{{Short description|Species of cultivated South American fruit}} {{Distinguish|Gooseberry}} {{Speciesbox |image=Uchuva 2005.jpg |image_caption=Ripe orange fruits |genus=Physalis |species=peruviana |authority=L.<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO|id=195473-2|title=''Physalis peruviana'' L.|access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO/> |synonyms={{Species list | Boberella peruviana | (L.) E.H.L. Krause | Herschelia edulis | (Sims) Bowdich | Physalis edulis | Sims | Physalis incana | Desf. | Physalis incana | Dunal | Physalis latifolia | Lam. | Physalis tomentosa | Medik. | Physalis tuberosa | Cav }} }}
'''''Physalis peruviana''''' is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Chile and Peru.<ref name=morton/> Within that region, it is called '''aguaymanto''', '''uvilla''' or '''uchuva''', in addition to numerous indigenous and regional names. In English, its common names include '''Cape gooseberry''', '''goldenberry''' and '''Peruvian groundcherry'''.{{r|morton|cabi|lostcrops}}<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=30587 |taxon=''Physalis'' |access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref>
The history of ''Physalis peruviana'' cultivation in South America can be traced to the Inca Empire.<ref>(Cailes 1952; Legge 1974a)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8IKr-EPDzoC&pg=PA425|title=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|date=1986|publisher=The Royal Society of New Zealand|pages=425|language=en}}</ref> It has been cultivated in England since the late 18th century, and in South Africa in the Cape of Good Hope since at least the start of the 19th century.<ref name=morton/> Widely introduced in the 20th century, ''Physalis peruviana'' is now cultivated or grows wild across the world in temperate and tropical regions.<ref name=cabi/>
==Taxonomy and common names== ''Physalis peruviana'' was given a botanical species description by Carl Linnaeus in 1763.{{r|ipni}} and given the genus name ''Physalis'' after the {{langx|el|φυσαλλίς}} - physallís, “bladder, wind instrument” in reference to the calyx that surrounds the berry. The specific name ''peruviana'' refer to the country of Peru, one of the countries of the berry's origin.
In Peru, ''P. peruviana'' is known as {{lang|es|aguaymanto}} in Spanish and {{lang|qu|topotopo}} in Quechua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the aguaymanto, one of the best foods produced in Peru|url=https://peru.info/en-us/gastronomy/news/2/12/discover-the-aguaymanto--one-of-the-best-foods-produced-in-peru|access-date=2020-07-29|website=peru.info|language=en-US}}</ref> In neighboring Colombia, it is known by its Aymara name as {{lang|es|uchuva}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uchuvas|url=https://www.flavorsofbogota.com/uchuvas/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=flavorsofbogota.com|date=30 May 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> and as ''uvilla'' (Spanish for 'little grape') in Ecuador.<ref name="visitecuador">{{Cite web |last=Carpio |first=Cristina Pettersen |date=2021-07-10 |title=Ecuadorian fruit: uvilla - Ecuador |url=https://visitecuadorandsouthamerica.com/en/ecuadorian-fruit-uvilla/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Visit Ecuador and South America |language=en-US}}</ref>
It was grown in England in 1774 and by early settlers of the Cape of Good Hope before 1807.<ref name=morton/> Whether it was grown there before its introduction to England is not known, but sources since the mid-19th century attribute the common English name "Cape gooseberry" to this fact.{{r|vonm1884|loudon1842}} An alternative suggestion is that name refers to the calyx surrounding the fruit like a cape, possibly an example of false etymology, because it does not appear in publications earlier than the mid-20th century. Not long after its introduction to South Africa, ''P. peruviana'' was introduced to Australia, New Zealand and various Pacific islands.<ref name=morton /> Despite its common name, it is not botanically related to the true gooseberries of the genus ''Ribes''.
==Description== ''P. peruviana'' is closely related to the tomatillo.<ref name=morton /> As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is also more distantly related to a large number of edible plants, including tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes.<ref name=morton />
''P. peruviana'' is an annual in temperate locations, but a perennial in the tropics.<ref name=morton/> As a perennial, it develops into a diffusely branched shrub reaching {{convert|1|–|1.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in height, with spreading branches and velvety, heart-shaped leaves.<ref name=cabi/> The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped and drooping, {{cvt|15|–|20|mm|in|frac=8}} across, yellow with purple-brown spots internally. After the flower falls, the calyx expands, ultimately forming a beige husk fully enclosing the fruit.<ref name=morton/><ref name=cabi/>
The fruit is a round, smooth berry, resembling a miniature yellow tomato {{cvt|1.25|–|2|cm|in|frac=8}} wide.<ref name=cabi/> Removed from its calyx, it is bright yellow to orange in color, and sweet when ripe, with a characteristic, mildly tart grape-like flavor.<ref name=morton/>
A prominent feature is the inflated, papery calyx enclosing each berry. The calyx is accrescent until the fruit is fully grown; at first, it is of normal size, but after the petals fall, it continues to grow until it forms a protective cover around the growing fruit. If the fruit is left inside the intact calyx husks, its shelf life at room temperature is about 30–45 days. The calyx is inedible.
{{Gallery |Physalis peruviana, Cape Gooseberry at Mannavan Shola, Anamudi Shola National Park, Kerala (6).jpg|Hairy foliage |Physalis peruviana-Bluete.jpg|Flowering |Physalis fruchthuelle (fcm).jpg|Immature fruit in green calyx |Physalis peruviana calix open close-up.jpg|Calyx open, exposing the ripe fruit |Cape gooseberry bunch in hand.jpg|Fruit bunch in hand }} {{Nutritional value |name=Groundcherries (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw |image=Physalis peruviana fruits close-up.jpg |kJ=222 |water=85.4 g |protein=1.9 g |fat=0.7 g |carbs=11.2 g |calcium_mg=9 |iron_mg=1 |phosphorus_mg=40 |vitC_mg=11 |thiamin_mg=0.11 |riboflavin_mg=0.04 |niacin_mg=2.8 |vitA_ug=36 |source_usda=1 |note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/173043/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry] }} ===Nutrition=== Raw Cape gooseberries are 85% water, 11% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw Cape gooseberries supply 53 calories and provide moderate levels (10–19% of the Daily Value) of niacin and vitamin C.
Analyses of oil from different berry components, primarily its seeds, showed that linoleic acid and oleic acid were the main fatty acids, beta-sitosterol and campesterol were principal phytosterols, and the oil contained vitamin K and beta-carotene.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|year=2003|volume=51|issue=4|pages=969–74|title=Oil goldenberry (''Physalis peruviana'' L.)|vauthors=Ramadan MF, Mörsel JT |pmid=12568557|doi=10.1021/jf020778z}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== The center of genetic diversity for ''Physalis peruviana'' is in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, and Peru.<ref name=morton/> It grows in forests, forest edges, and riparian areas.<ref name=cabi/> It grows at high elevations of {{convert|500|–|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in its native region, but may also be found at sea level in Oceania and Pacific islands where it occurs widely in subtropical and warm, temperate conditions.<ref name=cabi/> Its latitude range is about 45°S to 60°N, and its altitude range is generally from sea level to {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=cabi/> The plant has become invasive in some natural habitats, forming thickets, particularly in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands.<ref name=cabi/> There are believed to be dozens of ecotypes worldwide that differentiated by plant size, calyx shape, and the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Wild forms are thought to be diploid with 2''n'' = 24 chromosomes, while cultivated forms include varieties with increased ploidy and 32 or 48 chromosomes.<ref name=garcia-godos>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Godos Alcázar |first1=Paula |last2=Palomino Felices |first2=Sonia |last3=Martínez Gómez |first3=Keny |date=2020-01-01 |title=Diversidad citogenética de ''Physalis peruviana'' L. 'aguaymanto' de los ecotipos del Perú |language=es |journal=Investigación |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.51440/unsch.revistainvestigacion.28.1.2020.368 |issn=2709-8583|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Cultivation== It has been widely introduced into cultivation in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas such as Australia, China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines.<ref name=morton/><ref name=cabi/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cc2.savs.hcc.edu.tw/~chuavv/Philippines/PhilippineFruits/index.html |title=Fr. Visminlu Vicente L. Chua, S.J., ''Philippine Fruits''. Published online: 1 September 2015. |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416082814/http://cc2.savs.hcc.edu.tw/~chuavv/Philippines/PhilippineFruits/index.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''P. peruviana'' thrives at an annual average temperature from {{convert|13|to|18|C|F}}, tolerating temperatures as high as {{convert|30|C|F}}.<ref name=cabi/> It grows well in Mediterranean climates and is hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8, meaning it can be damaged by frost.<ref name=cabi/> It grows well in rainfall amounts of {{convert|800|–|4300|mm|in|abbr=on}} if the soil is well drained, and prefers full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil, and grows vigorously in sandy loam.<ref name=morton/><ref name=cabi/>
The plant is readily grown from seeds, which are abundant (100 to 300 in each fruit), but with low germination rates, requiring thousands of seeds to sow a hectare.<ref name=morton/> Plants grown from year-old stem cuttings will flower early and yield well, but are less vigorous than those grown from seed.<ref name=morton/>
===Pests and diseases=== In South Africa, cutworms attack the Cape gooseberry in seedbeds, red spiders in the field, and potato tuber moths near potato fields. Hares damage young plants, and birds eat the fruits. Mites, whiteflies and flea beetles can also be problematic.<ref name="morton" /> Powdery mildew, soft brown scale, root rot and viruses may affect plants.<ref name=morton/> In New Zealand, plants can be infected by ''Candidatus'' ''Liberibacter solanacearum''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Liefting |first=L. W. |author2=L. I. Ward |author3=J. B. Shiller |author4=G. R. G. Clover |year=2008 |title=A new <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Candidatus'' Liberibacter<nowiki>'</nowiki> species in ''Solanum betaceum'' (Tamarillo) and ''Physalis peruviana'' (Cape gooseberry) in New Zealand |journal=Plant Disease |volume=92 |issue=11 |pages=1588 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1588B |pmid=30764458 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Uses== ===Culinary=== ''P. peruviana'' is an economically useful crop as an exotic exported fruit, and is favored in breeding and cultivation programs of many countries.<ref name=cabi/> ''P. peruviana'' fruits are marketed in the United States as ''goldenberry'' and sometimes ''Pichuberry'', named after Machu Picchu in order to associate the fruit with its cultivation in Peru.<ref>{{cite news|last=Galarza|first=Daniella|title=This Goose(berry) is Cooked: Let's Talk About the Pichuberry|url=http://www.lamag.com/lafood/digestblog/2013/06/18/this-gooseberry-is-cooked-lets-talk-about-the-pichuberry|newspaper=Los Angeles Magazine|access-date=19 April 2014|date=2013-06-18}}</ref>
Cape gooseberries are made into fruit-based sauces, pies, puddings, chutneys, jams and ice cream, or eaten fresh in salads and fruit salads.<ref name=morton/> In Latin America, it is often consumed as a ''batido'' or smoothie,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five amazing natural juices with Colombian fruit and vegetables|url=https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-culture/five-amazing-natural-juice-recipes-with-colombian-fruit-and-vegetables/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=colombia.co|date=29 May 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> and because of its showy husk, it is used in restaurants as a decorative garnish for desserts. To enhance its food uses, hot air drying improves qualities of dietary fiber content, texture and appearance.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4375184|year=2013|last1=Vega-Gálvez|first1=A|title=Influence of drying temperature on dietary fibre, rehydration properties, texture and microstructure of Cape gooseberry (''Physalis peruviana'' L.)|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2304–2311|last2=Zura-Bravo|first2=L|last3=Lemus-Mondaca|first3=R|last4=Martinez-Monzó|first4=J|last5=Quispe-Fuentes|first5=I|last6=Puente|first6=L|last7=Di Scala|first7=K|doi=10.1007/s13197-013-1235-0|pmid=25829613}}</ref>
In basic research on fruit maturation, the content of polyphenols and vitamin C varied by cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=25131258|year=2015|last1=Bravo|first1=K|title=Influence of cultivar and ripening time on bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties in Cape gooseberry (''Physalis peruviana'' L.)|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=95|issue=7|pages=1562–9|last2=Sepulveda-Ortega|first2=S|last3=Lara-Guzman|first3=O|last4=Navas-Arboleda|first4=A. A.|last5=Osorio|first5=E|doi=10.1002/jsfa.6866|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Potential for toxicity=== Unripe raw fruits, flowers, leaves, and stems of the plant contain solanine and solanidine alkaloids that may cause poisoning if ingested by humans, cattle or horses.<ref name="ncsu">{{cite web |title=Physalis |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/physalis/ |publisher=North Carolina State University, Extension Gardener |access-date=23 February 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><ref name="csu">{{cite web |title=Ground cherry, Chinese lantern |url=https://csuvth.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants/Plants/Details/93 |publisher=Guide to Poisonous Plants, Colorado State University |access-date=23 February 2023 |date=2022}}</ref>
==See also== *''Physalis pubescens'' (a closely related species with sprouts that are noticeably less hairy) *''Physalis''
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=cabi>{{cite web|title=''Physalis peruviana'' (Cape gooseberry)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40713|publisher=Invasive Species Compendium, CABI|access-date=1 January 2018|date=2018}}</ref> <ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=''Physalis peruviana'' L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1670 (1763). |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/195473-2 |website=ipni.org |publisher=International Plant Names Index |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> <ref name=loudon1842>Loudon, Jane Wells. ''Botany for Ladies, Or, a Popular Introduction to the Natural System of Plants.'' Pub: J. Murray (1842)</ref> <ref name=lostcrops>{{cite book |author=((Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council)) |title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation |publisher=The National Academies Press |year=1989 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=249–50 |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1398&page=249 |doi=10.17226/1398|isbn=978-0-309-07461-2 }}</ref> <ref name=morton>{{cite web|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cape_gooseberry.html|author=Morton JF|title=Cape gooseberry, ''Physalis peruviana'' L. in Fruits of Warm Climates|publisher=Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products|year=1987}}</ref> <ref name=vonm1884>von Mueller, Ferdinand. ''Select Extra-Tropical Plants Readily Eligible For Industrial Culture Or Naturalization, With Indications Of Their Native Countries And Some Of Their Uses.'' Detroit, Michigan: G.S. Davis, 1884. Page 229. May be obtained from Amazon or downloaded from:https://archive.org/details/selectextratropi00muel</ref> }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q165227}}
peruviana Category:Edible Solanaceae Category:Berries Category:Fruit vegetables Category:Crops originating from South America Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Plants described in 1763