{{Short description|Ancient Roman equivalent of a bar}} {{about|the wine bar|the village in Serbia|Popina (Trstenik)}} {{more footnotes needed|date=March 2013}} thumb|A picture of a ''popina'' in Pompeii The '''''popina''''' ({{plural form}}: '''''popinae''''') was an ancient Roman wine bar, where a limited menu of simple foods (olives, bread, stews) and selection of wines of varying quality were available. The ''popina'' was a place for plebeians of the lower classes of Roman society (slaves, freedmen, foreigners) to socialize; in Roman literature, they were frequently associated with illegal and immoral behavior.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=374}}
==Etymology== The word is the Osco-Umbrian equivalent of Latin ''coquina'', from Latin ''coquere'' "to cook".
==Features and clientele== ''Popinae'' were a type of wine bar generally frequented by the lower-classes and slaves, and were simply furnished with stools and tables. They provided food, drink, sex and gambling. Because they were associated with gambling and prostitution, the ''popinae'' were seen by respectable Romans as places of crime and violence.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=374}} Juvenal, a 2nd-century CE Roman poet, mentions the ''popina'' to be frequented by assassins, some sailors, thieves, fugitive slaves, executioners and coffin-makers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hartnett |first=Jeremy |date=2017-08-22 |title=bars (taberna, popina, caupona, thermopolium) |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8072?source=post_page--------------------------- |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8072|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 }}</ref>
Although gambling with sets of dice was illegal, it would appear from the large number of dice found at cities like Pompeii that most people ignored this law. Several wall paintings from Pompeian ''popinae'' show men throwing dice from a dice shaker. Prostitutes frequented ''popinae'', but as many of these wine bars found at Pompeii had no rooms provided with a bed, they must have met their customers at these bars then taken them elsewhere. The ''popina'' differs from the Roman ''caupona'' in that it did not provide overnight accommodation.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=374}}
The ''popina'' usually fronted streets and was separated by a broad doorway. A service counter in a L or U shape would be in the main room where workers likely served customers food and drink. Frequently, a small water heater would be included into the counter or located nearby. In some ''popina'', there would even be water basins embedded into the counter, such as in Ostia.<ref name=":0" /> Martial, a 1st-century Latin poet, describes a ''popina'' that had grown so massive it had occupied the entire street.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Martial. ''[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/martial-epigrams/1993/pb_LCL095.123.xml Epigrams]''. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/martial-epigrams/1993/pb_LCL095.123.xml 7.61].</ref>
==Modern discovery== Physical remains of taverns and bars are found in well-preserved Roman cities. About 120 ''popinae'' were identified in Pompeii, but many of them might have been misidentified.
The taverns are often identified by evidence of storage jars set into them. However, regular shops also contained those storage jars. Some believed that the food and drink was sometimes catered when it was requested by a customer.
==See also== * Thermopolium * Taberna
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=David S. |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-7826-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5wAfRUNxRQC |language=en}} * William Stearns Davis, ed., ''Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources,'' 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912–13), Vol. II: ''Rome and the West'', pp. ?? *John DeFelice, Roman Hospitality: The Professional Women of Pompeii; Marco Polo Monographs, 2001 *Beard, Mary, ''The Fires of Vesuvius: Pompeii Lost and Found,'' Harvard University Press, 2010.
Category:Types of drinking establishment