Phasianidae

{{Short description|Family of birds}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Oligocene–recent, {{fossilrange|30|0|earliest=32.5}} | image = <div class="center"><imagemap> File:Phasianidae.png|300px rect 500 400 0 0 crested partridge rect 1000 400 500 0 red-billed partridge rect 1500 400 1000 0 ferruginous partridge rect 500 800 0 400 Sri Lankan junglefowl rect 1000 800 500 400 Indian peafowl rect 1500 800 1000 400 harlequin quail rect 500 1200 0 800 common pheasant rect 1000 1200 500 800 wild turkey rect 1500 1200 1000 800 western capercaillie </imagemap></div> | image_caption = Diversity of Phasianidae 1st row (Rollulinae): crested partridge, red-billed partridge, ferruginous partridge; 2nd row (Phasianinae "non-erectile clade"): Sri Lankan junglefowl, Indian peafowl, harlequin quail; 3rd row (Phasianinae "erectile clade"): common pheasant, wild turkey, western capercaillie | taxon = Phasianidae | authority = Horsfield, 1821 | type_genus = ''Phasianus'' | type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = *Phasianinae *Rollulinae | synonyms = Gallidae }}

'''Phasianidae''' is a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, grouse, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds.<ref name=McGowan1994>{{Cite book |isbn=84-87334-15-6 |year=1994 |title=New World Vultures to Guineafowl |chapter=Family Phasianidae (Pheasants and Partridges) |series=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/434 434–479] |last1=McGowan |first1=P. J. K. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliot |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona, Spain |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/434 }}</ref> The family includes 185 species divided into 54 genera. It was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into two subfamilies: Rollulinae and Phasianinae, with the latter containing multiple tribes within two clades. The New World quail (Odontophoridae) and guineafowl (Numididae) were formerly sometimes included in this family, but are now typically placed in families of their own; conversely, grouse and turkeys, formerly often treated as distinct families (Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae, respectively), are now known to be deeply nested within Phasianidae, so they are now included in the present family.

==Description== Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from {{convert|43|g|oz|abbr=on}} in the case of the king quail to {{convert|6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than {{convert|17|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Length in this taxonomic family can vary from {{convert|12.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in the king quail up to {{convert|300|cm|in|abbr=on}} (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds.<ref name=McGowan1994 /><ref> Harper, D. 1986. ''Pet Birds for Home and Garden''. London: Salamander Books Ltd.</ref> Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Distribution and habitat== The Phasianidae are mostly an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of Africa except the driest deserts, and south into much of eastern Australia and (formerly) New Zealand. The Meleagridini (turkeys) are native to the New World, while the Tetraonini (grouse) are circumpolar; both of these are members of Phasianinae. The greatest diversity of species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo.

Overall, Rollulinae is restricted to the tropics of East and Southeast Asia and the mountains of Tanzania, Phasianinae have a circumpolar range in the temperate zones of both Eurasia and North America (but also range into the tropics of east and southeast Asia), and Pavoninae have a wide range across Africa, Eurasia, and Australasia in both temperate and tropical zones.

The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl, pheasants, domestic chickens, and turkeys have also escaped or been released and became feral, intermingling and even hybridizing with wild populations.

==Behaviour and ecology== The phasianids have a varied omnivorous diet, with foods consumed ranging from purely herbivorous selections of seeds, nuts, stems, leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, bulbs, tubers, and roots, to carnivory including insects, larvae, slugs, spiders, reptiles, and even small mammals. Most species specialize either in feeding on plant matter or predating on tiny vertebrates, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous, preying on small invertebrates.

In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the tragopans nest higher up in trees or stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from mounds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 20 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7–12 are the more usual numbers, with smaller numbers in tropical species. Incubation times can range from 14–30 days depending on the species, and is almost always done solely by the hen, although a few involve the male partaking in caring for the eggs and chicks, like the willow ptarmigan and bobwhite quail.

==Relationship with humans== The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the wild ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture, and the wild turkey similarly is the ancestor of the domestic turkey. Several species of pheasants and partridges are extremely important to humans. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species, and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities.

==Systematics and evolution== {{see also|List of Galliformes}} The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera.<ref name=ioc/> This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.

Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;<ref name=Johnsgard1986> {{Cite book |title=The Pheasants of the World |year=1986 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}} </ref> and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.<ref name=Johnsgard1988> {{Cite book |title=The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World |year=1988 |last1=Johnsgard |first1=P. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK}} </ref> Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.<ref name=Kimball1999> {{Cite journal |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0562 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic |year=1999 |last1=Kimball |first1=R. T. |last2=Braun |first2=E. L. |last3=Zwartjes |first3=P. W. |last4=Crowe |first4=T. M. |last5=Ligon |first5=J. D. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |pmid=10082609 |bibcode=1999MolPE..11...38K }} </ref><ref name=Kimball2014> {{Cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.361 |title=Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix |year=2014 |last1=Kimball |first1=Rebecca T. |last2=Braun |first2=Edward L. |journal=PeerJ |article-number=e361 |volume=2 |pmid=24795852 |pmc=4006227 |doi-access=free }} </ref> For example, some partridges (genus ''Perdix'') are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus ''Alectoris'' are closer to junglefowls.<ref name=Kimball1999 /><ref name=Kimball2014 />

The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.<ref name=Mayr2006> {{Cite journal |doi=10.3161/068.041.0209 |title=A nearly complete skeleton of the fossil galliform bird Palaeortyx from the late Oligocene of Germany |year=2006 |last1=Mayr |first1=G. |last2=Poshmann |first2=M. |last3=Wuttke |first3=M. |journal=Acta Ornithologica |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |s2cid=73586654 }}</ref>

=== Recent genera === Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball ''et al''., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the ''Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World''. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe ''incertae sedis''.<ref name="Kimball1999" /><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kimball | first1=R.T. | last2=Hosner | first2=P.A. | last3=Braun | first3=E.L. | date=2021 | title=A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=158 | article-number=107091 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091| pmid=33545275 | bibcode=2021MolPE.15807091K | s2cid=231963063 | issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics |url=https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=11 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.aviansystematics.org}}</ref> * Subfamily Rollulinae **''Xenoperdix'' Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges) **''Caloperdix'' Blyth, 1861 (ferruginous partridge) **''Rollulus'' Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges) **''Melanoperdix'' Jerdon, 1864 (black partridge) **''Arborophila'' Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges) *Subfamily Phasianinae **Phasianinae "Erectile clade" ***''Lerwa'' Hodgson, 1837 (snow partridge) ***''Ithaginis'' Wagler, 1832 (blood pheasant) ***Tribe Lophophorini ****''Tragopan'' Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans) ****''Tetraophasis'' Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges) ****''Lophophorus'' Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals) ***''Pucrasia'' Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant) ***Tribe Tetraonini ****''Meleagris'' Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys) ****''Bonasa'' Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse) **** ''Tetrastes'' Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse) **** ''Centrocercus'' Swainson, 1832 (sage-grouse) **** ''Dendragapus'' Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse) **** ''Tympanuchus'' Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse) **** ''Lagopus'' Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans) **** ''Falcipennis'' Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse) ****''Canachites'' Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse) **** ''Tetrao'' Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies) **** ''Lyrurus'' Swainson, 1832 (black grouse) ***''Rhizothera'' Gray, 1841 (long-billed partridges) ***''Perdix'' Brisson, 1760 (true partridges) ***Tribe Phasianini ****''Syrmaticus'' Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants) ****''Chrysolophus'' Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants) ****''Phasianus'' Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants) ****''Catreus'' Cabanis, 1851 (cheer pheasant) **** ''Crossoptilon'' Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants) ****''Lophura'' Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants) **Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade" ***Tribe Pavonini ****''Rheinardia'' Maingonnat, 1882 (crested arguses) **** ''Argusianus'' Rafinesque, 1815 (great argus) ****''Afropavo'' Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl) **** ''Pavo'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl) ***''Polyplectron'' Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants) ***''Galloperdix'' Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls) ***''Tropicoperdix'' Blyth, 1859 (chestnut-necklaced and green-legged partridges) ***''Haematortyx'' Sharpe, 1879 (crimson-headed partridge) ***Tribe Gallini ****''Bambusicola'' Gould, 1863 (bamboo partridges) ****''Gallus'' Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken) ****''Peliperdix'' Bonaparte, 1856 (Latham's francolin) ****''Ortygornis'' Reichenbach, 1852 (certain francolins) ****''Francolinus'' Stephens, 1819 (certain francolins) ****''Campocolinus'' Crowe ''et al.'', 2020 (certain francolins) ****''Scleroptila'' Blyth, 1852 (certain francolins) ***Tribe Coturnicini ****''Tetraogallus'' Gray, 1832 (snowcocks) ****''Ammoperdix'' Gould, 1851 (sand and see-see partridges) **** ''Synoicus'' Bosc, 1792 (certain quails) ****''Margaroperdix'' Reichenbach, 1853 (Madagascar partridge) **** ''Coturnix'' Garsault, 1764 (typical Old World quails) ****''Alectoris'' Kaup, 1829 (rock partridges) ****''Perdicula'' Hodgson, 1837 (bush-quails) ****''Ophrysia'' Bonaparte, 1856 (Himalayan quail) ****''Pternistis'' Wagler, 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)

==== Past taxonomy ==== This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.<ref>{{cite web|last=Çınar|first=Ümüt|date=November 2015|title=''02 → Gᴀʟʟᴏᴀɴsᴇʀᴀᴇ: Gᴀʟʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs''|url=http://kmoksy.com/zobot/birds_English_2.html|access-date=30 December 2015|website=English Names of Birds|archive-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810131822/http://kmoksy.com/zobot/birds_English_2.html}}</ref> *Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield, 1821 ** ''Xenoperdix'' Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges) **''Caloperdix'' Blyth, 1861 **''Rollulus'' Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges) **''Melanoperdix'' Jerdon, 1864 **''Arborophila'' Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges) ** ''Rhizothera'' Gray, 1841 ** ''Lerwa'' Hodgson, 1837 ** ''Tropicoperdix'' Blyth, 1859 ** ''Ammoperdix'' Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges) ** ''Synoicus'' Bosc 1792 ** ''Margaroperdix'' Reichenbach 1853 ** ''Coturnix'' Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails) ** ''Tetraogallus'' Gray 1832 (snowcocks) ** ''Alectoris'' Kaup 1829 (rock partridges) ** ''Pternistis'' Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls) ** ''Ophrysia'' Bonaparte 1856 ** ''Perdicula'' Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails) ** ''Bambusicola'' Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges) ** ''Scleroptila'' Blyth 1852 ** ''Peliperdix'' Bonaparte 1856 ** ''Francolinus'' Stephens 1819 (true francolins) **''Ortygornis'' Reichenbach, 1852 **''Campocolinus'' Crowe ''et al'' 2020 ** ''Perdix'' Brisson, 1760 (true partridges) ** ''Haematortyx'' Sharpe, 1879 ** ''Galloperdix'' Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls) ** ''Tetraophasis'' Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges) * Subfamily Meleagridinae ** ''Meleagris'' Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys) * Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans) ** ''Polyplectron'' Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants) ** ''Gallus'' Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken) ** ''Ithaginis'' Wagler, 1832 ** ''Pucrasia'' Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant) ** ''Tragopan'' Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans) ** ''Lophophorus'' Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz, 1846 (monals) ** ''Rheinardia'' Maingonnat 1882 ** ''Argusianus'' Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants) ** ''Afropavo'' Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl) ** ''Pavo'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl) ** ''Syrmaticus'' Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants) ** ''Phasianus'' Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants) ** ''Chrysolophus'' Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants) ** ''Lophura'' Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants) ** ''Catreus'' Cabanis, 1851 ** ''Crossoptilon'' Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants) * Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse) ** ''Bonasa'' Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse) ** ''Tetrastes'' Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse) ** ''Centrocercus'' Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse) ** ''Dendragapus'' Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse) ** ''Tympanuchus'' Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse) ** ''Lagopus'' Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans) ** ''Falcipennis'' Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse) **''Canachites'' Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse) ** ''Tetrao'' Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies) ** ''Lyrurus'' Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)

=== Fossil genera === Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive<ref name="mikko">{{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Aves [Avialae]– basal birds''|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/urvogels/ornithuromorpha.html|access-date=30 December 2015|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive}}</ref> and Paleofile.com websites.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves''|url=http://www.paleofile.com/|access-date=30 December 2015|website=Paleofile.com (net, info)}}</ref> *†''Alectoris" pliocaena'' Tugarinov, 1940 * †''Bantamyx'' Kuročkin, 1982 * †''Centuriavis'' Ksepka, Early, Dzikiewicz & Balanoff, 2022<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ksepka |first1=Daniel T. |last2=Early |first2=Catherine M. |last3=Dzikiewicz |first3=Kate |last4=Balanoff |first4=Amy M. |date=October 2022 |title=Osteology and neuroanatomy of a phasianid (Aves: Galliformes) from the Miocene of Nebraska |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/osteology-and-neuroanatomy-of-a-phasianid-aves-galliformes-from-the-miocene-of-nebraska/693115C1761773ACC1F35326BD04570B |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=97 |language=en |pages=223–242 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2022.80 |s2cid=253033983 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * †''Diangallus'' Hou, 1985 * †''"Gallus" beremendensis'' Jánossy, 1976 * †''"Gallus" europaeus'' Harrison, 1978 * †''Lophogallus'' Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2010 * †''Megalocoturnix'' Sánchez Marco, 2009 * †''Miophasianus'' Brodkorb, 1952 [''Miophasianus'' Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum; ''Miogallus'' Lambrecht 1933] * †''Palaeocryptonyx'' Depéret, 1892 [''Chauvireria'' Boev 1997; ''Pliogallus'' Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; ''Lambrechtia'' Janossy, 1974 ] * †''Palaeortyx'' Milne-Edwards, 1869 [''Palaeoperdix'' Milne-Edwards, 1869] * †''Panraogallus'' Li et al., 2018 * †''Plioperdix'' Kretzoi, 1955 [''Pliogallus'' Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939] * †''Rustaviornis'' Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze, 1972 * †''Schaubortyx'' Brodkorb, 1964 * †''Shandongornis'' Yeh, 1997 * †''Shanxiornis'' Wang et al., 2006 * †''Tologuica'' Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2009 *Tribe Tetraonini (grouse) ** †''Palaealectoris'' Wetmore, 1930 **†''Proagriocharis'' Martin & Tate, 1970 ** †''Rhegminornis'' Wetmore, 1943

===Phylogeny=== Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking ultra-conserved elements. The extinct Himalayan quail (genus ''Ophrysia'') was not included in the study.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Chen | first1=D. | last2=Hosner | first2=P.A. | last3=Dittmann | first3=D.L. | last4=O'Neill | first4=J.P. | last5=Birks | first5=S.M. | last6=Braun | first6=E.L. | last7=Kimball | first7=R.T. | date=2021 | title=Divergence time estimation of Galliformes based on the best gene shopping scheme of ultraconserved elements | journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution | volume=21 | issue=1 | page=209 | doi=10.1186/s12862-021-01935-1 | pmid=34809586 | pmc=8609756 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The species numbers and the inclusion of the genera ''Canachites'', ''Ortygornis'', ''Campocolinus'' and ''Synoicus'' follows the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Pheasants, partridges, francolins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> {{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:70% |label1=Phasianidae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Xenoperdix'' – forest partridges (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Arborophila'' – forest partridges (19 species) |2={{Clade |1=''Caloperdix'' – ferruginous partridge |2={{clade |1=''Rollulus'' – crested partridge |2=''Melanoperdix'' – black partridge }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Lerwa'' – snow partridge |2={{clade |1=''Ithaginis'' – blood pheasant |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Tragopan'' – horned pheasants |2={{clade |1=''Tetraophasis'' – monal-partridges (2 species) |2=''Lophophorus'' – monals (3 species) }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Rhizothera'' – partridges (2 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pucrasia'' – koklass pheasant |2={{clade |1=''Meleagris'' – turkeys (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Bonasa'' – ruffed grouse |2={{clade |1=''Tetrastes'' – grouse (2 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Centrocercus'' – sage-grouse (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Dendragapus'' – grouse (2 species) |2=''Tympanuchus'' – prairie chickens (3 species) }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Lagopus'' – ptarmigans (3 species) |2={{clade |1=''Falcipennis'' – Siberian grouse |2={{clade |1=''Canachites'' – spruce grouse |2={{clade |1=''Tetrao'' – capercaillies (2 species) |2=''Lyrurus'' – grouse (2 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Perdix'' – true partridges (3 species) |2={{clade |1=''Syrmaticus'' – long-tailed pheasants (5 species) |2={{clade |1=''Chrysolophus'' – pheasants (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Phasianus'' – pheasants (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Catreus'' – cheer pheasant |2={{clade |1=''Crossoptilon'' – eared pheasants (4 species) |2=''Lophura'' – gallopheasants (9 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Rheinardia'' – crested argus |2=''Argusianus'' – great argus }} |2={{clade |1=''Afropavo'' – Congo peafowl |2=''Pavo'' – peafowls (2 species) }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Tropicoperdix'' – partridges (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Haematortyx'' – crimson-headed partridge |2={{clade |1=''Galloperdix'' – spurfowl (3 species) |2=''Polyplectron'' – peacock-pheasants (8 species) }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Bambusicola'' – bamboo partridges (3 species) |2=''Gallus'' – junglefowl (4 species) }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Peliperdix'' – Latham's francolin |2=''Ortygornis'' – francolins (3 species) }} |2={{clade |1=''Francolinus'' – francolins (3 species) |2={{clade |1=''Campocolinus'' – francolins (3 species) |2=''Scleroptila'' – francolins (7 species) }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Tetraogallus'' – snowcocks (5 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Ammoperdix'' – desert partridges (2 species) |2={{clade |1=''Synoicus'' – dwarf quails (4 species) |2={{clade |1=''Margaroperdix'' – Madagascar partridge |2=''Coturnix'' – quails (6 species) }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Alectoris'' – rock partridges (7 species) |2={{clade |1=''Perdicula'' – bush quails (4 species) |2=''Pternistis'' – spurfowl (24 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pheasants-partridges-phasianidae Phasianidae videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

Category:Phasianidae Category:Bird families Category:Birds of Asia Category:Extant Rupelian first appearances Category:Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield