Per quod

'''Per quod''' is a Latin phrase (meaning ''whereby'') used to illustrate that the existence of a thing or an idea is on the basis of external circumstances not explicitly known or stated.

==Legal example== "Statements are considered defamatory ''per quod'' if the defamatory character of the statement is not apparent on its face, and extrinsic facts are required to explain its defamatory meaning."<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Kolegas v. Heftel Broadcasting Corp. |vol=607 |reporter=N.E.2d |opinion=201 |pinpoint=206 |court=Ill. |date=1992 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/illinois/supreme-court/1992/72793-7.html |accessdate=2018-07-23 |quote=}}</ref>

With defamation ''per quod'', the plaintiff has to prove actual monetary and general damages, as compared to defamation ''per se'' where the special damages are presumed.<ref> “[D]efamation per se is distinguished from defamation because in the former, ‘a plaintiff can establish liability without a showing of special or pecuniary damages because those damages are presumed.’” ''Ira Green, Inc. v. Mil. Sales & Serv. Co.'', No. CV 10-207-M, 2014 WL 12782199, at *6 (D.R.I. Jan. 15, 2014). Citation taken from ''Flynn v. Cable News Network'', Memorandum Opinion & Order, [https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.556958/gov.uscourts.nysd.556958.42.0.pdf page 9] (16 December, 2021).</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Italic title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Per Quod}} Category:Latin legal terminology