{{Short description|Maritime procedure}} [[File:Exval.jpeg|thumb|right|Poor passage planning and unchecked deviation from the plan can lead to groundings, collisions and oil spills.]]'''Passage planning''' or '''voyage planning''' is a procedure to develop a complete description of a vessel's voyage to safely navigate from start to finish. The plan includes leaving the dock and harbor area, the ''en route'' portion of a voyage, approaching the destination, and mooring, the industry term for this is 'berth to berth'.<ref name="Witherby1">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2021 |title=Passage Planning Guidelines |location=Livingston |publisher=Witherby Publishing Group |page=1 |isbn=9781856099813}}</ref> According to international law, a vessel's captain is legally responsible for passage planning.<ref name="reg34">{{cite web | title = Regulation 34 – Safe Navigation | url = https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Regulations/regulation34.htm | work = IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999 | access-date = March 26, 2007 | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002958/https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Regulations/regulation34.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The duty of passage planning is usually delegated to the ship's navigation officer, typically the second officer on merchant ships.<ref name="annex24">{{cite web | title = ANNEX 24 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning | url = https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Annexes/Annex24.htm | work = IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999 | access-date = March 26, 2007 | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002748/https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Annexes/Annex24.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Passage plans are important for the safety of a vessel as it requires the correct assessment and establishment of safety settings. They ensure that vital navigation information is readily available, expectations for crew and those ashore are known, and minimize the likelihood of accidents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passage Planning Template |url=https://bluewatersail.com.au/passage-planning-template/ |website=Blue Water Sailing School |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> The modern procedure for passage plans was developed by the International Maritime Organization and involves a four-stage process.<ref name="annex24" /><ref name="Witherby3" />
Studies show that human error is a factor in 80 percent of navigational accidents and that in many cases the human making the error had access to information that could have prevented the accident.<ref name="annex24"/> The practice of voyage planning has evolved from penciling lines on nautical charts to a process of risk management.<ref name="annex24"/>
==Planning stages== thumb|Monitoring progress and comparing it to the plan are key to passage planning. Passage planning consists of four key stages: appraisal, planning, execution, and monitoring.<ref name="annex24"/><ref name="Witherby3">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2021 |title=Passage Planning Guidelines |location=Livingston |publisher=Witherby Publishing Group |page=3|isbn=9781856099813}}</ref> These stages are specified in ''International Maritime Organization Resolution A.893(21), Guidelines For Voyage Planning,''<ref name="annex25-1">International Maritime Organization, Section 1 of ''Guidelines for Voyage Planning'', 1999.</ref> which are, in turn, reflected in the local laws of IMO signatory countries.<ref>For example, in Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations</ref> The ''Guidelines'' specify fifty elements of passage planning, some of which are only applicable in certain situations.<ref name="bow367"/> A fifth stage, analysis is also recommended, which involves a debriefing after the passage plan to review its effectiveness for future voyage planning.<ref name="Witherby3"/>
The ''Guidelines'' specify three key items to consider in the practice of voyage planning:
*having and using a voyage plan is "of essential importance for safety of life at sea, safety and efficiency of navigation and protection of the marine environment,"<ref name="annex25-1"/> * voyage planning is necessary for all types of vessels on all types of voyages,<ref name="annex25-1"/> and * the plan's scope should be based on all information available, should be "berth to berth," including when under pilotage, and the plan includes the execution and the monitoring of progress.<ref name="annex25-1"/>
Voyage planning starts with the appraisal stage. Before each voyage begins, navigators develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed.<ref name="bow367">Bowditch 2002, p. 367.</ref> The appraisal stage consists of gathering and contemplating all information relevant to the voyage. Much of this appraisal is done by consulting nautical charts, nautical publications and performing a number of technical tasks such as weather forecasting, prediction of tides and currents, and checks of local regulations and warnings.<ref name="annex25-2">International Maritime Organization, Section 2 of ''Guidelines for Voyage Planning'', 1999.</ref>
Nautical publications are a valuable guide to local conditions and regulations, but they must be updated and actually read to be of any use.<ref name="chap4">{{cite web |title = Chapter 4, Nautical Publications |url = http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ |work = American Practical Navigator |access-date = March 26, 2007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070624193729/http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ |archive-date = June 24, 2007 }}</ref> These publications could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots or similar texts produced by other authorities.<ref name="annex25-2"/>
Once information is gathered and considered, the navigator can begin the process of planning the voyage. The process involves projecting various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes expected during the voyage.<ref name="bow367"/> This mental model becomes the standard by which the navigator measures progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a passage plan.<ref name="bow367"/>
A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the best-scale charts available.<ref name="bow267">Bowditch 2002, p.214.</ref> This track is judged with respect to at least nine separate criteria given in the ''Guidelines'' including under-keel clearance, safe speed, air draft, the use of routing and reporting services (TSS and VTS), and the availability of contingencies in case of emergency.<ref name="annex25-3">International Maritime Organization, Section 3 of ''Guidelines for Voyage Planning'', 1999.</ref>
[[File:Navigation system on a merchant ship.jpg|right|thumb|Modern navigators often enter passage plans on electronic systems]]The navigator will draw and redraw the track line until it is safe, efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations.<ref name="bow367"/> When the track is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as an Electronic Chart Display and Information System, a chartplotter, an ARPA system, or a GPS unit.<ref name="bow224-225">Bowditch 2002, pp 224–225.</ref> When passage planning on ECDIS, it is important to calculate the safety settings for the ECDIS.<ref name="Witherby22">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2021 |title=Passage Planning Guidelines |location=Livingston |publisher=Witherby Publishing Group |page=22 |isbn=9781856099813}}</ref> The navigator should calculate both under keel clearance and overhead vertical clearance (if passing under obstructions).<ref name="Witherby1" /><ref name="Witherby22"/> The calculation should include an allow for the height of tide (if applicable), the vessel's draught, squat and a safety allowance.<ref name="Witherby22"/> This provides the navigator with a minimum UKC value that can then be compared with charted depths on electronic or paper charts to ensure the vessel's courses in the passage plan have sufficient depth to navigate safely.<ref name="ECDIS2023">{{cite book | title=ECDIS Passage Planning and Watchkeeping | publisher=Witherby Publishing Group | publication-place=Livingston, Scotland | date=2023 | isbn=9781856098168|page=25}}</ref>
When working in a team environment, the passage plan should be communicated to the navigation team in a pre-voyage conference in order to ensure that all members of the team share the same mental model of the entire trip.<ref name="bow367"/>
The third stage of passage planning is the execution stage. The IMO was careful to include execution as part of the process of passage planning. This underscores the fact that the ''Guidelines'' list a number of tasks that are to executed during the course of the voyage. It also reiterates the captain's responsibility to treat the plan as a "living document" and to review or change it in case of any special circumstances that should arise.<ref name="annex25-4">International Maritime Organization, Section 4 of ''Guidelines for Voyage Planning'', 1999.</ref>
The fourth and final stage of voyage planning is the monitoring stage. Once the voyage has begun the progress of the vessel along its planned route must be monitored. This requires that the ship's position be determined, using standard methods including dead reckoning, celestial navigation, pilotage, and electronic navigation.
According to the ''Guidelines,'' the passage plan should always be available to the officer on watch on the bridge. The ''Guidelines'' also specify that deviations from the plan should be clearly recorded and be consistent with other provisions of the ''Guidelines.''<ref name="annex25-5">International Maritime Organization, Section 5 of ''Guidelines for Voyage Planning'', 1999.</ref>
==Computer aids== In modern times, computer software can greatly simplify the passage planning process and ensure that nothing important is overlooked.<ref name="bow367"/> Passage planning software may include functions such as waypoint management, distance calculators, tide and tidal current predictors, celestial navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel, oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications.<ref name="bow367"/>
==Notes== {{Portal|Transport}} {{Commons|Navigation}}
{{Reflist}}
==References== *{{cite book | last = Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) | title = Admiralty Manual of Seamanship | publisher = The Stationery Office | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-11-772696-6 }} *{{cite book | first = Nathaniel | last = Bowditch, LL.D. | author-link = Nathaniel Bowditch | title = The American Practical Navigator |trans-title=An Epitome of Navigation | publisher = National Imagery and Mapping Agency | url = http://www.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=msi_portal_page_62&pubCode=0002 | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1802 | location= Bethesda, MD | isbn = 0-939837-54-4 | access-date=2010-06-19 }} *{{cite web | title = ANNEX 24 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning | url = https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Annexes/Annex24.htm | work = IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999 | access-date = March 26, 2007 | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002748/https://mcanet.mcga.gov.uk/public/c4/solas/solas_v/Annexes/Annex24.htm | url-status = dead }} *{{cite web |title=Guidelines For Voyage Planning |url=https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/AssemblyDocuments/A.893(21).pdf |work=IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999 |access-date=March 26, 2007}}
{{Passage planning}} {{Seamanship}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Passage Planning}} Category:Navigation