Planthopper

{{Short description|Superfamily of insects}} {{for|the Pandanus planthopper|Jamella australiae|Pandanus tectorius#Ecology}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Carboniferous|Recent}} | image = Flatid leaf bugs and nymphs (Phromnia rosea).jpg | image_caption = ''Flatida rosea'' (Flatidae) adults and nymphs | taxon = Fulgoromorpha | authority = Evans, 1946 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = See text }}

A '''planthopper''' is any insect in the infraorder '''Fulgoromorpha''',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = J. W. | year = 1946 | title = A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera). Part 1. External morphology and systematic position | journal = Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London | volume = 96 | issue = 3| pages = 47–60 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00442.x | bibcode = 1946EcoEn..96...47E }}</ref> in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha,<ref name=Song>{{cite journal |author1=Song, N. |author2=Liang, A.-P. |author3=Bu, C.-P. |year=2012 |title=A Molecular Phylogeny of Hemiptera Inferred from Mitochondrial Genome Sequences |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e48778 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048778|pmc=3493603 |pmid=23144967|bibcode=2012PLoSO...748778S |doi-access=free }}</ref> a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. Fulgoromorphs are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features: the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

==Overview== Planthoppers are laterally flattened and hold their broad wings vertically, in a tent-like fashion, concealing the sides of the body and part of the legs.<ref name=Ohio>{{cite web |url=https://bygl.osu.edu/node/348 |title=Planthoppers |author=Boggs, Joe |date=14 June 2016 |work=Bug Bytes |publisher=Ohio State University Extension |access-date=29 January 2021 }}</ref> Nymphs of many planthoppers produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.<ref name=ency>{{cite book|first1=C. H.|last1= Dietrich|editor-last1= Resh|editor-first1= V. H. |editor-last2= Carde|editor-first2= R. T.|date=2009|title= Encyclopedia of Insects|edition=2nd|publisher= Academic Press|chapter=Auchenorrhyncha: (Cicadas, Spittlebugs, Leafhoppers, Treehoppers, and Planthoppers)|pages=56–64|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00015-1|isbn=978-0-12-374144-8}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - ggallice - Wax-tail hopper (1).jpg|thumb|Planthopper (Fulgoridae: ''Pterodictya reticularis'') with abdominal filaments of ketoester wax]] Planthopper nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump. The gears, not present in the adults, were known for decades<ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. |last1=Sander|date= 1957|title= Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' Walker (Homoptera – Fulgoridae)|journal=Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere |volume= 75|pages= 383–388}}</ref> before the recent description of their function.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burrows | first1 = M. | last2 = Sutton | first2 = G. | year = 2013 | title = Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect | url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/interacting-gears-synchronize-propulsive-leg-movements-in-a-jumping-insect(69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92).html| journal = Science | volume = 341 | issue = 6151| pages = 1254–1256 | doi = 10.1126/science.1240284 | pmid = 24031019 | bibcode = 2013Sci...341.1254B | s2cid = 24640726 | hdl = 1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=I.-M. |last2=Davis |first2=R. E. |last3=Gundersen-Rindal |first3=D. E. |title=Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic Mollicutes |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |date=2000 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=221–255 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221| pmid = 11018129|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235029 }}</ref>

A number of extinct planthopper taxa are known from the fossil record, such as the Lutetian-age ''Emiliana'' from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in Colorado.<ref name="Shcherbakov2006">{{Cite journal|last1=Shcherbakov |first1=D. |title=The earliest find of Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha), representing a new tribe, from the Eocene of Green River, USA, with notes on the fossil record of higher Fulgoroidea |journal=Russian Entomological Journal |year=2006 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=315–322 |url=http://www.kmk.entomology.ru/pdf/rej15-2006/ent15_3%20315_322%20Shcherbakov.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402182523/http://www.kmk.entomology.ru/pdf/rej15-2006/ent15_3%20315_322%20Shcherbakov.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-02 }}</ref>

Both planthopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking sap from plants; in so doing, the nymphs produce copious quantities of honeydew, on which sooty mould often grows.<ref name=Ohio/> One species considered to be a pest is ''Haplaxius crudus'', which is a vector for lethal yellowing, a palm disease that nearly killed off the Jamaican Tall coconut variety.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=S. E. |last2=Been |first2=B. O. |last3=McLaughlin |first3=W. A. |title=Detection and variability of the lethal yellowing group (16Sr IV) phytoplasmas in the ''Cedusa'' sp. (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae) in Jamaica |journal=Annals of Applied Biology |date=2006 |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00072.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another is the spotted lanternfly, a planthopper native to parts of China and Vietnam, which has spread invasively in South Korea, Japan, and the United States.

==Classification== The infraorder contains two superfamilies, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. As mentioned under Auchenorrhyncha, some authors use the name '''Archaeorrhyncha''' as a replacement for the Fulgoromorpha.<ref name=ency/>

===Superfamily Fulgoroidea=== {{div col}} * Acanaloniidae * Achilidae * Achilixiidae * Caliscelidae * Derbidae * Dictyopharidae * Eurybrachidae (= Eurybrachyidae) * Flatidae * Fulgoridae * Gengidae * Hypochthonellidae * Issidae (sometimes includes Caliscelidae) * Kinnaridae * Lophopidae * Meenoplidae * Nogodinidae * Ricaniidae * Tettigometridae * Tropiduchidae {{div col end}}

===Superfamily Delphacoidea=== * Borysthenidae * Cixiidae * Delphacidae

Extinct families include: * †Dorytocidae Emeljanov and Shcherbakov 2018, monotypic, Burmese amber, Cenomanian * †Fulgoridiidae Handlirsch 1939 Early-Upper Jurassic, Eurasia * †Jubisentidae Zhang et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Cenomanian * †Katlasidae Luo et al. 2020, monotypic, Burmese amber, Cenomanian * †Lalacidae Hamilton 1990 Crato Formation, Brazil Lushangfen Formation, Yixian Formation, China, Aptian * †Mimarachnidae Shcherbakov 2007 Early Cretaceous- early Late Cretaceous, Eurasia * †Neazoniidae Szwedo 2007 Lebanese amber, Barremian, Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian * †Perforissidae Shcherbakov 2007 Early Cretaceous- early Late Cretaceous, Argentina, Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russia, Spain, New Jersey * †Qiyangiricaniidae Szwedo et al. 2011 monotypic, Guanyintan Formation, China, Toarcian * †Weiwoboidae Lin et al. 2010 monotypic, Yunnan, China, Eocene * †Szeiiniidae Zhang et al. 2021 monotypic, Shaanxi, China, Late Triassic * †Yetkhatidae Song et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Cenomanian

==Gallery== <gallery widths="110" heights="80"> File:Metcalfa pruinosa MHNT 2 .jpg|''Metcalfa pruinosa'' (Flatidae) File:Flatolystra verrucosa MHNT.jpg|''Flatolystra verrucosa'' (Fulgoridae) File:Epiptera europea.jpg|nymphal ''Dictyophara europaea'' (Dictyopharidae) File:Pyrops candelaria.jpg|''Pyrops candelaria'' (Fulgoridae) File:Paropioxys jucundus diagonal.jpg|''Paropioxys jucundus'' (Eurybrachidae) File:Mimicry of Siphanta acuta edit1.jpg|''Siphanta acuta'' (Flatidae) File:Euricania Facialis Planthopper.jpg|''Euricania facialis'' (Ricaniidae) File:Bruchomorpha_decorata.jpg|''Bruchomorpha decorata'' (Caliscelidae) File:Acanaloniidae conica adults.webm|thumbtime=108|''Acanalonia conica'' (Acanaloniidae), on the underside of a milkweed leaf File:Planthopper nymphs.webm|thumbtime=109|Planthopper nymphs on coneflower stem. Includes a slow motion segment </gallery>

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== * {{cite journal | last1 = Wilson | first1 = Stephen W. | year = 2005 | title = Keys To The Families Of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) | url = http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe88p464.pdf | journal = Florida Entomologist | volume = 88 | issue = 4| page = 4 | doi = 10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:KTTFOF]2.0.CO;2 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206035054/http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe88p464.pdf | archive-date = 2010-12-06 | doi-access = free }} * {{aut|Bourgoin T.}} 1996–2015. FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. https://web.archive.org/web/20140111091457/http://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/ * {{aut|Larivière, M.-C.}}; {{aut|Fletcher, M.J.}}; {{aut|Larochelle, A.}} 2010: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516231023/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/invertebrates/faunaofnz/Extracts/FNZ63/FNZ63ind.asp Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera): catalogue.]''Fauna of New Zealand'', ('''63''') * {{aut|Swzedo J.}}; {{aut|Bourgoin T.}}; {{aut|Lefèbvre, F.}} 2004: An annotated catalogue of Fulgoromorpha, :37–137. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo, J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefèbvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.

==External links== {{Wikispecies|Fulgoroidea}} {{commons category|Fulgoroidea}} * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/shrubs/citrus_flatid_planthopper.htm ''Metcalfa pruinosa'', citrus flatid planthopper] on the University of Florida/IFAS Featured Creatures website * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/palms/Ormenaria_rufifascia.htm ''Ormenaria rufifascia'', a flatid planthopper] on the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

Category:Fulgoromorpha Category:Auchenorrhyncha Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens