Pilosa

{{Short description|Order of mammals}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Pilosans<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Pilosa|id=11800001|pages=100–103}}</ref> | fossil_range = Paleocene - Holocene, {{Fossil range|55.8|0}} | image = Pilosa_collage.png | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Pilosa species of different families; from top-left, clockwise: Silky anteater (''Cyclopes didactylus''), giant anteater (''Myrmecophaga tridactyla''), pale-throated sloth (''Bradypus tridactylus''), Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (''Choloepus didactylus'') | taxon = Pilosa | authority = Flower, 1883 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Vermilingua ** Cyclopedidae ** Myrmecophagidae * Folivora ** Bradypodidae ** Choloepodidae ** †Megalocnidae ** †Megalonychidae ** †Megatheriidae ** †Mylodontidae ** †Nothrotheriidae ** †Scelidotheriidae | range_map = Pilosa range.jpg | range_map_caption = Red: anteater, Blue: sloth, Purple: both sloth and anteater }}

'''Pilosa''' {{IPAc-en|p|aɪ|ˈ|l|ou|s|@}} is a order of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. They include anteaters and sloths (which include the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy".<ref name=LatDic>{{cite book |last=Kidd |first=D.A. |year=1973 |title= Collins Latin Gem Dictionary |publisher= Collins |location= London |isbn=0-00-458641-7|page=248}}</ref>

== Origins and taxonomy == The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa are still unclear,<ref>A proposed clade, Atlantogenata, would include Xenarthra and early African mammals.</ref> but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Paleogene (about 60 million years ago, only a short time after the end of the Mesozoic Era). The presence of these animals in Central America and their former presence in North America is a result of the Great American Interchange. A number of sloths were also formerly present on the Antilles, which they reached from South America by some combination of rafting or floating with the prevailing currents.

Together with the armadillos, which are in the order Cingulata, pilosans are part of the larger superorder Xenarthra, a defining characteristic of which is the presence of xenarthrals (extra formations between lumbar vertebrae). In the past, Pilosa was regarded as a suborder of the order Xenarthra, while some more recent classifications regard Pilosa as an order within the superorder Xenarthra. Earlier still, both armadillos and pilosans were classified together with pangolins and the aardvark as the order Edentata (meaning toothless, because the members do not have front incisor teeth or molars, or have poorly developed molars). Edentata was subsequently realized to be polyphyletic; it contained unrelated families and was thus invalid.

==Classification== {{Main|List of pilosans}}

===Taxonomy=== [[File:Nothrotheriops.jpg|thumb|right|253px|Restoration of the ground sloth ''Nothrotheriops'']] '''Order Pilosa''' * '''Suborder Vermilingua''' Illiger 1811 em. Gray 1869 (Anteaters) ** Family Cyclopedidae Pocock 1924 (Silky anteaters) ** Family Myrmecophagidae Gray 1825 * '''Suborder Folivora''' Delsuc et al. 2001<ref name="Presslee2019">{{cite journal|last1= Presslee|first1= S.|last2= Slater|first2=G. J.|last3= Pujos|first3= F.|last4= Forasiepi|first4=A. M.|last5= Fischer|first5= R.|last6= Molloy|first6= K.|last7= Mackie|first7= M.|last8= Olsen|first8=J. V.|last9= Kramarz|first9= A.|last10= Taglioretti|first10= M.|last11= Scaglia|first11= F.|last12= Lezcano|first12= M.|last13= Lanata|first13=J. L.|last14= Southon|first14= J.|last15= Feranec|first15= R.|last16= Bloch|first16= J.|last17= Hajduk|first17= A.|last18= Martin|first18=F. M.|last19= Gismondi|first19= R. S.|last20= Reguero|first20 =M.|last21=de Muizon|first21= C.|last22= Greenwood|first22= A.|last23= Chait|first23=B. T.|last24= Penkman|first24= K.|author24-link= Kirsty Penkman |last25= Collins|first25= M.|last26= MacPhee|first26= R.D.E.|title= Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume= 3|issue= 7|pages= 1121–1130|year= 2019|doi= 10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z|pmid= 31171860|bibcode= 2019NatEE...3.1121P|s2cid= 174813630|url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147061/1/5426_3_merged_1554730549.pdf}}</ref> (Sloths) ** Superfamily †Megalocnoidea Delsuc et al. 2019 *** Family †Megalocnidae Delsuc et al. 2019 (megalocnid ground sloths of the Caribbean) ** Superfamily Megatherioidea Gray 1821 *** Family Bradypodidae Gray 1821 (three-toed sloths) *** Family †Megalonychidae Gervais 1855 (megalonychid ground sloths) *** Family †Megatheriidae Gray 1821 (megatheriid ground sloths) *** Family †Nothrotheriidae Ameghino 1920 (nothrotheriid ground sloths) ** Superfamily Mylodontoidea Gill 1872 *** Family Choloepodidae Pocock 1924 (two-toed sloths) *** Family †Mylodontidae Gill 1872 (mylodontid ground sloths) *** Family †Scelidotheriidae Ameghino 1889 (scelidotheriid ground sloths)

===Phylogeny=== Major families within Pilosa<ref name="Presslee2019" /> {{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%; |label1='''Pilosa''' |1={{clade |label1=Vermilingua |1={{clade |1=Cyclopedidae |2=Myrmecophagidae }} |label2=Folivora |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1={{extinct}} Megalocnoidea |1={{clade |1={{extinct}} Megalocnidae }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Mylodontoidea |1={{clade |1={{extinct}} Scelidotheriidae |2={{clade |1=Choloepodidae |2={{extinct}} Mylodontidae }} }} |label2=Megatherioidea |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{extinct}} Megalonychidae |2=Bradypodidae }} |2={{clade |1={{extinct}} Nothrotheriidae |2={{extinct}} Megatheriidae }} }} }}

}} }} }}

Cladogram of living Pilosa<ref name="Presslee2019" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miranda |first1=Flávia R. |last2=Casali |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Perini |first3=Fernando A. |last4=Machado |first4=Fabio A. |last5=Santos |first5=Fabrício R. |title=Taxonomic review of the genus Cyclopes Gray, 1821 (Xenarthra: Pilosa), with the revalidation and description of new species |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=687–721 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx079 |hdl=11336/49474 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibb |first1=Gillian C. |last2=Condamine |first2=Fabien L. |last3=Kuch |first3=Melanie |last4=Enk |first4=Jacob |last5=Moraes-Barros |first5=Nadia |last6=Superina |first6=Mariella |last7=Poinar |first7=Hendrik N. |last8=Delsuc |first8=Frédéric |title=Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages= 621–42|year=2015 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msv250|pmid= 26556496|pmc=4760074 }}</ref> {{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%; |label1='''Pilosa''' |1={{clade |label1=Vermilingua |1={{clade |label1=Cyclopedidae |1={{clade |label1=''Cyclopes'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''C. rufus'' |2=''C. thomasi'' }} |2={{clade |1=''C. ida'' |2={{clade |1=''C. xinguensis'' |2={{clade |1=''C. didactylus'' |2=''C. dorsalis'' }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Myrmecophagidae |2={{clade |label1=''Myrmecophaga'' |1=''M. tridactyla'' |label2=''Tamandua'' |2={{clade |1=''T. mexicana'' |2=''T. tetradactyla'' }} }}

}} |label2=Folivora |2={{clade |label1=Choloepodidae |1={{clade |label1=''Choloepus'' |1={{clade |1=''C. didactylus'' |2=''C. hoffmanni'' }} }} |label2=Bradypodidae |2={{clade |label1=''Bradypus'' |1={{clade |1=''B. torquatus'' |2={{clade |1=''B. pygmaeus'' |2={{clade |1=''B. tridactylus'' |2=''B. variegatus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

*{{Wikispecies-inline}} *{{Commons category-inline}}

Category:Pilosa Category:Mammal orders Category:Taxa named by William Henry Flower Category:Extant Thanetian first appearances