Phytophthora

{{Short description|Genus of single-celled organisms}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Prei papiervlekkenziekte Phytophthora porri on Allium porrum.jpg | image_alt = Phytophthora porri on leek (Allium porrum) | image_caption = ''Phytophthora porri'' on leek (''Allium porrum'') | taxon = Phytophthora | authority = de Bary 1876<ref>Heinrich Anton de Bary, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, ser. 2 12: 240 (1876)</ref> | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}

[[File:Phytophthora kernoviae Rhododendron.jpg|thumb|''Rhododendron ponticum'' showing classic symptoms of ''Phytophthora kernoviae'' in the UK]]

'''''Phytophthora''''' (from Greek {{Lang|el|φυτόν}} (''phytón''), "plant" and {{Lang|el|φθορά}} ({{transliteration|el|phthorá}}), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species cause economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. The cell wall of ''Phytophthora'' is made up of cellulose. The genus was first described by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1875. Approximately 210 species have been described, although 100–500 undiscovered ''Phytophthora'' species are estimated to exist.<ref>Brasier CM, 2009. [http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr221/psw_gtr221.pdf#page=113 ''Phytophthora'' biodiversity: how many ''Phytohthora'' species are there?] In: Goheen EM, Frankel SJ, eds. Phytophthoras in Forest and Natural Ecosystems. Albany, CA, USA: USDA Forest Service: General Technical Rep rt PSW-GTR-221, 101–15.</ref><ref>Coomber, A., Saville, A., Carbone, I. and Ristaino, J. 2023. An open T base phylogeny for emerging ''Phytophthora'' species. PLOS ONE: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283540</nowiki> </ref>

==Pathogenicity== [[File:SuddenOakDeath-USDA-Forest-Service.jpg|thumb|250px|Sudden oak death caused by ''Phytophthora ramorum'']] ''Phytophthora'' spp. are mostly pathogens of dicotyledons, and many are relatively host-specific parasites. ''P. cinnamomi'', though, infects thousands of species ranging from club mosses, ferns, cycads, conifers, grasses, lilies, to members of many dicotyledonous families. Many species of ''Phytophthora'' are plant pathogens of considerable economic importance. ''P. infestans'' was the infective agent of the potato blight that caused the Great Famine of Ireland, and still remains the most destructive pathogen of solanaceous crops, including tomato and potato.<ref name="PlDis2011">Ristaino, J. B., Cooke, D.E.L., Acuña, I., Muñoz, M. 2020. The Threat of Late Blight to Global Food Security. Pages 101-133 in: In Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security. A. Records and J. B. Ristaino, eds. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890546383.006</nowiki></ref> The soya bean root and stem rot agent, ''P. sojae'', caused longstanding problems for the agricultural industry. In general, plant diseases caused by this genus are difficult to control chemically, thus the growth of resistant cultivars is the main management strategy. Other important ''Phytophthora'' diseases are:

* ''P. agathidicida''—causes collar-rot on New Zealand kauri (''Agathis australis''), New Zealand's most voluminous tree, an otherwise successful survivor of the Jurassic * ''P. cactorum''—causes rhododendron root rot affecting rhododendrons, azaleas, and orchids, and causes bleeding canker in hardwood trees * ''P. capsici''—infects Cucurbitaceae fruits, such as cucumbers and squash * ''P. cinnamomi''—causes cinnamon root rot affecting forest and fruit trees, and woody ornamentals including arborvitaee, azalea, Chamaecyparis, dogwood, forsythia, Fraser fir, hemlock, Japanese holly, juniper, Pieris, rhododendron, Taxus, white pine, American chestnut and Australian woody plants, especially eucalypt and banksia. * ''P. citricola''—causes root rot and stem cankers in citrus trees * ''P. fragariae''—causes red root rot affecting strawberries * ''P. infestans'' causes the serious disease known as potato (late) blight: responsible for the Great Famine of Ireland. * ''P. kernoviae''—pathogen of beech and rhododendron, also occurring on other trees and shrubs including oak, and holm oak. First seen in Cornwall, UK, in 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0953756205003357 | url = http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/P_kernoviae_paper_2005.pdf/$FILE/P_kernoviae_paper_2005.pdf | title = ''Phytophthora kernoviae'' sp. Nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK | year = 2005 | author = Brasier, C | journal = Mycological Research | volume = 109 | pages = 853–9 | pmid = 16175787 | last2 = Beales | first2 = PA | last3 = Kirk | first3 = SA | last4 = Denman | first4 = S | last5 = Rose | first5 = J | issue = Pt 8 | access-date = 2009-03-04 | archive-date = 2012-03-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315191745/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/P_kernoviae_paper_2005.pdf/$FILE/P_kernoviae_paper_2005.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> * ''P. lateralis''—causes cedar root disease in Port Orford cedar trees * ''P. megakarya''—one of the cocoa black pod disease species, is invasive and probably responsible for the greatest cocoa crop loss in Africa * ''P. multivora''—discovered in analysis of isolates with ''P. cinnamomi'' dieback infections of tuart forests of Southwest Australia, which were previously diagnosed as ''P. citricola''. The species was found occurring on many other taxa, so named ''multivora''.<ref name="Scott2009">{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=PM |last2=Burgess |first2=TI |last3=Barber |first3=PA |last4=Shearer |first4=BL |last5=Stukely |first5=MJ |last6=Hardy |first6=GE |last7=Jung |first7=T |title=''Phytophthora multivora'' sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining ''Eucalyptus'', ''Banksia'', ''Agonis'' and other plant species in Western Australia. |journal=Persoonia |date=June 2009 |volume=22 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.3767/003158509X415450 |pmid=20198133|pmc=2789538 }}</ref> * ''P. nicotianae''—infects tobacco and onions * ''P. palmivora''—causes fruit rot in coconuts and betel nuts * ''P. quercina''—causes oak death * ''P. ramorum''—infects over 60 plant genera and over 100 host species; causes sudden oak death<ref>[https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/usdaprlist.pdf "APHIS List of Regulated Hosts and PlantsAssociated with ''Phytophthora ramorum''" U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services];</ref> * ''P. sojae''—causes soybean root rot

Research beginning in the 1990s placed some of the responsibility for European forest die-back on the activity of imported Asian ''Phytophthoras''.<ref>[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,tt4m2/panorama/artikel/951/52899/ "''Phytophthora'': Asiatischer Pilz lässt die Bäume sterben" ''Süddeutschen Zeitung'' 11 Ma 2005]</ref>

In 2019, scientists in Connecticut were conducting experiments testing various methods to grow healthier Fraser trees when they accidentally discovered a new species of ''Phytophthora'', which they called ''P. abietivora''. The fact that these scientists so readily discovered a new species further suggests that there could be many more species waiting to be discovered.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Phytophthora abietivora, A New Species Isolated from Diseased Christmas Trees in Connecticut, U.S.A.|journal=Plant Disease |volume=103|issue=12|pages= 3057–3064|publisher=American Phytopathological Society |doi= 10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0583-RE|year=2019|last1=Li|first1=DeWei|last2=Schultes|first2=Neil|last3=LaMondia|first3=James|last4=Cowles|first4=Richard |pmid=31596694 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PlDis.103.3057L }}</ref>

==Reproduction== ''Phytophthora'' species may reproduce sexually or asexually. In many species, sexual structures have never been observed, or have only been observed in laboratory matings. In homothallic species, sexual structures occur in single culture. Heterothallic species have mating strains, designated as A1 and A2. When mated, antheridia introduce gametes into oogonia, either by the oogonium passing through the antheridium (amphigyny) or by the antheridium attaching to the proximal (lower) half of the oogonium (paragyny), and the union producing oospores. Like animals, but not like most true fungi, meiosis is gametic, and somatic nuclei are diploid. Asexual (mitotic) spore types are chlamydospores, and sporangia which produce zoospores. Chlamydospores are usually spherical and pigmented, and may have a thickened cell wall to aid in their role as a survival structure. Sporangia may be retained by the subtending hyphae (noncaducous) or be shed readily by wind or water tension (caducous) acting as dispersal structures. Also, sporangia may release zoospores, which have two unlike flagella which they use to swim towards a host plant.

Zoospores (and zoospores of ''Pythium'', also in the Peronosporales) recognize not only hosts but particular locations on hosts.<ref name="P-frag" /> ''Phytophthora'' zoospores recognize and attach to specific root surface regions.<ref name="P-frag" /> This is a high degree of specificity at an early stage of cell development.<ref name="P-frag">{{cite book | date=1991 | publication-place=Boston, Ma, USA | first2=Lynn | editor1-last=Cole | pages=3–23/xxv+555 | editor1-first=Garry T. | editor2-last=Hoch | editor2-first=Harvey C. | title=The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals | isbn=978-1-4899-2635-7 | id={{isbn|978-0-306-43454-9}}. {{isbn|978-1-4899-2637-1}} | oclc=913636088 | last1=Nicholson | first1=Ralph L. | last2=Epstein | chapter=Adhesion of Fungi to the Plant Surface | doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2635-7_1 | s2cid=82631781}}</ref>

thumb|360px|The lifecycle of ''Phytophthora''

thumb|center|360px|''Phytophthora'' forms: A: Sporangia. B: Zoospore. C: Chlamydospore. D: Oospore

== Evolution and resemblance to fungi == ''Phytophthora'' is sometimes referred to as a fungus-like organism, but it is classified under a different clade altogether: SAR supergroup (Harosa) (also under Stramenopila and previously under Chromista). This is a good example of convergent evolution: ''Phytophthora'' is morphologically very similar to true fungi yet its evolutionary history is completely distinct. In contrast to fungi, SAR supergroup is more closely related to plants than to animals. Whereas fungal cell walls are made primarily of chitin, ''Phytophthora'' cell walls are constructed mostly of cellulose. Ploidy levels are different between these two groups; ''Phytophthora'' species have diploid (paired) chromosomes in the vegetative (growing, nonreproductive) stage of life, whereas fungi are almost always haploid in this stage. Biochemical pathways also differ, notably the highly conserved lysine synthesis path.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}.

==Species== The NCBI lists:<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web|author1=<!-- not stated -->|title=Phytophthora|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4783&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|website=NCBI taxonomy|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date=18 June 2018|location=Bethesda, MD|language=en}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *''Phytophthora acerina'' *''Phytophthora afrocarpa'' *''Phytophthora agathidicida'' * ''Phytophthora aleatoria''<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott P, Taylor P, Gardner J, Puértolas A, Panda P, Addison S, Hood I, Burgess T, Horner I, Williams N, McDougal R|date=2019|title=Phytophthora aleatoria sp. nov., associated with root and collar damage on Pinus radiata from nurseries and plantations|journal=Australasian Plant Pathology|volume=48|issue=4|pages=313–321|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.50755878|s2cid=253910078}}</ref> *''Phytophthora alni'' *''Phytophthora × alni'' * ''Phytophthora alpina'' {{dubious|date=March 2023}} <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bregant C, Sanna GP, Bottos A, Maddau L, Montecchio L, Linaldeddu BT|date=2020|title=Diversity and pathogenicity of ''Phytophthora'' species associated with declining alder trees in Italy and description of ''Phytophthora alpina'' sp. nov.|journal=Forests|volume=11|issue=8|pages=848|doi=10.3390/f11080848 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Fore...11..848B |hdl=11577/3349729|hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=March 2023}} *''Phytophthora alticola'' *''Phytophthora amaranthi'' *''Phytophthora amnicola'' *''Phytophthora amnicola × moyootj'' *''Phytophthora xandina'' *''Phytophthora aquimorbida'' *''Phytophthora arecae'' *''Phytophthora arenaria'' *''Phytophthora cf. arenaria'' *''Phytophthora aff. arenaria'' *''Phytophthora asiatica'' *''Phytophthora asparagi'' *''Phytophthora aff. asparagi'' *''Phytophthora attenuata'' *''Phytophthora austrocedrae'' *''Phytophthora balyanboodja'' *''Phytophthora batemanensis'' syn. ''Halophytophthora batemanensis'' *''Phytophthora betacei'' *''Phytophthora bilorbang'' *''Phytophthora bishii'' *''Phytophthora boehmeriae'' *''Phytophthora boodjera'' *''Phytophthora borealis'' *''Phytophthora botryosa'' *''Phytophthora cf. botryosa'' *''Phytophthora aff. botryosa'' *''Phytophthora brassicae'' *''Phytophthora cactorum'' **''Phytophthora cactorum var. applanata'' *''Phytophthora cactorum × hedraiandra'' *''Phytophthora cajani'' *''Phytophthora × cambivora'' *''Phytophthora capensis'' *''Phytophthora capsici'' *''Phytophthora aff. capsici'' *''Phytophthora captiosa'' *''Phytophthora castaneae'' *''Phytophthora castanetorum'' *''Phytophthora chesapeakensis'' <ref name="chesapeakensis-NCBI">{{ Cite web | access-date=2023-02-28 | website=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info | title=Taxonomy browser (''Phytophthora chesapeakensis'') }}</ref><ref>Man in 't Veld, W.A. et al. 2019. Multiple ''Halophytophthora'' spp. and ''Phytophthora'' spp. including ''P. gemini'', ''P. inundata'' and ''P. chesapeakensis'' sp. nov. isolated from the seagrass ''Zostera marina'' in the Northern hemisphere. Eur J Plant Pathol 153: 341-357. {{doi|10.1007/s10658-018-1561-1}}</ref> *''Phytophthora chlamydospora'' *''Phytophthora chrysanthemi'' *''Phytophthora cichorii'' *''Phytophthora aff. cichorii'' *''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' **''Phytophthora cinnamomi var. cinnamomi'' **''Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora'' **''Phytophthora cinnamomi var. robiniae'' *''Phytophthora citricola'' *''Phytophthora aff. citricola'' *''Phytophthora citrophthora'' **''Phytophthora citrophthora var. clementina'' *''Phytophthora aff. citrophthora'' *''Phytophthora clandestina'' *''Phytophthora cocois'' *''Phytophthora colocasiae'' *''Phytophthora condilina'' *''Phytophthora constricta'' *''Phytophthora cooljarloo'' *''Phytophthora crassamura'' *''Phytophthora cryptogea'' *''Phytophthora aff. cryptogea'' *''Phytophthora cuyabensis'' *''Phytophthora cyperi'' *''Phytophthora dauci'' *''Phytophthora aff. dauci'' *''Phytophthora drechsleri'' **''Phytophthora drechsleri var. cajani'' *''Phytophthora elongata'' *''Phytophthora cf. elongata'' *''Phytophthora erythroseptica'' **''Phytophthora erythroseptica var. pisi'' *''Phytophthora aff. erythroseptica'' *''Phytophthora estuarina'' *''Phytophthora europaea'' *''Phytophthora fallax'' *''Phytophthora flexuosa'' *''Phytophthora fluvialis'' *''Phytophthora fluvialis × moyootj'' *''Phytophthora foliorum'' *''Phytophthora formosa'' *''Phytophthora formosana'' *''Phytophthora fragariae'' *''Phytophthora fragariaefolia'' *''Phytophthora frigida'' *''Phytophthora gallica'' *''Phytophthora gemini'' *''Phytophthora gibbosa'' *''Phytophthora glovera'' *''Phytophthora gonapodyides'' *''Phytophthora gondwanensis'' *''Phytophthora gregata'' *''Phytophthora cf. gregata'' *''Phytophthora hedraiandra'' *''Phytophthora aff. hedraiandra'' *''Phytophthora × heterohybrida'' *''Phytophthora heveae'' *''Phytophthora hibernalis'' *''Phytophthora himalayensis'' *''Phytophthora himalsilva'' *''Phytophthora aff. himalsilva'' *''Phytophthora humicola'' *''Phytophthora aff. humicola'' *''Phytophthora hydrogena'' *''Phytophthora hydropathica'' <small>Hong, C. & Gallegly, M. 2010</small><ref name="Phytophthora hydropathica"/> *''Phytophthora idaei'' *''Phytophthora ilicis'' *''Phytophthora × incrassata'' *''Phytophthora infestans'' *''Phytophthora aff. infestans'' *''Phytophthora inflata'' *''Phytophthora insolita'' *''Phytophthora cf. insolita'' *''Phytophthora intercalaris'' *''Phytophthora intricata'' *''Phytophthora inundata'' *''Phytophthora ipomoeae'' *''Phytophthora iranica'' *''Phytophthora irrigata'' *''Phytophthora katsurae'' *''Phytophthora kelmania'' *''Phytophthora kernoviae'' *''Phytophthora kwongonina'' *''Phytophthora lactucae'' *''Phytophthora lacustris'' *''Phytophthora lacustris × riparia'' *''Phytophthora lateralis'' *''Phytophthora lilii'' *''Phytophthora litchii'' *''Phytophthora litoralis'' *''Phytophthora litoralis × moyootj'' *''Phytophthora macilentosa'' *''Phytophthora macrochlamydospora'' *''Phytophthora meadii'' *''Phytophthora aff. meadii'' *''Phytophthora medicaginis'' *''Phytophthora medicaginis × cryptogea'' *''Phytophthora mediterranea'' *''Phytophthora megakarya'' *''Phytophthora megasperma'' *''Phytophthora melonis'' *''Phytophthora mengei'' *''Phytophthora mexicana'' *''Phytophthora cf. mexicana'' *''Phytophthora mirabilis'' *''Phytophthora mississippiae'' *''Phytophthora morindae'' *''Phytophthora moyootj'' *''Phytophthora moyootj × fluvialis'' *''Phytophthora moyootj × litoralis'' *''Phytophthora moyootj × thermophila'' *''Phytophthora × multiformis'' *''Phytophthora multivesiculata'' *''Phytophthora multivora'' *''Phytophthora nagaii'' *''Phytophthora nemorosa'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hansen | first1 = Everett M. | last2 = Reeser | first2 = P. W. | last3 = Davidson | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Garbelotto | first4 = Matteo | last5 = Ivors | first5 = K. | last6 = Douhan | first6 = L. | last7 = Rizzo | first7 = David M. | year = 2003 | title = ''Phytophthora nemorosa'', a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A | url = http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/downloads/hansen2003.pdf | journal = Mycotaxon | volume = 88 | pages = 129–138 }}</ref> *''Phytophthora nicotianae'' **''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica''<ref name="Pnvp">{{ Cite web | access-date=2023-03-06 | date=2002 | title=''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica'' (PHYTNP)[Overview] | website=Global Database | publisher=EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) | url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHYTNP }}</ref> *''Phytophthora nicotianae'' × ''cactorum'' *''Phytophthora niederhauserii'' *''Phytophthora'' cf. ''niederhauserii'' *''Phytophthora obscura'' *''Phytophthora occultans'' *''Phytophthora oleae'' *''Phytophthora ornamentata'' *''Phytophthora pachypleura'' *''Phytophthora palmivora'' **''Phytophthora palmivora'' var. ''palmivora'' *''Phytophthora parasitica'' **''Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae'' **''Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina'' *''Phytophthora parsiana'' *''Phytophthora aff. parsiana'' *''Phytophthora parvispora'' *''Phytophthora × pelgrandis'' *''Phytophthora phaseoli'' *''Phytophthora pini'' *''Phytophthora pinifolia'' *''Phytophthora pisi'' *''Phytophthora pistaciae'' *''Phytophthora plurivora'' *''Phytophthora pluvialis'' *''Phytophthora polonica'' *''Phytophthora porri'' *''Phytophthora primulae'' *''Phytophthora aff. primulae'' *''Phytophthora pseudocryptogea'' *''Phytophthora pseudolactucae'' *''Phytophthora pseudorosacearum'' *''Phytophthora pseudosyringae'' *''Phytophthora pseudotsugae'' *''Phytophthora aff. pseudotsugae'' *''Phytophthora psychrophila'' *''Phytophthora quercetorum'' *''Phytophthora quercina'' *''Phytophthora quininea'' *''Phytophthora ramorum'' <small>Werres, De Cock & Man in’t Veld 2001</small><ref name="Phytophthora ramorum"/> *''Phytophthora rhizophorae'' *''Phytophthora richardiae'' *''Phytophthora riparia'' *''Phytophthora rosacearum'' *''Phytophthora aff. rosacearum'' *''Phytophthora rubi'' *''Phytophthora sansomea'' *''Phytophthora sansomeana'' *''Phytophthora aff. sansomeana'' *''Phytophthora × serendipita'' *''Phytophthora sinensis'' *''Phytophthora siskiyouensis'' *''Phytophthora sojae'' *''Phytophthora stricta'' *''Phytophthora sulawesiensis'' *''Phytophthora syringae'' *''Phytophthora tabaci'' *''Phytophthora tentaculata'' *''Phytophthora terminalis'' *''Phytophthora thermophila'' *''Phytophthora thermophila × amnicola'' *''Phytophthora thermophila × moyootj'' *''Phytophthora tonkinensis'' *''Phytophthora trifolii'' *''Phytophthora tropicalis'' *''Phytophthora cf. tropicalis'' *''Phytophthora tubulina'' *''Phytophthora tyrrhenica'' *''Phytophthora uliginosa'' *''Phytophthora undulata'' *''Phytophthora uniformis'' *''Phytophthora vignae'' **''Phytophthora vignae f. sp. adzukicola'' *''Phytophthora virginiana'' *''Phytophthora vulcanica'' {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist|2Corcobado, T., Cech, T.L., Daxer, A. et al. Phytophthora, Nothophytophthora and Halophytophthora diversity in rivers, streams and riparian alder ecosystems of Central Europe. Mycol Progress 22, 50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01898-1|refs=

<ref name="Phytophthora ramorum">{{cite journal | last1 = Werres | first1 = Sabine | last2 = Marwitz | first2 = Rainer | last3 = Man In't veld | first3 = Willem A. | last4 = De Cock | first4 = Arthur W. A. M. | last5 = Bonants | first5 = Peter J. M. | last6 = De Weerdt | first6 = Marjanne | last7 = Themann | first7 = Karin | last8 = Ilieva | first8 = Elena | date = 2001 | title = ''Phytophthora ramorum'' sp. nov., a new pathogen on ''Rhododendron'' and ''Viburnum'' | journal = Mycological Research | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | pages = 1155–1165 | doi = 10.1016/S0953-7562(08)61986-3}}</ref>

<ref name="Phytophthora hydropathica">{{cite journal | last1 = Hong | first1 = C.X. | last2 = Gallegly | first2 = M.E. | last3 = Richardson | first3 = P.A. | last4 = Kong | first4 = P. | last5 = Moorman | first5 = G.W. | last6 = Lea-Cox | first6 = J.D. | last7 = Ross | first7 = D.S. | date = 2010 | title = ''Phytophthora hydropathica'', a new pathogen identified from irrigation water, ''Rhododendron catawbiense'' and ''Kalmia latifolia'' | journal = Plant Pathology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 913–921 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02323.x| bibcode = 2010PPath..59..913H }}</ref>

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==Further reading== * Lucas, J.A. ''et al.'' (eds.) (1991) ''Phytophthora'' based n a symposium held at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland September 1200. British Mycologic l Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, {{ISBN|0-521-40080-5}}; * Erwin, Donald C. and Ribe ro, Olaf K. (1996) ''Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide'' American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, Minnesota, {{ISBN|0-89054-212-0}} * Erwin, Donald C. (1983) ''Phytophthora: its biology, ta'' ''onomy, ecology, and pathology'' American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, {{ISBN|0-89054-050-0}} * [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/usdaprlist.pdf "APHIS List of Regulated Hosts and Plants Associated with ''Phytophthora ram''] [https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/usdaprlist.pdf ''rum''" U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services] * [http://www.naturebase.net/content/category/4/302/97/ "Dieback" Department of Env] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081121/http://www.naturebase.net/content/category/4/302/97/ |date=2007-09-14 }} [http://www.naturebase.net/content/category/4/302/97/ ronment and Conservation, Western Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081121/http://www.naturebase.net/content/category/4/302/97/ |date=2007-09-14 }} *{{ Cite book | language = en | year = 2013 | number = 2 | pages = xi+244 | last = Lamour | first = Kurt | editor-first1 = K. | editor-last1 = Lamour | id = 978-1-78064-093-8 | lccn = 2012042152 | doi = 10.1079/9781780640938.0000 | publisher = CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) | series = CABI Plant Protection Series | title = ''Phytophthora'': A Global Perspective | isbn = 9781780640938 }}

==External links== {{Wikispecies|Phytophthora}} {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061014125542/http://www.btny.purdue.edu/USDA-ARS/Goodwin_lab/results/Phytoph_biblio.html Goodwin, Stephn B. (January 2001) "''Phytophthora'' Bibliography" Purdue University] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074931/http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/factsheets/tp_05_phytophthora.html Abbey, Tim (2005) "Pytophthora Dieback and Root ''Rot" Colleg''e of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Con] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074931/http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/factsheets/tp_05_phytophthora.html ecticut] * [http://www.bartlett.com/resources/Phytophthora-Canker.cfm "''Phytophthora'' Canker – Identification, Biology and Management"] Bartlett TreeExperts Online Resource Library * [http://www.bartlett.com/resources/Phytophthora-Root-Rot.cfm "''Phytophthora'' Root Rot – Identification, Biology andManagement"] Bartlett Tree Experts Online Resource Library * [http://www.dwg.org.au/ Dieback Working Group] – Western Australia

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Category:Phytophthora Category:Oomycete plant pathogens and diseases Category:Oomycete genera