{{Short description|Gentle physical interaction with an animal to comfort or show affection}} {{for|the German town|Petting, Bavaria}}{{for|the sexual practice|Heavy petting}} thumb|Cat receiving pets on the neck and chin '''Petting''' is the act of gently stroking or touching animals, typically pets or other domesticated animals, as a form of affection, comfort, or communication. It is a common form of tactile interaction between humans and animals, often employed to strengthen the human-animal bond, and to promote relaxation for both humans and animals.
==Behavioral and communicative aspects==
Animals often communicate using complex body postures and facial expressions, which may be misinterpreted by humans whose interactions with animals typically involve verbal and tactile methods like petting. Research has demonstrated that the response of animals to petting varies significantly, depending on factors including their familiarity with the person performing the action. Interactions involving petting by a familiar person tend to elicit fewer appeasement gestures from animals, suggesting a higher level of comfort compared to interactions with unfamiliar individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kuhne|first1=Franziska|last2=Hößler|first2=Johanna C.|last3=Struwe|first3=Rainer|year=2012|title=Effects of human–dog familiarity on dogs’ behavioural responses to petting|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|volume=142|issue=3–4|pages=176-181|doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.003}}</ref>
Petting prior to brief separations from owners has also been shown to positively influence dog behavior, making them calmer during periods of separation. This is reflected in reduced heart rates and more extended displays of calm behavior during owner absence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mariti|first1=Chiara|last2=Carlone|first2=Beatrice|last3=Protti|first3=Massimiliano|last4=Diverio|first4=Silvana|last5=Gazzano|first5=Angelo|year=2018|title=Effects of petting before a brief separation from the owner on dog behavior and physiology: A pilot study|journal=Journal of Veterinary Behavior|volume=27|pages=41-46|doi=10.1016/j.jveb.2018.07.003|hdl=11568/927259|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
==Belly rubs==
A '''belly rub''' or '''tummy rub''' is the act of gently touching a dog's stomach area. Numerous dogs enjoy belly rubbing, but not all of them. When a dog rolls on their back, it may be an indication that the dog wants a belly rub; however, this is not always the case. A dog’s stomach is an immensely vulnerable part of their body. Some body language that indicates that a dog wants a belly rub includes vocalization, tail wagging, open (or squinty) eyes, relaxed and open mouth, while their body is wiggly and loose. If the dog kicks their leg or both legs during belly rub, it is completely normal, and the phenomenon itself is called a scratch reflex.<ref name="thesprucepets">{{cite web|last=Fratt|first=Kayla|title=Why Do Dogs Like Belly Rubs So Much?|website=thesprucepets.com|publisher=The Spruce Pets|date=2023-09-25|url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/why-dogs-like-belly-rubs-4584399|access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Sandra|title=Why Do Dogs Like Belly Rubs?|website=petmd.com|publisher=PetMD|date=2023-11-07|url=https://www.petmd.com/dog/behavior/why-do-dogs-belly-rubs|access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Rolling Over: Does Your Dog Want Belly Rubs?|website=dogkindtraining.com|publisher=Dogkind Training|date=2022-05-23|url=https://www.dogkindtraining.com/blog/rolling-over-does-your-dog-want-belly-rubs|access-date=2024-03-10}}</ref>
While some cats enjoy belly rubs,<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoping for a home |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-nutley-sun-hoping-for-a-home/167647749/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=The Nutley Sun |date=January 26, 2012 |location=Nutley, New Jersey |page=A12}}</ref> many do not. If a cat rolls onto its back, exposing its belly, it may be finding a comfortable position to sleep, or inviting another cat to play fight.<ref name="Steinrock">{{cite news |last1=Steinrock |first1=Karen |title=Give your cat a belly rub at your own risk |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-patriot-news-give-your-cat-a-belly-r/167647627/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=The Patriot-News |date=November 10, 2012 |location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania |page=14}}</ref>
==Physiological and psychological effects on humans== [[File:Woman child petting goat.jpg|thumb|A pair of children petting a goat at the Stamford Museum & Nature Center]] Petting of animals is associated with positive physiological effects for humans, including reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, indicative of relaxation and reduced stress. A study comparing the blood pressure and heart rates of pet owners while petting their dogs versus other activities found significant decreases in both measures during petting sessions. This indicates a relaxation response mediated through tactile interaction with animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Judy L.|year=1986|title=Physiological Effects of Petting a Companion Animal|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=58|issue=1|pages=21–30|doi=10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.21}}</ref> Research into the health benefits of interactions with companion animals has similarly identified a reduction in stress indicators such as lower blood pressure and heart rates, suggesting substantial relaxation benefits.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baun|first1=Mara M.|last2=Oetting|first2=Kathryn|last3=Bergstrom|first3=Nancy|year=1991|title=Health benefits of companion animals in relation to the physiologic indices of relaxation|journal=Holistic Nursing Practice|volume=5|issue=2|pages=16-23}}</ref>
== Petting zoos == {{Main|Petting zoo}} A petting zoo is a zoo where visitors are permitted to touch and pet the animals. They are common in fairs and other public events, and typically include small ruminants such as sheep and goats, but can also include more exotic animals. Such zoos have often been a cause for public health concern due to zoonotic disease transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=John R. |last2=Behravesh |first2=Casey Barton |last3=Angulo |first3=Frederick J. |date=2015-12-18 |editor-last=Schlossberg |editor-first=David |title=Diseases Transmitted by Domestic Livestock: Perils of the Petting Zoo |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0017-2015 |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0017-2015 |issn=2165-0497|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weese |first=J. S. |last2=McCarthy |first2=L. |last3=Mossop |first3=M. |last4=Martin |first4=H. |last5=Lefebvre |first5=S. |date=2007-07-01 |title=Observation of Practices at Petting Zoos and the Potential Impact on Zoonotic Disease Transmission |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/518572 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=10–15 |doi=10.1086/518572 |issn=1058-4838|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==See also== *Emotion in animals *Dog behavior
==References== {{Reflist}}
Category:Ethology