is the idea that the work of creation is a gradual process, completed in stages of trial and improvement.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Prajāpatiʼs rise to higher rank |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2OIUAAAAIAAJ |year= 1986|publisher= BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-07734-0|pages=20–21}}</ref>

In the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'', embedded inside the ''Yajurveda'', Prajapati was self-created from Brahman (Ultimate Reality) and Prajapati co-creates the world with Vac.<ref name="WilkeMoebus2011p414">{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=414–416}}</ref> It also includes the "golden cosmic egg" mythology, wherein Prajapati is stated to be born from a golden egg in primeval sea after the egg was incubated for a year. His sounds became the sky, the earth and the seasons. When he inhaled, he created the devas and devis, and light. When he exhaled, he created the asuras and asuris, and darkness. Then, together with the Vac, he and she created all beings and universe.<ref name="Leeming2010p144">{{cite book|author=David Adams Leeming|title=Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I62BcuPxfYC |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-174-9|pages=144–146}}</ref> In Chapter 10 of the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'', as well as chapter 13 of ''Pancavimsa Brahmana'', is presented another myth where in Prajapati is a creator god, becomes creating with Vac, the creator goddess, all living creatures generated, then ''Mrtyu'' seizes these beings within his and her womb, but because these beings are created by Prajapati and Vac, they desire to live like him and her and Prajapati and Vac kill Mrtyu and creates the universe with releasing all living creatures in his and her womb.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Prajāpatiʼs rise to higher rank |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2OIUAAAAIAAJ |year= 1986|publisher= BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-07734-0|pages=5, 14–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji |year= 2007 |title=The Indian Theogony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ |publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages= 324–325}}</ref>

The ''Aitareya Brahmana'' tells a different myth, wherein Prajapati, having created the gods and goddesses, turns into a stag and approaches his daughter with Vac, Ushas who was in the form of a doe, to produce other animals. The gods and goddesses are horrified by this incest, and joined forces and created the angry destructive Rudra to kill Prajapati for doing incest with Ushas and before Prajapati mates with Ushas, Rudra drives Prajapati away. Then Rudra kills Prajapati and Ushas runs away and Prajapati is resurrected.<ref name="Leeming2010p144"/> The ''Sankhyayana Brahmana'' tells another myth, wherein Prajapati created Agni, Surya, Chandra, Vayu, Ushas and all deities. Agni, Surya, Chandra, Vayu, Ushas and all deities released their energies and created the universe.<ref name="Leeming2010p144"/>

In section 2.266 of Jaiminiya Brahmana, Prajapati is presented as a spiritual teacher. His student Varuna lives with him for 100 years, studying the art and duties of being the "father-like king of gods and goddesses" and is a king of the gods and goddesses.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Prajāpatiʼs rise to higher rank |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2OIUAAAAIAAJ |year= 1986|publisher= BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-07734-0|pages=17–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji |year= 2007 |title=The Indian Theogony |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ |publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages= 326–327}}</ref>

===Upanishads=== Prajapati appears in early Upanishads, among the most influential texts in Hinduism.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195352429}}, pages 3, 279-281; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth [shruti], in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".</ref> He is described in the Upanishads in diverse ways. For example, in different Upanishads, he is presented as the personification of creative power after Brahman,<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=19–21, 205, 240, 350, 510, 544}}</ref> the same as the wandering eternal soul,<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|page=495}}</ref> as symbolism for unmanifest obscure first born,<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=85, 96–97, 252}}</ref> as manifest procreative sexual powers,<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=53–56, 471, 534, 540}}</ref> the knower particularly of Atman (soul, self),<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|page=371}}</ref> and a spiritual teacher that is within each person.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1468-4|pages=21, 106, 198–205, 263, 508, 544}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Klaus G. Witz|title=The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jnPlEqwe_UC |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1573-5|pages=115, 145–153, 363–365}}</ref> The ''Chandogya Upanishad'', as an illustration, presents him as follows:<ref name=olivelle279/>

{{Blockquote| The self (atman) that is free from evils, free from old age and death, free from sorrow, free from hunger and thirst; the self whose desires and intentions are real – that is the self that you should try to discover, that is the self that you should seek to perceive. When someone discovers that self and perceives it, he obtains all the worlds, and all his desires are fulfilled, so said Prajapati. |Chandogya Upanishad 8.7.1|Translator: Patrick Olivelle<ref name=olivelle279>{{cite book|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535242-9|pages=279–281}}</ref>}}In Chandogya Upanishad 1.2.1, Prajapati appears as the creator of all devas and devis and asuras and asuris: "The gods and goddesses and the demons and demonesses are both children of Prajapati, yet they fought among themselves." ({{langx|sa|देवासुरा ह वै यत्र संयेतिरे उभये प्राजापत्यास्तद्ध|translit=devāsurā ha vai yatra saṃyetire ubhaye prājāpatyāstaddha}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-04 |title=Chandogya Upanishad, Verse 1.2.1 (English and Sanskrit) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/chandogya-upanishad-english/d/doc238721.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Post-Vedic texts=== In the ''Mahabharata'', Brahma is declared to be a Prajapati who creates many males and females, and imbues them with desire and anger, the former to drive them into reproducing themselves and the latter to be being like gods and goddesses.<ref name="Leeming2010p144"/> Other chapters of the epics and Puranas declare Vishnu and Shiva to be Prajapatis.<ref name= Bhattacharji322/>

The ''Bhagavad Gita'' uses the epithet Prajapati to describe Krishna, the eight incarnation of Vishnu in the Dashavatara of Vishnu along with many other epithets.<ref>{{cite book|author=Winthrop Sargeant|editor=Christopher Key Chapple|title=The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COuy5CDAqt4C |year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-2840-6|pages=37, 167, 491 (verse 11.39)}}</ref>

The Grhyasutras include Prajapati as among the deities invoked during wedding ceremonies and prayed to for blessings of prosperous progeny, and harmony between husband and wife.<ref>Jan Gonda (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 The Popular Prajāpati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215195110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062566 |date=15 February 2020 }}, History of Religions, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Nov., 1982), University of Chicago Press, pp. 131-132</ref>

Prajapati is the God of Universe, Fire, Sun, Creation, etc. He is also identified with various mythical progenitors, especially (Manusmriti 1.34) the ten gods of created beings which are first created by Brahma: Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Vasishtha, Daksha, Bhrigu, Narada.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology|last=Wilkins|first=W.J.|page=369|publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-246-0234-4|year=2003}}</ref>

In the Puranas, there are groups of Prajapatis called ''Prajapatayah'' who were rishis (sages) from whom all of the world is created, followed by a Prajapatis list that widely varies in number and name between different texts.<ref name="Dalal2010p311">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=311}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008p234">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=prajapati+williams+pandas&pg=PA234 |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=234–235 }}</ref> According to George Williams, the inconsistent, varying and evolving Prajapati concept in Hindu mythology reflects the diverse Hindu cosmology.<ref name="Williams2008p234"/>

The ''Mahabharata'' and the genre of Puranas call various gods and sages as Prajapati. Some illustrations, states Roshen Dalal, include Agni, Bharata, Shashabindu, Shukra, Havirdhaman, Indra, Kapila, Kshupa, Prithu, Chandra, Svishtakrita, Tvashtra, Vishvakarma, Virana.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/>

In the medieval era texts of Hinduism, Prajapatis refers to legendary agents of creation, gods and sages who are working in creation, who appear in every cycle of creation-maintenance-destruction. Their numbers vary between seven, ten, sixteen or twenty-one at times.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/>

=="Prajapati" as a title==

Prajapati is also a title in Hindu cosmology. According to the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata, Brahma initially created twenty-one Prajapatis to facilitate the process of creation.<ref>Mani, Vettam (1975). ''Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 0842608222. Retrieved from [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft Internet Archive] on [access date].</ref>

===A list of sixteen found in the Mahabharata includes ===

# Shiva # Vaivasvata Manu # Daksha # Bhrigu # Dharma # Tapa # Yama # Marici # Angiras # Atri # Pulastya # Pulaha # Kratu # Vasishtha # Parameshti # Surya # Chandra # Kardama # Krodha # Vikrita # Brahma.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/><ref name="Williams2008p234"/>

===A list of sixteen found in the Ramayana includes ===

# Angiras # Arishtanemi # Atri # Daksha # Kardama # Kashyapa # Kratu # Marichi # Prachetas # Pulaha # Pulastya # Samshraya # Shesha # Vasishtha &emsp; # Chandra # Surya.<ref name="Dalal2010p311"/>

===A list of ten in the Hindu scriptures includes===

# Marichi # Angiras # Atri # Pulastya # Pulaha # Kratu # Vasishtha # Daksha # Bhrigu # Narada.<ref name=" Dalal2010p311"/>

===A list of seven in the Hindu Puranas includes===

# Marichi # Angiras # Atri # Pulastya # Pulaha # Kratu # Vasishtha.<ref name=" Dalal2010p311"/>

Their creative role varies. Pulaha, for example, is the son of Brahma and Sarasvati and he is a great rishi. As one of the Prajapatis, he creates animals and plants.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=316}}</ref>

== Jainism == In Jain tradition, Prajapati is mentioned in two related ways, which could be same person. First, Jain scriptures name Prajapati as a ''Kamadeva'', one of the exceptionally beautiful great men described in Jain universal history.<ref name="TiloyapannattiKamadeva">{{cite book |author=Yativṛṣabha |title=Tiloyapaṇṇatti |editor1=A. N. Upadhye |editor2=Hiralal Jain |publisher=Jain Sanskruti Samrakshak Sangh |location=Solapur |year=1956 |volume=1 |language=Prakrit, Hindi |at=4.1472 |url=https://www.jainkosh.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> Prajapati was contemporary to second Tirthankara, Ajitanatha. He became asceting and attained Nirvana.<ref name="PrathamanuyogaDipikaAjit">{{cite book |last1=Vijayamati Mata |last2=Shastri |first2=Mahendrakumar |title=Prathamānuyoga Dīpikā |publisher=Digambar Jain Vijaya Granth Prakashan Samiti |language=Hindi |chapter=Ajitanātha-caritra |at=p. 74 |url=https://jainqq.org/booktext/Prathamanuyoga_Dipika/090380 |access-date=22 April 2026 |quote=प्रजापति कामदेव महापुरुष हुए।}}</ref>

Second, Some Jain narrative texts describe a king named Prajapati, ruler of Podanapura, who had sons Vijay and Tripṛṣṭha. In that account, King Prajapati later renounces the world, becomes an ascetic, and attains liberation from Podanapura.<ref name="UttarapuranaPrajapati">{{cite book |author=Guṇabhadra |title=Uttarapurāṇa |language=Sanskrit |chapter=62 |at=vv. 85–92, 154–157 |url=https://nikkyjain.github.io/jainDataBase/shastra/05_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97/02_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3--%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF/html/62.html |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

Some Jain writers identify Kamadeva Prajapati as the same as King Prajapati, while others suggest they may have been different individuals. One Jain account states that Prajapati Kamadeva attained liberation at Podanpura, thus making them the same person.<ref name="JainHistoryPrajapati">{{cite book |title=Jain History |publisher=Jainworld |page=63 |url=https://jainworld.jainworld.com/JWEnglish/Jain-History.pdf |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> As a result, Jain tradition preserves both interpretations: Prajapati as Kamadeva, known for beauty, and Prajapati as a king who later renounced the world. In some versions, they are treated as the same figure, while in others, they remain distinct.<ref name="JainHistoryPrajapati" />

==Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism== in Balinese Hinduism , Hindu temples in Bali, Indonesia that are dedicated to Brahma as Prajapati are called as ''Pura Prajapati'', also called as ''Pura Mrajapati'', are common. They are mostly associated with funeral rituals and the Ngaben (cremation) ceremony for the dead where Brahma as Prajapati is invoked to preside over the funeral ceremonies happening there.<ref>{{cite book|author=David J. Stuart-Fox|title=Pura Besakih: Temple, Religion and Society in Bali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbxwAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=KITLV|isbn=978-90-6718-146-4|pages=92–94, 207–209}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Between Harmony and Discrimination: Negotiating Religious Identities within Majority-Minority Relationships in Bali and Lombok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sma7AwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27149-4|pages=264–266}}</ref>

In Thailand , this deity is familiar from '''The Dhajagga Sutta''' mantras influences of the Buddhism in Thailand.<ref>https://suttacentral.net/sn11.3/en/bodhi?lang=en&reference=none&highlight=false</ref><ref>https://kalyanamitra.org/th/article_detail.php?i=5852</ref><ref>http://www.watpamahachai.net/Doc6.htm</ref><ref>https://www.onoi.org/index.php/2010-12-24-12-57-42/49-2009-07-01-16-38-30/1069-2012-04-03-08-19-55{{dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.wattongnai.com/668842/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3</ref><ref>https://84000.org/tipitaka/attha/v.php?B=15&A=7046&Z=7112</ref>, He is a symbol of thailand Department of Empowerment of persons and Ministry of Social Development and Human Security of Thailand and Phra Prachabodi lnstitute.<ref>https://www.dop.go.th/th/gallery/1/1536</ref><ref>https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000087689</ref> , with Disabilitiesthe department that people working in this department must pay homage to before starting their first job in this department.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola

==External links== *[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prajapati-Hindu-deity Prajapati: Hindu Deity], ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''

Category:Hindu gods Category:Rigvedic deities Category:Prajapatis Category:Nature gods Category:Creator gods