{{Short description|Chinese phrase for an ineffectual threat}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} [[File:1950-08-Paper Tiger.png|thumb|A paper tiger with a U.S. flag, symbolizing The United States (''China Pictorial'', August 1950 issue)|175x175px]]
"'''Paper tiger'''" is a calque of the Chinese phrase '''''zhǐlǎohǔ''''' ({{lang-zh|s=纸老虎|t=紙老虎}}). The term refers to something or someone that claims or appears to be powerful or threatening but is actually ineffectual and unable to withstand challenge.
The expression became well known internationally as a slogan used by Mao Zedong, former chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader of China, against his political opponents, particularly the United States. It has since been used in various capacities and variations to describe many other opponents and entities.
==Origin== ''Zhilaohu'' dates from at least the nineteenth century. Robert Morrison, the British missionary and lexicographer, translated the phrase as "a paper tiger" in ''Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect'' in 1828.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Zimmer|date=2017-02-23|title=The Chinese Origins of 'Paper Tiger'|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-chinese-origins-of-paper-tiger-1487873046|access-date=2021-05-21}}</ref><ref name="Morrison1828">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Morrison (missionary)|year=1828|title=Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udJUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP536 |volume=I|location=Macao|publisher=East India Company's Press|page=536}}</ref> John Francis Davis translated the Chinese phrase as "paper tiger" in a book on Chinese history published in 1836.<ref>{{cite book|first=John Francis|last=Davis|author-link=John Francis Davis|year=1836|title=The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and Its Inhabitants |volume=II|location=London|publisher=Charles Knight & Co.|page=163|oclc=5720352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8JJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA163 |quote=Some of the ordinary expressions of the Chinese are pointed and sarcastic enough. A blustering, harmless fellow they call 'a paper tiger.'}}</ref> In a meeting with Henry Kissinger in 1973, Mao Zedong claimed in a humorous aside to have coined the English phrase.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB90/dubious-10c.pdf|title=Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, February 17–18, 1973, 11:30 p.m.–1:20 a.m.|website=National Security Archive|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>
==Use== Mao Zedong first introduced his idea of paper tigers to Americans in an August 1946 interview with American journalist Anna Louise Strong:<ref name="Lary2015">{{cite book|last=Lary|first=Diana|year=2015|title=China's Civil War: A Social History, 1945–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2t2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=80|isbn=978-1-107-05467-7}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the U.S. reactionaries use to scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact it isn't. Of course, the atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter, but the outcome of a war is decided by the people, not by one or two new types of weapon.
All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mao |first=Zedong |author-link=Mao Zedong |date=August 1946 |chapter=Talk with the American Correspondent Anna Luise Strong |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_13.htm |title=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung |volume=IV |location=Peking |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |oclc=898328894}}</ref>}}
Mao Zedong's translator, who was skilled at English, initially translated "paper tiger" as "scarecrow" in an attempt to use a cultural reference point an American would understand. Mao realized something had been lost in translation, and asked if Strong knew what a paper tiger was; her reply was that it was an object used to scare birds in a field. Mao, switching to his heavily accented English, clarified that it was a "paper tiger".<ref name="tomorrows_china">{{cite book |last=Strong |first=Anna Louise |date=December 1948 |title=Tomorrow's China |url=https://www.bannedthought.net/China/Pre1949/WarOfLiberation/TomorrowsChina-ALStrong-1948.pdf |location=111 West 42nd St., New York 18, New York |publisher=Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy |pages=38-39 |lccn=49007410 |access-date=December 7, 2025 |quote="Reactionary rulers," he said, "are paper tigers. Terrible to look at, but melting when the rains come." / The word "paper tiger" seemed to strike him; he stopped to be sure that I got its exact flavor. Lu Ting-yi, who was translating, gave the word as "scare-crow." Mao halted the talk and asked Lu what a scare-crow was. Then he refused the word. A paper tiger, he said, was not something dead stuck in a field. It scares not crows but children. It is made to look like a dangerous beast. But it is really only pressed paper which softens when damp. / After this explanation Mao continued, using the words "paper tiger" in English, laughing at his own pronunciation.}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wu |first=Jingjian |date=April 19, 2021 |title=When Diplomacy Is Lost in Translation |url=https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2021/04/when-diplomacy-is-lost-in-translation/ |website=The World of Chinese |location=Beijing, China |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624154733/https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2021/04/when-diplomacy-is-lost-in-translation/ |archive-date=June 24, 2025 |access-date=December 7, 2025}}</ref> Anna Louise Strong identifies the translator as Lu Dingyi in her 1948 memoir ''Tomorrow's China'',<ref name="tomorrows_china"/> while some other sources instead identify {{ill|Yu Guangsheng|zh|余光生}} as the translator.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 2021 |title=1946: Jiěfàng zhànzhēng qiú jiěfàng——zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng xiānmíng tíchū “yīqiè fǎndòngpài dōu shì zhǐlǎohǔ” |script-title=zh:1946：解放战争求解放——中国共产党鲜明提出“一切反动派都是纸老虎” |trans-title=1946: The War of Liberation Seeks Liberation—The Chinese Communist Party Clearly Declares "All Reactionaries are Paper Tigers" |url=https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/ztzl/2021/dsxxjy/xxfd/202103/t20210329_382258.shtml |website=Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China |language=zh |access-date=December 7, 2025 |script-quote=zh:据说，因为英语的习惯用法中没有“纸老虎”这个组合词，当时的翻译余光生在翻译时用了英语中类似的习惯用语“稻草人（Scarecrow ）”来代替。毛泽东得知后说：“不行，我的意思是纸糊的老虎，是Paper-Tiger。是用来吓唬孩子的，样子看起来可怕，实际上一见水就软，一见风就破。”听了毛泽东的一番解释，斯特朗不禁笑了起来。 |quote=Jùshuō, yīnwèi yīngyǔ de xíguàn yòngfǎ zhōng méiyǒu “zhǐlǎohǔ” zhège zǔhé cí, dāngshí de fānyì yú guāngshēng zài fānyì shí yòngle yīngyǔ zhòng lèisì de xíguàn yòngyǔ “dàocǎorén (Scarecrow)” lái dàitì. Máozédōng dé zhī hòu shuō:“Bùxíng, wǒ de yìsi shì zhǐ hú de lǎohǔ, shì Paper-Tiger. Shì yòng lái xiàhǔ háizǐ de, yàngzǐ kàn qǐlái kěpà, shíjì shang yī jiàn shuǐ jiù ruǎn, yī jiàn fēng jiù pò.” Tīngle máozédōng de yī fān jiěshì, sī tè lǎng bùjīn xiàole qǐlái. |trans-quote=It is said that because the phrase "paper tiger" did not exist in English idioms, the translator Yu Guangsheng used the similar English term "scarecrow" instead. Upon learning this, Mao Zedong said, "No, I meant a paper tiger, a paper tiger. It's used to scare children; it looks scary, but it softens in water and breaks in the wind." Hearing Mao Zedong's explanation, Strong couldn't help but laugh.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Qingmin |author1-mask=Zhang Qingmin (张清敏) |date=2011 |title=Yǐnyù, wèntí biǎozhēng yǔ máozédōng de duìwài zhèngcè |script-title=zh:隐喻、问题表征与毛泽东的对外政策 |url=https://www.sis.pku.edu.cn/teachers/docs/20190904131358533324.pdf |trans-title=Metaphor, Problem Representation and Mao Zedong's Foreign Policy |script-journal=zh:国际政治研究 |journal=Guójì zhèngzhì yánjiū |trans-journal=The Journal of International Studies |language=zh |location= |publisher=China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House |access-date=December 7, 2025 |issn=1671-4709 |script-quote=zh:有研究表明，1946 年 8 月，美国女记者安娜·路易斯·斯特朗来到延安在采访毛主席期间，毛泽东首次提出了一切反动派都是纸老虎的观点。当时担任翻译的余光生先生使用了一个英文惯用词———Scare-crow( 稻草人) 作为其英文译文。毛泽东当时就纠正了他，说不行，我不是这个意思，我的意思是纸糊的老虎，是 Paper-tiger。 |quote=Yǒu yánjiū biǎomíng,1946 nián 8 yuè, měiguó nǚ jìzhě ānnà·lùyìsī·sī tè lǎng lái dào yán'ān zài cǎifǎng máo zhǔxí qíjiān, máozédōng shǒucì tíchūle yīqiè fǎndòngpài dōu shì zhǐlǎohǔ de guāndiǎn. Dāngshí dānrèn fānyì de yú guāngshēng xiānshēng shǐyòngle yīgè yīngwén guànyòng cí———Scare-crow(dàocǎorén) zuòwéi qí yīngwén yìwén. Máozédōng dāngshí jiù jiūzhèngle tā, shuō bu xíng, wǒ bùshì zhège yìsi, wǒ de yìsi shì zhǐ hú de lǎohǔ, shì Paper-tiger. |trans-quote=Research indicates that in August 1946, during an interview with Chairman Mao in Yan'an by American journalist Anna Louise Strong, Mao first proposed the idea that all reactionaries were paper tigers. Yu Guangsheng, who served as the translator at the time, used the common English term "scarecrow" as the English translation. Mao immediately corrected him, saying, "No, that's not what I meant. I meant a paper tiger." |issue=2}}</ref>
In a 1956 interview with Strong, Mao used the phrase "paper tiger" to describe American imperialism again: {{blockquote|In appearance it is very powerful but in reality it is nothing to be afraid of; it is a paper tiger. Outwardly a tiger, it is made of paper, unable to withstand the wind and the rain. I believe that it is nothing but a paper tiger.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mao|first=Zedong |date=July 14, 1956 |chapter=U.S. Imperialism is a Paper Tiger|chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-5/mswv5_52.htm |title=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung |volume=V |location=Peking |publisher=Foreign Languages Press}}</ref>}}
In 1957, Mao reminisced about the original interview with Strong: {{blockquote|In an interview, I discussed many questions with her, including Chiang Kai-shek, Hitler, Japan, the United States and the atom bomb. I said all allegedly powerful reactionaries are merely paper tigers. The reason is that they are divorced from the people. Look! Wasn't Hitler a paper tiger? Wasn't he overthrown?<ref>{{cite book |last=Mao|first=Zedong |date=November 18, 1957 |chapter=All Reactionaries Are Paper Tigers |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-5/mswv5_70.htm |title=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung |volume=V |location=Peking |publisher=Foreign Languages Press}}</ref>}}
In this view, "paper tigers" are superficially powerful but are prone to overextension that leads to sudden collapse. When Mao criticized Soviet appeasement of the United States during the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reportedly said, "the paper tiger has nuclear teeth".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The World: What They Are Fighting About|url=https://archive.org/details/time-1963-11-22/Time%201963-07-12/page/24/mode/2up |magazine=Time |volume=82 |issue=2 |date=12 July 1963 |pages=24–25 |access-date=21 May 2010}}</ref>
The discourse of ''Ruguanxue'' deems the United States as a paper tiger which appears to be strong and affluent but is in fact in decline.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Han|first=Rongbin|title=Make China Great Again: Online Alt-History Fiction and Popular Authoritarianism|date=2026|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-22054-5|location=New York}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=7}}
The term was frequently used in Chinese Internet discourse regarding the trade war begun by United States President Donald Trump.<ref name=":1122">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and markets the communist roots of Chinese enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=Yale University Press |others=Kunyuan Qiao |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=94}} Internet users referred to Trump as a paper tiger, frequently observing that the United States economy depends heavily on Chinese companies for a host of necessities, electronics, and raw components.<ref name=":1122" />{{Rp|pages=94-95}}
== Other uses ==
In ''The Resistance to Theory'' (1982), Paul de Man used the phrase to reflect upon the threat of literary theory to traditional literary scholarship in American academia. He said, "If a cat is called a tiger it can easily be dismissed as a paper tiger; the question remains however why one was so scared of the cat in the first place".<ref>{{cite book|last=de Man|first=Paul|author-link=Paul de Man|year=1986 |title=The Resistance to Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/resistancetotheo00dema/ |series=Theory and History of Literature |volume=33 |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/resistancetotheo00dema/page/5 5]|isbn=0-8166-1294-3}}</ref>
''The Little Red Schoolbook'' (1969) states, "all grown-ups are paper tigers". The book was controversial for instructing teenagers to challenge authority, and the quote was deemed its most famous.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jul/08/the-little-red-schoolbook-republished-soren-hansen |title=The Little Red Schoolbook - honest about sex and the need to challenge authority |last=Moorhead |first=Joanna |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>
Osama bin Laden described U.S. soldiers as "paper tigers".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/23/weekinreview/the-world-osama-bin-laden-in-his-own-words.html |title=The World; Osama bin Laden, In His Own Words |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1998-08-23 |access-date=2022-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/osama-bin-laden-myths/2021/07/30/0d193194-eff0-11eb-bf80-e3877d9c5f06_story.html |title=Five myths about Osama bin Laden |date=2021-08-19 |orig-date=2021-07-30 |author1=Peter Bergen |newspaper=The Washington Post |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}{{WaPoCheckDates}}</ref>
The phrase was used in a 2006 speech by then-United States Senator Joe Biden to describe North Korea after a series of missile launches from the country that same year, defying the warnings of the international community while still incapable of directly harming the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/bios/1451/joseph_r_biden_jr.html|title=Campaign 2008: Joseph R. Biden, Jr. |website=Council on Foreign Relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206202245/http://www.cfr.org/bios/1451/joseph_r_biden_jr.html|archive-date=6 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1774577n?source=search_video|title=Sen. Biden On N. Korea Test |work=CBS News|date=5 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005090502/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1774577n?source=search_video|archive-date=5 October 2008}}</ref>
In 2025, Donald Trump used the phrase to dismiss Russia's conduct of Russo-Ukrainian war while delivering a speech at the United Nations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia a ‘paper tiger’: How Trump changed his position on Ukraine, NATO|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/24/russia-a-paper-tiger-how-trump-changed-his-position-on-ukraine-nato|date=24 September 2025|author=Sarah Shamim|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> He also used the phrase in March 2026 in reference to NATO not coming to the aid the U.S. during the 2026 Iran war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/mar/20/iran-war-live-updates-oil-prices-israel-netanyahu-ground-component-us-tensions-hormuz|title=Trump calls Nato allies ‘cowards’ for not helping in strait of Hormuz; US officials say more troops heading to Middle East – live|first1=Tom|last1=Ambrose|first2=Yohannes|last2=Lowe|first3=Kate|last3=Lamb|first4=Callum|last4=Jones|first5=Tom Ambrose (now); Yohannes|last5=Lowe|first6=Callum|last6=Jones (earlier)|date=20 March 2026|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
China itself has been called a paper tiger. In 2021, Michael Beckley argued in his book ''Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower'' that China would not be able to overtake the United States, and that the belief that China is stronger than it really is is detrimental to American perceptions and policy. According to Beckley, this is because "China's economic, financial, technological, and military strength is hugely exaggerated by crude and inaccurate statistics": for example, Beckley states that high-scoring Chinese education statistics are actually cherry-picked, that the People's Liberation Army is not as strong as the United States Armed Forces due to their differing focuses, and that China's large GDP does not equate to their actual strength or power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beckley |first=Michael |title=Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World's Sole Superpower |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-5017-2480-0 |location=Ithaca |oclc=1048609456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frum |first=David |date=2021-05-03 |title=China Is a Paper Dragon |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/china-paper-dragon/618778/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>
==See also== * Feet of clay * Straw dog * China's final warning
==References== {{wiktionary}} {{reflist|40em}}
Category:Anti-American sentiment in China Category:Chinglish Category:Chinese political catchphrases Category:Political metaphors Category:Mao Zedong Category:Metaphors referring to tigers Category:Maoist terminology Category:Paper