Post-fascism

{{short description|Ideological shift from fascism to more mainstream conservatism}} {{missing information|Jobbik, Spanish People's Alliance, Sweden Democrats, National Rally and National Falange|date=January 2024}} {{fascism sidebar}} '''Post-fascism''' is a label that identifies political parties and movements that transition from a fascist political ideology to a more moderate and mainline form of conservatism, abandoning the totalitarian traits of fascism and taking part in constitutional politics. At the same time, they still retain many non-totalitarian features of fascism, such as nationalism, anti-communism, anti-liberalism, and skepticism toward liberal democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/post-fascist |title=Post-fascist |website=thefreedictionary.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042414/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/post-fascist |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> The term "democratic fascism" has also been used.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2022.2138296#abstract |title=From performative anti-fascism to post-fascism: the Lega (Nord)'s political discourse in historical context |author=George Newth & Marzia Maccaferri |date=2022-11-11 |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=175–199 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569319608420733 |title=The 'post‐Fascism' of the Alleanza Nazionale: A case study in ideological morphology |author=Roger Griffin |date=1996 |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=123–145 }}</ref>

==Creation== Its creator Gáspár Miklós Tamás stated in 2018:

{{blockquote|"I have coined the term post-fascism to describe a cluster of policies, practices, routines and ideologies which can be observed everywhere in the contemporary world. Without ever resorting to a coup d’etat, these practices are threatening our communities. They find their niche easily in the new global capitalism, without upsetting the dominant political forms of electoral democracy and representative government. Except in Central Europe, they have little or nothing to do with the legacy of Nazism. They are not totalitarian; not at all revolutionary; not based on violent mass movements or irrationalist, voluntarist philosophies. Nor are they toying, even in jest, with anti-capitalism.

I should define what I mean by the term “post-fascist”. I take the term “fascism” to refer to a break with the enlightenment tradition of citizenship as a universal entitlement; that is to say, with its assimilation of the civic condition to the human condition. It is this concept of universal citizenship that underpinned the notion of progress shared by liberal, social democrat and all the other assorted progressive heirs of the Enlightenment. Once the Enlightenment equated citizenship with human dignity in this way, its extension to all classes, professions, both sexes, all races, creeds, and locations was only a matter of time. Universal franchise, the national service, and state education for all had to follow. National solidarity demanded, moreover, the relief of the estate of Man, a dignified material existence for all, and the eradication of the remnants of personal servitude."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tamas |first=G. M. |title=Gáspar Miklós Tamás: Post-fascism |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=3 May 2024 |url=https://autonomies.org/2018/11/gaspar-miklos-tamas-post-fascism/}}</ref>}}

Journalist Isaac Stanley-Becker describes the differences between traditional fascism and Tamas' concept, particularly as in regards to Hungary and Victor Orban: {{blockquote|Post-fascism doesn’t involve paramilitaries or do away with elections outright. It operates by stripping certain groups, such as immigrants and sexual minorities, of full citizenship. In place of theories of a master race, its rationale is based on perceived cultural incompatibility or civilizational defense. It is not utopian but cynical and bureaucratic.<ref name=Stanley-Becker>{{cite journal|title=Viktor Orbán Could Actually Lose | first1=Isaac |last1=Stanley-Becker |date=April 10, 2026 |journal=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/2026/04/viktor-orban-hungary-election-magyar/686732/ |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref>}}

==Locations== G.M.Tamás writes that "post-fascism is not unique to Central Europe. Far from it", although. its appearance in Germany, Austria, and Hungary "are important, for historical reasons."<ref name="Tamás-BR-2000">{{cite journal |last1=Tamás |first1=G. M. |title=Philosophy Politics. On Post-Fascism. Its central characteristic is hostility to universal citizenship.. |journal=Boston Review |issue=Summer 2000 |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/g-m-tamas-post-fascism/ |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

===Italy=== The Italian Social Movement ({{lang|it|Movimento Sociale Italiano}}, MSI) was a neo-fascist political party established in Italy in 1946 by former members of the National Fascist Party and the Republican Fascist Party. Despite being an explicitly fascist party, the MSI included a post-fascist faction headed by Arturo Michelini and Alfredo Covelli, who favoured political cooperation with moderate conservative parties, such as the Christian Democracy, the Monarchist National Party and the Italian Liberal Party.

In 1977, a moderate faction of the MSI led by Covelli split away and established National Democracy ({{lang|it|Democrazia Nazionale}}, DN), the first real post-fascist party in Italy. Covelli attempted to create an alliance between DN and the Christian Democracy, but electoral results were very poor and DN was eventually disbanded in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veneziani |first=Marcello |date=30 December 2003 |title=I percorsi della destra |trans-title=The paths of the right |url=https://www.marcelloveneziani.com/il-giornalista/trapassato-presente/i-percorsi-della-destra/ |access-date= |website=Marcello Veneziani |language=it-IT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135859/https://www.marcelloveneziani.com/il-giornalista/trapassato-presente/i-percorsi-della-destra/ |archive-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>

The MSI eventually repudiated fascism in a party congress held in Fiuggi in 1995, where the party voted to disband itself and transform into National Alliance ({{lang|it|Alleanza Nazionale}}, AN),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/12/12/lo-strappo-di-fini-il-post.html |title=Lo strappo di Fini, il post-fascista |language=it |trans-title=The tear of Fini, the post-fascist |work=La Repubblica |date=12 December 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413043616/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/12/12/lo-strappo-di-fini-il-post.html |archive-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Adalberto |last=Baldoni |author-link=:it:Adalberto Baldoni |title=Storia della destra. Dal postfascismo al Popolo della libertà |language=it |trans-title=History of the right. From post-fascism to the People of Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9RDAQAAIAAJ |location=Florence |publisher=Vallecchi |date=2009 |isbn=978-88-8427-140-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref> a party which has been labeled by several scholars and journalists, including academic Roger Griffin, as a "post-fascist" party.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Griffin |first=R. |author-link=Roger Griffin |date=2007 |title=The 'post-Fascism' of the Alleanza Nazionale: A case study in ideological morphology |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=1 |number=2 |pages=123–145|doi=10.1080/13569319608420733 }}</ref> A minority faction in the MSI, led by Pino Rauti, refused to abandon fascism and created a new party called Social Movement Tricolour Flame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Esposito |first=Fabrizio |date=2 November 2022 |title=Pino Rauti, chi era il missino e fascista 'rivoluzionario' che si oppose alla svolta di Fiuggi. Oggi la figlia Isabella è sottosegretaria |trans-title=Pino Rauti, who was the 'revolutionary' MSI and fascist who opposed the turnaround in Fiuggi. Today the daughter Isabella is undersecretary |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/11/02/pino-rauti-chi-era-il-missino-e-fascista-rivoluzionario-che-si-oppose-alla-svolta-di-fiuggi-oggi-la-figlia-isabella-e-sottosegretaria/6859072/ |access-date= |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102103814/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/11/02/pino-rauti-chi-era-il-missino-e-fascista-rivoluzionario-che-si-oppose-alla-svolta-di-fiuggi-oggi-la-figlia-isabella-e-sottosegretaria/6859072/ |archive-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

The right-wing<ref>{{Cite news |title=Giorgia Meloni's not-so-scary right-wing government |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/01/24/giorgia-melonis-not-so-scary-right-wing-government |access-date=2024-07-10 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> party Brothers of Italy ({{lang|it|Fratelli d'Italia}}, FdI), which was established in 2012 by several former members of AN and currently leads the government of Italy, has also been described as a post-fascist party by several media reports,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title=The Guardian view on Italian post-fascists: heading for the mainstream? {{!}} Editorial |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/31/the-guardian-view-on-italian-post-fascists-headed-for-the-mainstream |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127054238/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/may/31/the-guardian-view-on-italian-post-fascists-headed-for-the-mainstream |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Winfield |first=Nicole |date=26 September 2022 |title=How a right-wing party of neo-fascist roots became poised to lead Italy |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-a-right-wing-party-of-neo-fascist-roots-became-poised-to-lead-italy |access-date= |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115125345/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-a-right-wing-party-of-neo-fascist-roots-became-poised-to-lead-italy |archive-date=15 November 2022}}</ref> and academics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vampa |first=Davide |title=Brothers of Italy: A New Populist Wave in an Unstable Party System |date=2023 |publisher=Springer International Publishing AG |isbn=978-3-031-26132-9 |edition=1st |location=Cham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Routledge handbook of far-right extremism in Europe |date=2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-18797-6 |editor-last=Kondor |editor-first=Katherine |edition=First |series=Routledge international handbooks |location=London; New York |editor-last2=Littler |editor-first2=Mark}}</ref>

=== Chile === In 1938, the National Falange party was founded, mainly by young, radicalised conservatives. The radical party's origins can be traced back to the rise of left-wing and far-left parties, mainly by discontent in their economic and social stances. The National Falange broke off from the Conservative Party. In 1957, National Falange merged with the Social Christian Party, the second party to secede from the Conservative Party. This merger founded the Christian Democratic Party, who advocated for staunch reforms economically, and socially.

===Hungary=== While Viktor Orbán, Hungary's longest-serving prime minister, describes his ideology as "illiberalism", at least two observers (Isaac Stanley-Becker and Hungarian poet Renátó Fehér) prefer the term post fascism. In 2014, after Orban announced his plans for what he called an “illiberal state,” Tamás himself warned of Orban's danger, in an interview in which Tamás urged the public to read between the lines. Orban "told us that he will not be removed by elections,” Tamás declared, and predicted that “those who are against him must be prepared for the grimmest struggle.”<ref name=Stanley-Becker/>

===Russia=== In a 2016 interview, Tamás compared Orbán and Vladimir Putin, stating that like Putin in Russia and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Türkiye, Orban had used financial carrots and sticks against opposition media, politicians, and their supporters, human rights groups, 'Soros-financed NGOs', etc. but had not arrested and assassinated his enemies.<ref name="Tamás-2017-LeftEast">{{cite web |last1=Tamás |first1=G. M. |title=Interview: G. M. Tamás on the Anti-Immigration Referendum in Hungary |url=https://lefteast.org/g-m-tamas-on-the-anti-immigration-referendum-in-hungary/ |website=LeftEast |access-date=13 April 2026 |date=2 October 2016}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

Category:Fascism Category:Neo-fascism * Category:National conservatism