{{Short description|Group of chemical compounds}} The '''phallotoxins''' consist of at least seven compounds, all of which are bicyclic heptapeptides (seven amino acids), isolated from the death cap mushroom ''(Amanita phalloides)''. They differ from the closely related amatoxins by being one residue smaller, both in the final product and the precursor protein.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Jonathan D. |last2=Hallen-Adams |first2=Heather E. |last3=Luo |first3=Hong |title=Ribosomal biosynthesis of the cyclic peptide toxins of Amanita mushrooms |journal=Biopolymers |date=2010 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=659–664 |doi=10.1002/bip.21416 |pmid=20564017 |pmc=4001729}}</ref>
Phalloidin had been isolated in 1937 by Feodor Lynen, Heinrich Wieland's student and son-in-law, and Ulrich Wieland of LMU Munich.<ref>{{cite journal | title = 50 Jahre Phalloidin | doi = 10.1007/BF00405464 | author = Theodor Wieland | volume = 74 | issue = 8 | pages = 367–373 | year = 1987 | journal = Naturwissenschaften | pmid = 3309681| bibcode = 1987NW.....74..367W }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = ''Über die Giftstoffe des Knollenblätterpilzes'' | doi = 10.1002/jlac.19385330105 | author = Feodor Lynen, Ulrich Wieland | volume = 533 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–117 | year = 1938 | journal = Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie}} </ref> The remaining six are prophalloin, phalloin, phallisin, phallacidin, phallacin and phallisacin. Though highly toxic to liver cells, phallotoxins have since been found to have little contribution to the death cap's toxicity because they are not absorbed through the gut. Reports of phalloidin in the edible (and sought after) Blusher (''Amanita rubescens'')<ref name="Litten75">{{cite journal |last=Litten|first= W. |date=March 1975 |title=The most poisonous mushrooms |journal=Scientific American |volume=232 |issue=3 |pages=90–101 |pmid=1114308 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0375-90|bibcode= 1975SciAm.232c..90L }}</ref> have not been confirmed by later researchers<ref>Hallen HE, Adams GC, Eicker A (2002) Amatoxins and phallotoxins in indigenous and introduced South African Amanita species. South African Journal of Botany 68:322-326.</ref>
== Chemical structures == <gallery> Image:Skeletal formula of phalloidin.svg|Phalloidin Image:prophalloin.png|Prophalloin Image:phalloin.png|Phalloin Image:phallisin.png|Phallisin Image:phallacidin.png|Phallacidin Image:phallacin.png|Phallacin Image:phallisacin.png|Phallisacin </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
{{Poisonous Amanitas}} {{Toxins}}
Category:Mycotoxins found in Basidiomycota Category:N-Acyltryptamines Category:Cyclic peptides