Payada

{{short description|South American tradition of improvised music and poetry}} [[File:Carlos Morel - Payada en una pulpería.jpg|thumb|200px|''Payada in a pulpería'' by Carlos Morel]] thumb|200px|Juan Arroyo, Argentine payador, {{circa|1870}} thumb|right|200px|Payador playing in his ''rancho'', {{circa|1890s}}

The '''''payada''''' is a folk music tradition native to Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and south Paraguay as part of the Gaucho culture and Gaucho literature. In Chile it is called '''''paya''''' and performed by ''huasos''. It is a performance of improvised ten-line verse called ''décimas'' usually accompanied by guitar. The performer is called a "''payador''", albeit any guitar performer in the region is called by the same name. In performances of two or more ''payadores'' (the "''payada''"), known as ''contrapunto'', they will compete to produce the most eloquent verse, each answering questions posed by the other, often insulting. The durations of these verse duels can be exceedingly long, often many hours, and they end when one ''payador'' fails to respond immediately to his opponent.<ref>R.Fernández Manzano y otros: ''El trovo de la Alpujarra''. Ed. Centro de Documentación Musical de Andalucía, 1992, pág. 27</ref> Musical styles often used in the ''payada'' are the ''cifra'', the ''huella'' and the ''milonga''. <ref>The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music, Volume 1 By Dale Alan Olsen, Daniel Edward Sheeh p. 398</ref>

== History == The work of Bartolomé Hidalgo (born in Montevideo in 1788) is considered a precedent of this form of art in the Río de la Plata. Hidalgo is regarded as the first gaucho poet. His birthdate, August 24, was established as the "Day of the Payador" in Uruguay.<ref>[https://archive.today/20070922143021/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Leyes/Ley16764.htm Uruguayan Law 16.764]</ref><ref>[http://www.chasque.net/vecinet/noti627.htm "Especial del Día del Payador"] on Chasque.net</ref>

In Argentina, July 23 was established as the "Day of the Payador" in commemoration of the famous payada where Juan de Nava and Gabino Ezeiza contended. This payada was held in Paysandú in 1884, and Ezeiza was proclaimed the winner with the improvisation of his famous ''Saludo a Paysandú''. A recording of this song is the only existing record of Ezeiza's voice.<ref>[https://folkcloud.com/song/705/gabino-ezeiza/el-tango-patagones "Saludo a Paysandú" by Gabino Ezeiza]</ref>

The first registered payador was Simón Méndez (nicknamed ''Guasquita''), a soldier who fought in the British invasions of the River Plate.<ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/198699-la-payada-un-arte-que-cautiva-y-sorprende "La payada, un arte que cautiva y sorprende"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623184533/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/198699-la-payada-un-arte-que-cautiva-y-sorprende |date=2015-06-23 }}, ''La Nación'' (Buenos Aires), 20 Mar 1999</ref> Both in Argentina and Uruguay, the payada is considered part of the "gauchesca" culture. Santos Vega (to whom writer Rafael Obligado dedicated his most famous poem) is considered "the" payador par excellence, with successors such as Gabino Ezeiza, José Betinoti, Carlos Molina, Abel Soria, Julio Gallego, Gabino Sosa Benítez, Cayetano Daglio, among others.

The payada has also been parodied by the comedy-musical group Les Luthiers in their ''Payada de la vaca.''<ref>[http://www.lesluthiers.org/verversion.php?ID=66 ''Payada de la vaca''] on Les Luthiers official web</ref>

The work of Bartolomé Hidalgo, born in Montevideo in 1788, who is considered the first gaucho poet, can be found as an antecedent to the appearance of this art in the Río de la Plata. The date of his birth (August 24) was established by law as "Payador's Day" in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Leyes/Ley16764.htm |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=2007-09-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070922143021/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Leyes/Ley16764.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=vecinet - No. 627 - especial día del payador |url=http://www.chasque.net/vecinet/noti627.htm |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.chasque.net}}</ref>

The payada can be traced back to the troubadour traditions of southern Spain, which settlers then brought the music tradition to Latin America. When it reached Argentina, its development was greatly influenced by Afro-Argentines in the late 19th century. During this time, Argentina's government were trying to "whiten" the country by encouraging European migration and marginalizing the black community. Black payadores like Gabino Ezeiza used their music to fight against the discrimination and they sought recognitionfor Afro-Argentines' deep historical contributions. Even though the government were able erase most of Afro-Argentine presence, there are still people in the Americas who practice the music traditions that originated from Afro-Argentines and African ancestry. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Poosson |first=Sylvain B. |date=2004 |title="Entre Tango y Payada": The Expression of Blacks in 19th Century Argentina |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27923034?searchText=Argentina's+Rich+19th+Century&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Argentina%25E2%2580%2599s+Rich+19th+Century&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_search_gsv2/control&refreqid=fastly-default:b7c6cb701fc334d1e2cf26813d9e1be5&seq=10 |journal=Confluencia |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=87–99 |issn=0888-6091}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *{{Commonscatinline|Payada}}

Category:Verse contests Category:Poems in Spanish Category:Argentine styles of music Category:Culture of Uruguay Category:Chilean folk music Category:Paraguayan styles of music Category:Uruguayan styles of music Category:Argentine poems Category:Argentine folklore Category:Uruguayan poems Category:Uruguayan folklore Category:Chilean folklore Category:Chilean poetry Category:Gaucho culture