{{Short description|Group of fungi-like protists}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Plasmodiophores | image = Plasmodiophoraceae in Aquatic Phycomycetes 1960.png | image_caption = "Plasmodiophoraceae" 1960 illustration. | display_parents = 5 | taxon = Plasmodiophoridae | authority = Zopf, 1884 | parent_authority = Cook, 1928 | type_genus = ''Plasmodiophora'' | type_genus_authority = M. Woronin, 1877 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * ''Ligniera'' * ''Membranosorus'' * ''Octomyxa'' * ''Polymyxa'' * ''Plasmodiophora'' * ''Sorodiscus'' * ''Sorosphaerula'' * ''Spongospora'' * ''Tetramyxa'' * ''Woronina'' | synonyms = *Plasmodiophoromycota {{au|Whittaker, 1969}} *Plasmodiophoromycetes {{au|K. Cejp, 1957}} *Plasmodiophorales {{au|Engl., 1892}} *Plasmodiophorales {{au|F.L. Stevens, 1913}} *Woroninales {{au|A.A. Jaczewski & P.A. Jaczewski, 1931}} *Plasmodiophoraceae {{au|Zopf ex Berl., 1888}} *Woroninaceae {{au|M. von Minden, 1911}} }} The '''plasmodiophores'''<ref name="Whittaker69"/> (also known as '''plasmophorids'''<ref name="Plasmobrassicaegenome"/> or '''plasmodiophorids'''<ref name="Cross-kingdom host shifts"/>) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa.<ref name="MonoCercozoa"/> Taxonomically, they are united under a single family '''Plasmodiophoridae''', order '''Plasmodiophorida''', sister to the phagomyxids.<ref name="RhizariaPhylo2018"/>
==Ecology and pathology== Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress,<ref name="PlasmodiophoromycotaChapter"/> or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus.<ref name="Top10Phytoprotists"/><ref name="MarinePlasmophoReview"/>
==Taxonomy== ===History=== The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera ''Plasmodiophora'' and ''Tetramyxa'' in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese.<ref name="SyllogeFungorum1"/> In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards.<ref name=Engler1903/>
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi.<ref name="Whittaker69"/>
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids.<ref name="Opalozoa"/> Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms.<ref name="Incisomonas"/>
Finally, after phylogenetic analyses, in 2002 Cavalier-Smith placed all Phytomyxea, including plasmodiophores, in the subphylum Endomyxa, inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa.<ref name="PhagoCavalier2002"/><ref name="PhyloCercozoa2003"/>
===Classification=== The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: ''Plasmodiophora'', ''Spongospora'' and ''Tetramyxa''.<ref>{{Cite WoRMS|title=Plasmodiophoridae|id=889997|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources:<ref name="Cross-kingdom host shifts"/><ref name="AquaticPhycomycetes"/><ref name="StraminipilousFungi"/> *''Ligniera'' {{au|R. Maire & A. Tison 1911}} (=''Anisomyxa'' {{au|Nemec 1913}}; ''Rhizomyxa'' {{au|Borzí 1884}}; ''Sorolpidium'' {{au|B. Nĕmec 1911}}) *''Membranosorus'' {{au|C.H. Ostenfeld & H.E. Petersen 1930}} *''Octomyxa'' {{au|J.N. Couch J. Leitner & A. Whiffen 1939}} *''Ostenfeldiella'' {{au|Ferdinandsen & Winge 1914}}<ref name="Hittorf 2020"/> *''Polymyxa'' {{au|G.A. Ledingham 1939}} *''Plasmodiophora'' {{au|Woronin 1877}} *''Pseudoligniera'' {{au|Hittorf et al. 2020}}<ref name="Hittorf 2020">{{cite journal|author=Hittorf M, Letsch-Praxmarer S, Windegger A, Bass D, Kirchmair M, Neuhauser S|title=Revised Taxonomy and Expanded Biodiversity of the Phytomyxea (Rhizaria, Endomyxa)|journal=J Eukaryot Microbiol|date=2020-11-08|volume=67|issue=6|pages=648–659|doi=10.1111/jeu.12817|pmid=32654223|pmc=7756720}}</ref> *''Sorodiscus'' {{au|G. Lagerheim & Ø. Winge 1912}} *''Sorosphaerula'' {{au|J. Schröt. 1886 (as ''Sorosphaera'') ''nom. nov.'' Neuhauser & Kirchmair 2011}}<ref name="Sorosphaerula"/> (=''Tuburcinia'' {{au|E.M. Fries}}; ''Sorosporium'' {{au|F. Rudolphi 1829}}) *''Spongospora'' {{au|Brunch. 1887}} (=''Clathrosorus'' {{au|C. Ferdinandson & Ö. Winge 1920}}) *''Hillenburgia'' {{au|Hittorf et al. 2020}}<ref name="Hittorf 2020"/> *''Tetramyxa'' {{au|K. Goebel 1884}} (=''Molliardia'' {{au|R. Maire & A. Tison 1911}}; ''Thecaphora'' {{au|W. A. Setchell 1924}}) *''Woronina'' {{au|Cornu 1872}}
These genera were once considered plasmodiophores<ref name=MycoBank>{{cite journal|title=Plasmodiophoraceae|website=www.mycobank.org|url=https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/name/Plasmodiophoraceae}}</ref> until they were excluded:<ref name="StraminipilousFungi"/> *''Cystospora'' {{au|J.E. Elliott 1916}} – possibly a physiological symptom. *''Frankiella'' {{au|Maire & A. Tison 1909}} – synonym of the bacteria ''Frankia''. *''Peltomyces'' {{au|L. Léger 1909}} – excluded as unclassifiable. *''Pyrrhosorus'' {{au|H. O. Juel 1901}} – considered Labyrinthulida ''incertae sedis''.<ref>{{Cite WoRMS|id=177360|title=Pyrrhosorus|author=Juel}}</ref> *''Sporomyxa'' {{au|L. Léger 1907}} – excluded as unclassifiable. *''Trematophlyctis'' {{au|Patouillard 1918}} – a chytrid fungus.<ref name="OOF2022"/>
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Category:Endomyxa