{{Short description|none}} thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Illustrative diagram|The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex
'''Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones''' are hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Although these organs are relatively small, the hormones have effects throughout the body. They can be classified as a hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HP axis) of which the adrenal ({{abbrlink|HPA|hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis}}), gonadal ({{abbrlink|HPG|hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis}}), thyroid ({{abbrlink|HPT|hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis}}), somatotropic ({{abbrlink|HPS|hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis}}), and prolactin ({{abbrlink|HPP|hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis}}) axes are branches.
{| cellspacing="4" cellpadding="1" style="padding:0.3em; margin-left:5px; border:1px solid #A3B1BF;background:#F0FFFF;" |+ ''Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axis''<ref name=MelmedJameson>{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Jameson JL |veditors=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip00kasp |url-access=limited |edition=16th |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-07-139140-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/harrisonsprincip00kasp/page/n2104 2076]–97 |chapter=Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus|display-editors=etal}}</ref> | | ! bgcolor="#D3D3D3"|HPT axis !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3"| HPA axis !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3"|HPG axis !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3"| HPS axis !! bgcolor="#D3D3D3"| HPP axis |- | Hypothalamic hormone || {{abbrlink|TRH|Thyrotropin-releasing hormone}} || {{abbrlink|CRH|Corticotropin-releasing hormone}} || {{abbrlink|GnRH|Gonadotropin-releasing hormone}} || {{abbrlink|GHRH|Growth hormone-releasing hormone}} || Dopamine (inhibitor) |- | Pituitary cells || Thyrotrope || Corticotrope || Gonadotrope || Somatotrope || Lactotrope |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" | Pituitary hormone || {{abbrlink|TSH|Thyroid-stimulating hormone}} || {{abbrlink|ACTH|Adrenocorticotropic hormone}} || {{abbrlink|LH|Luteinizing hormone}} and {{abbrlink|FSH|Follicle-stimulating hormone}} || {{abbrlink|GH|Growth hormone}} || Prolactin |- | End organ<br/> || Thyroid<br/> || Adrenal<br/> || Gonads<br/>(testes or ovaries) || Liver<br/> || Mammary gland<br/> |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" | Product<br/> || Thyroxine<br/> || Cortisol<br/> || Testosterone,<br/> estradiol || {{abbrlink|IGF-1|Insulin-like growth factor 1}}<br/> || Milk<br/>(no feedback) |}
The function of these hormones may be altered by physical activity.<ref name="pmid16268805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bobbert T, Brechtel L, Mai K, etal |title=Adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary hormones during intensive endurance training |journal=Clinical Endocrinology |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=530–6 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16268805 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02377.x }}</ref>
== Details == ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary is an amalgam of hormone-producing glandular cells. Unlike the posterior, the neurosecretory cells in the anterior pituitary synthesize their own hormones, which are transported through the pituitary portal system. These hormones are prolactin, growth hormone, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, FSH and LH. Some have targets in glands and some have direct function.
Conditions related to the limbic system regulate hormone release. The thalamus may also, with pain. Many of these stimuli come from the senses. Temperature control can be found in the hypothalamus. These hormones also regulate water balance and hunger, and are associated with water balance control (ADH). Other examples:
* Corticotropic releasing hormone CRH: stimulates ACTH secretion * Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion * Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates GH secretion * Somatostatin: inhibits GH (and other hormone) secretion * Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates FSH and LH secretion * Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH): stimulates PRL secretion * Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine): inhibits PRL secretion
These hypothalamic hormones are secreted in pulse. They act on specific membrane receptors. They are also glycoproteins. They stimulate
* release of pituitary hormones * synthesis of pituitary hormones * release of stored pituitary hormones * hyperplasia * hypertrophy
The anterior pituitary produces prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. 15–20% of corticotroph cells, produce ACTH. The targets are the adrenal glands, adipocytes and melanocytes. 3–5% thyrotroph cells, produce TSH. 10–15%, Gonadotroph, produce LH and FSH, 40–50% somatotroph, produce GH in particular in childhood. 10–15% are lactotrophic and produce prolactin.
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
{{Hormones}} {{Endocrinology physiology}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hypothalamic-pituitary hormone}} Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus Category:Hormones of the pituitary gland Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis