{{Short description|Cultural movement}} {{History of Western art music}} '''Post-romanticism''' or '''Postromanticism''' refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism.

== In literature == The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/hawthornes-birthmark-there-post-romantic-lesson-men-science/2006-08|title=Hawthorne's 'Birthmark': Is There a Post-Romantic Lesson for the 'Men of Science'?|author=Faith Lagay|journal=Virtual Mentor|volume=8|number=8|pages=541–544|date=August 2006|doi= 10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.mhum1-0608|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but includes the much earlier poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon<ref>{{cite book | last=Zwierlein | first=Anne-Julia | date=2015 | chapter=Poetic Genres in the Victorian Age I: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's and Alfred Lord Tennyson's Post-Romantic Verse Narratives | language=en | pages=243-256 | editor-last=Baumbach | editor-first=Sibylle | editor-last2=Neumann | editor-first2=Birgit | editor-last3=Nünning | editor-first3=Ansgar | title=A history of British poetry: Genres, developments, interpretations | publication-place=Trier | publisher=WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier | isbn=978-3-86821-578-6 | oclc=904798501}}</ref> and Tennyson.<ref>Richard Bradford, ''A Linguistic History of English Poetry'', New York: Routledge, 1993, p.&nbsp;134. {{ISBN|0-415-07057-0}}.</ref>

=== Notable post-romantic writers === *Herman Melville<ref name=Milder>Robert Milder, ''Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine'', New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p.&nbsp;41. {{ISBN|0-19-514232-2}}</ref> *Thomas Carlyle<ref name=Milder /> *Gustave Flaubert<ref>Stephen Heath, ''Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.&nbsp;13. {{ISBN|0-521-31483-6}}.</ref>

== In music == Post-romanticism in music refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages. Arthur Berger described the mysticism of La Jeune France as post-Romanticism rather than neo-Romanticism.<ref>Virgil Thomson. ''Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984'', edited by Richard Kostelanetz, New York: Routledge, 2002, p.&nbsp;268. {{ISBN|0-415-93795-7}}.</ref>

Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced harmony. Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and Béla Bartók, for example, "in such Strauss-influenced works as ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle''", may be described as having still used "dissonance ['such intervals as fourths and sevenths'] in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".<ref>Daniel Albright. ''Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp.&nbsp;243–244. {{ISBN|0-226-01267-0}}.</ref>

== Other notable post-romantic composers == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *Richard Wagner<ref name=":0">[https://www.classicalarchives.com/period/7.html "Period: Late– Post-Romantic"], Nolan Gasser, Classical Archives</ref> *Giacomo Puccini<ref name=":0" /> *Richard Strauss<ref name=":0" /> *Gustav Mahler<ref name=":0" /> *Jean Sibelius<ref name=":0" /> *Alexander Scriabin<ref name=":0" /> *Sergei Rachmaninoff<ref name=":0" /> *Modest Mussorgsky<ref name=":0" /> *Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji<ref name=":0" /> {{div col end}}

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading== * Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. ''A History of Western Music'', 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. * {{cite journal|last=Pappas|first=Sara|title=Review of Claudia Moscovici, ''Romanticism and Postromanticism'' (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007)|journal=Nineteenth-Century French Studies|volume=36|number=3 & 4|date=Spring–Summer 2008|pages=335–337|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|doi=10.1353/ncf.0.0035|ref=none}} * Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, ''Romanticism and Postromanticism''. ''French Studies: A Quarterly Review'', vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp.&nbsp;486–487.

==See also== * [https://neoclassicalmusic.gr/ Post-Romantic Classical Radio] * Aestheticism * Arts and Crafts movement * Decadent movement * Düsseldorf School * Modernism * Musical nationalism * Neoclassicism * Neoromanticism * Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood * Symbolist Movement * Vegetarianism and Romanticism

* Victorian literature * Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism * Underground culture {{Western art movements}} {{Modernist music}} {{Romantic music}}

Category:Art movements + Category:19th-century classical music Category:20th-century classical music Category:19th-century literature