Piphat

{{Short description|Ensemble in Thai classical music}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2007}} [[File:Piphat in Sala of Wat Kung Taphao.ogv|thumb|Video: Piphat played at Wat Khung Taphao, Uttaradit Province]] thumb|Video 2 thumb|Sound sample A '''''piphat''''' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์}}) is a kind of ensemble in the classical music of Thailand, which features wind and percussion instruments. It is considered the primary form of ensemble for the interpretation of the most sacred and "high-class" compositions of the Thai classical repertoire, including the Buddhist invocation entitled ''sathukan'' ({{langx|th|สาธุการ}}) as well as the suites called ''phleng rueang''. It is also used to accompany traditional Thai theatrical and dance forms including ''khon'' ({{langx|th|โขน}}) (masked dance-drama), ''lakhon'' (classical dance), and shadow puppet theater.

Piphat in the earlier time was called '''''phinphat'''''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80WSAgAAQBAJ&q=phinphat|title=The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music|last2=Williams|first2=Sean|date=2011-03-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90155-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shahriari|first=Andrew C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKKfAAAAMAAJ&q=Phinphat|title=Khon Muang Music and Dance: Traditions of North Thailand|date=2006|publisher=White Lotus Press|isbn=978-974-480-077-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Society|first=Siam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QssVAQAAIAAJ&q=Phinphat|title=Journal of the Siam Society|date=1939|language=en}}</ref> It is analogous to its Cambodian musical ensemble of pinpeat and Laotian ensemble of pinphat.

==Types of ''piphat''== The smallest ''piphat'', called ''piphat khrueang ha'', is composed of six instruments: ''pi nai'' (oboe); ''ranat ek'' (xylophone); ''khong wong yai'' (gong circle); ''taphon'' or other Thai drums; ''glong thad'', a set of two large barrel drums beaten with sticks; and ''ching'' (small cymbals). Often other small percussion instruments such as ''krap'' or ''chap'' are used.

A slightly larger ''piphat'' ensemble is called ''piphat khrueang khu'', and consists of eight musical instruments. The other two instruments are the ''ranat thum'' (xylophone), which produces a deeper sound than the ''ranat ek'', and ''khong wong lek'', a gong circle that is higher in pitch than the ''khong wong yai''.

The largest form of ''piphat'' ensemble is the ''piphat khrueang yai'', which consists of ten musical instruments. Another ones are ''ranat ek lek'' and ''ranat thum lek''; these are almost the same as their ancestors, the ''ranat ek'' and ''ranat thum'', but they have keys made from metal instead of wood.

===Piphat khrueang ha=== thumb|''Piphat Khrueang Ha'', 1930 ''Wong piphat khrueang ha'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์เครื่องห้า}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt kʰrɯ̂əŋ hâː}}) is an ensemble consisting of: # 1 pi nai - bass oboe # 1 taphon - secondary beat # 1 ching - main beat # 1 khong wong yai - bass gongs hung in a nearly full circular track # 2 glong thad - Thai tympani # 1 ranat ek - treble xylophone

===Piphat khrueang khu=== ''Wong piphat khrueang khu'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์เครื่องคู่}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt kʰrɯ̂əŋ kʰûː}}) is developed from ''piphat khrueang ha'', by arranging instruments in pairs of treble-bass. It consists of: # 1 pi nai - bass oboe # 1 pi nok - treble oboe # 1 taphon - secondary timekeeper # 1 glong songna or 2 glong khaek # 2 glong thad - Thai tympani # 1 ching - main timekeeper # 1 chap # 1 khong wong yai - bass gongs hung in semicircular track # 1 khong wong lek - treble version of gongs hung in semicircular track # 1 khong mong # 1 ranat ek - treble xylophone # 1 ranat thum - bass xylophone

===Piphat khrueang yai=== thumb|''Piphat Khrueang Yai'', 1930 ''Wong piphat khrueang yai'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์เครื่องใหญ่}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt kʰrɯ̂əŋ jàj}}) is arranged by adding ''ranat ek lek'' (ระนาดเอกเหล็ก; treble metallophone) and ''ranat thum lek'' (ระนาดทุ้มเหล็ก; bass metallophone) to the ''wong piphat khrueang khu''.

===Piphat nang hong=== ''Wong piphat nang hong'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์นางหงส์}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt naːŋ hǒŋ}}) is an ensemble used in funerals. It is arranged by replacing the ''pi nai'' and ''pi nok'' with a ''pi chawa''. The name ''nang hong'' comes from name of its main music, which is intended for funeral ceremonies. A royal variant for Thai royal funerals, ''Wong piphat nang hong khruang yai'' (for the King) or ''Wong piphat nang hong khrueang khu'' (for senior members of the Royal Family), introduced during the reign of King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) for use in royal funerals of the Chakri Dynasty, was reinstated during the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) in 1995, during the state funeral rites for Srinagarindra, the Princess Mother, upon the initiative of Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, the Princess Royal, after years of absence.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Svasti | first1=Pichaya |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1123237/|title = Bangkok Post article|newspaper = Bangkok Post | date=31 October 2016 }}</ref> If playing for the king, the royal funeral ensemble has 10 to 12 instruments played, a few more than the simple ensemble, for senior members 8 to 9 instruments are used.

In some funerals in Thailand the ''nang hong'' variant ensemble is supplemented by Western instruments like trumpets, saxophones, clarinets and even a drum kit, guitars and an electric piano. Some of these have also appeared in the normal ensembles.

===Piphat duek dam ban=== ''Wong piphat duek dam ban'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์ดึกดำบรรพ์}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt dɯ̀k.dam.ban}}, literally "ancient ensemble") was proposed by Prince Naris. It consists of:

#1 ranat ek #1 taphon #1 ranat thum #1 ranat thum lek #1 khong wong yai #1 ching #1 taphon - "tympani" made by using two taphons arranged together. #1 saw u #1 khlui u - bass flute #1 khlui phiang aw - medium #1 wong khong chai - a set of 7 khong chai with different size hung on wooden bar.

===Piphat mon=== [[File:Lorchestre thaïlandais piphat mon (musée de la musique) (3771128467).jpg|thumb|''Piphat Mon'' exhibited at Cité de la Musique, Paris]] The ''piphat mon'' is believed to derive from the Mon people, an ancient Mon-Khmer-speaking people of mainland Southeast Asia, and uses special instruments such as an upright gong circle called ''khong mon''. ''Wong piphat mon'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์มอญ}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt mɔːn}}) has three sizes:

====Piphat mon khrueang ha==== ''Wong piphat mon khrueang ha'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์มอญเครื่องห้า}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt mɔːn kʰrɯ̂əŋ hâː}}) consists of: #1 ranat ek #1 pi mon - bass oboe with horn-shaped end. #1 khong mon wong yai - a set of bass gongs set in vertical frame (unlike khong wong yai, which gongs are set in horizontal semicircular frame). #1 poengmang khok (เปิงมางคอก) or ''khok poeng'' (คอกเปิง) - Mon drums set in cage-shaped frame. # ching, chap and khong mong

====Piphat mon khrueang khu==== ''Wong piphat mon khrueang khu'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์มอญเครื่องคู่}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt mɔːn kʰrɯ̂əŋ kʰûː}}) is arranged by adding ''ranat thum'' and ''khong mon wong lek'' to the ''piphat mon khrueang ha''.

====Piphat mon khrueang yai==== ''Wong piphat mon khrueang yai'' ({{langx|th|วงปี่พาทย์มอญเครื่องใหญ่}}, {{IPA|th|woŋ pìːpʰâːt mɔːn kʰrɯ̂əŋ jàj}}) is arranged by adding ''ranat ek lek'' and ''ranat thum lek'' to the ''piphat mon khrueang khu''.

The ''piphat mon'' ensemble is usually used in funerals, but it can be used for other events as well.

The ''piphat'' ensemble can be mixed with the ''khrueang sai'' ensemble to create a new ensemble called ''khrueang sai prasom piphat'' (เครื่องสายประสมปี่พาทย์ or เครื่องสายผสมปี่พาทย์). This hybrid or combined ensemble can also accommodate Western instruments as well.

==Similar ensembles== [[File:Gong and Chime Culture Map.jpg|thumb|right|The three major indigenous genres of gong-chime music prevalent in Southeast Asia includes the ''gamelan'' of western Indonesia; the ''kulintang'' of the southern Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and eastern Malaysia; and the ''piphat'' of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and the ''hsaing waing'' of Burma.]]

The Cambodian equivalent of the ''piphat'' is called ''pinpeat''. The Myanmar equivalent to ''piphat'' is known as ''hsaing waing''. The instrumentation is very similar to the Piphat Mon, which indicates a common origin.

Gong-chime ensembles are also found in other Southeast Asian nations, such as Gamelan in Indonesia, and Kulintang in the Philippines.

Gong-chime ensembles can also be found in Vietnam, although they're no longer played among the ethnic Viet, they're still played among the indigenous peoples in the Space of gong culture, as well as among the Muong people and the Thổ people.

==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links==

===Listening=== *[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Thai/music/classical/thaiensemble/pi_phat_ensemble.htm Pi Phat Ensemble page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051116024202/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Thai/music/classical/thaiensemble/pi_phat_ensemble.htm |date=2005-11-16 }} from SEAsite *[http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p01.html Piphat ensemble (Thai)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917024235/http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p01.html |date=2019-09-17 }} * [http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p02.html Piphat nang hong (Thai)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914210906/http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p02.html |date=2019-09-14 }} * [http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p03.html Piphat deuk dam ban (Thai)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913150936/http://www.thaigoodview.com/library/teachershow/sakaew/sornchai_p/ranad/sec03p03.html |date=2019-09-13 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023045024/http://www.msu.ac.th/satit/studentProj/2547/pj102-2-2547/g15-ThaiMusic/web7.htm Further information about piphat ensemble (Thai)]

Category:Gong and chime music Category:Music of Thailand Category:Classical and art music traditions Category:Articles containing video clips