Palaeoniscoid

{{Short description|Extinct order of fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Silurian|Cretaceous}} | image = Palaeoniscus_macropomus.jpg | image_caption = †''Palaeoniscum'' restoration | taxon = Palaeonisciformes | authority = Hay 1902 | subdivision_ranks = Suborders | subdivision = * †Palaeoniscoidei Berg 1937 * †Platysomoidei Berg 1937 | synonyms = Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles 1971 }}

'''Palaeoniscoids''' (also spelled '''paleoniscoid''', or alternatively '''paleoniscids''') are an extinct grouping of primitive ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), spanning from the Silurian/Devonian to the Cretaceous. Though often assigned to their own order, the '''Palaeonisciformes''' (or superorder '''Palaeoniscimorpha'''), they are generally considered paraphyletic, but their exact relationships to living ray-finned fish are uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stack |first1=Jack |last2=Gottfried |first2=Michael D. |date=2021-09-17 |title=A new, exceptionally well-preserved Permian actinopterygian fish from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, USA |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2022.2036837 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=18 |pages=1271–1302 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2022.2036837 |bibcode=2021JSPal..19.1271S |s2cid=247537869 |issn=1477-2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While some and perhaps most palaeoniscoids likely belong to the stem-group of Actinopteryii (less closely related to modern ray-finned fish groups than all modern ray-finned fish are to each other)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giles |first1=Sam |last2=Xu |first2=Guang-Hui |last3=Near |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Friedman |first4=Matt |date=2017-09-14 |title=Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23654 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=549 |issue=7671 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1038/nature23654 |pmid=28854173 |bibcode=2017Natur.549..265G |s2cid=205259531 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> it has been suggested that some may belong to the crown group,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caron |first1=Abigail |last2=Venkataraman |first2=Vishruth |last3=Tietjen |first3=Kristen |last4=Coates |first4=Michael |date=2023-08-01 |title=A fish for Phoebe: a new actinopterygian from the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures of Saddleworth, Greater Manchester, UK, and a revision of Kansasiella eatoni |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/4/957/7185612 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=198 |issue=4 |pages=957–981 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad011 |issn=0024-4082|doi-access=free }}</ref> with some of these possibly related to Cladistia (containing bichirs) and/or Chondrostei (which contains sturgeons and paddlefish).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matt |date=March 2015 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Andrew |title=The early evolution of ray-finned fishes |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=213–228 |doi=10.1111/pala.12150|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Palgy..58..213F }}</ref> Many palaeoniscoids share a conservative body shape and a similar arrangement of skull bones,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mickle |first1=Kathryn E. |last2=Lund |first2=Richard |last3=Grogan |first3=Eileen D. |date=September 2009 |title=Three new palaeoniscoid fishes from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Serpukhovian, Mississippian) of Montana (USA) and the relationships of lower actinopterygians |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2009n3a6 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=623–668 |doi=10.5252/g2009n3a6 |bibcode=2009Geodv..31..623M |s2cid=128412802 |issn=1280-9659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> though paleoniscoids as a whole exhibit considerable diversity in body shape.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Engelman |first1=Russell K. |last2=Nicholas Gardner |last3=Hodnett |first3=John-Paul M. |date=2024-10-03 |title=A Review of Handbook of Paleoichthyology Volume 8a: Actinopterygii I, Palaeoniscimorpha, Stem Neopterygii, Chondrostei |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2014/5356-review-handbook-of-paleoichthyology |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |issn=1094-8074}}</ref>

== Historic background == 200px|thumb|left|''Acropholis stensioei'' (fossil at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen) is a taxon referred to Palaeonisciformes based on superficial resemblance with ''Palaeoniscum'' The systematics of fossil and extant fishes has puzzled ichthyologists since the time of Louis Agassiz, who first grouped all Palaeozoic ray-finned fishes together with Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes), gars, lungfishes, and acanthodians in his Ganoidei. Carl Hermann Müller later proposed to divide actinopterygians into three groups: Chondrostei, Holostei, and Teleostei. Later, Edward Drinker Cope included these three groups within Actinopteri.<ref name="Schultze2022">{{Cite book |last1=Schultze |first1=Hans-Peter |last2=Mickle |first2=Kathryn E. |last3=Poplin |first3=Cécile |last4=Hilton |first4=Eric J. |last5=Grande |first5=Lance |date=2021 |series=Handbook of Paleoichthyology |volume=8A |title=Actinopterygii I. Palaeoniscimorpha, Stem Neopterygii, Chondrostei. |location=München |publisher=Dr. Friedrich Pfeil |isbn=978-3-89937-272-4}}</ref> The same classification is also used today,<ref name="Nelson"/> though the definitions of these groups have changed significantly over the years. The sister group to Actinopteri are the Cladistia, which include ''Polypterus'' (bichirs), ''Erpetoichthys'' and their fossil relatives. All together are grouped as Actinopterygii.

A few additional classification schemes were proposed over the years. Lev Berg erected the superorder '''Palaeonisci''', in which he included early actinopterygians that belonged to neither Chondrostei nor Polypteri (Cladistia). Mostly following Berg, Jean-Pierre Lehman grouped the Actinopterygii into 26 orders, among others the Palaeonisciformes with the two suborders Palaeoniscoidei and Platysomoidei.<ref name="Schultze2022"/>

Numerous genera of early actinopterygians have been referred to either Palaeonisciformes or to one of its suborders based on superficial resemblance with either ''Palaeoniscum'' (Palaeoniscoidei) or ''Platysomus'' (Platysomoidei), especially during the early and middle parts of the 20th century. Palaeonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei, and Platysomoidei have therefore become wastebasket taxa. They are not natural groups, but instead paraphyletic assemblages of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. Palaeoniscoidei have traditionally encompassed most Paleozoic actinopterygians, except those that exhibit atypical body forms (such as the deep-bodied Platysomoidei, or those assigned securely to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=34963 |title=Palaeonisciformes |publisher=Paleobiology Database |access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref> The same can also be said about the family Palaeoniscidae ''sensu lato'', to which several genera not closely related to ''Palaeoniscum'' have been referred in the past.

The grouping of "palaeonisciforms" was based largely on shared plesiomorphic features, such as the forward position of the eye, the large gape or the presence of rhombic scales. However, such symplesiomorphies are not informative with regard to phylogeny, but rather an indication of common ancestry. In modern biology, taxonomists group taxa based on shared apomorphies (synapomorphies) in order to detect monophyletic groups (natural groups). They use computer software (e.g., PAUP) to determine the most likely evolutionary relationships between taxa, thereby putting previous hypotheses of such relationships to the test. As a consequence, many genera have been subsequently removed from Palaeonisciformes and referred to distinct orders (e.g., Saurichthyiformes).

The term Palaeonisciformes has mostly disappeared from the modern literature or is nowadays only used to refer to the "primitive" morphology of a taxon (e.g., "palaeonisciform skull shape" or "palaeoniscoid body shape"). In order to make the Paleonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei or Palaeoniscidae monophyletic, these terms should only be used in a strict sense, i.e., when referring to the clade of actinopterygians that includes ''Palaeoniscum'' and the taxa closely related to it.

A monophyletic clade including several taxa classically referred to the Palaeonisciformes (e.g., ''Aesopichthys'', ''Birgeria'', ''Boreosomus'', ''Canobius'', ''Pteronisculus'', ''Rhadinichthys'') was recovered in the cladistic analysis by Lund et al.<ref name="Lund">{{Cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Richard |last2=Poplin |first2=Cécile |last3=McCarthy |first3=Kelly |date=1995 |title=Preliminary analysis of the interrelationships of some Paleozoic Actinopterygii. |journal=Géobios |language=en |volume=19 |pages=215–220 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80117-0 |bibcode=1995Geobi..28..215L |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248616345}}</ref> This clade, coined '''Palaeoniscimorpha''', is also used in subsequent publications.<ref name="Schultze2022"/> Recent cladistic analyses also recovered clades containing several genera that have historically been grouped within Palaeonisciformes, while excluding others.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Sam Giles |author-link1=Sam Giles|author2=Guang-Hui Xu |author3=Thomas J. Near |author4=Matt Friedman |year=2017 |title=Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes |journal=Nature |volume=549 |issue=7671 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1038/nature23654 |pmid=28854173|bibcode=2017Natur.549..265G |s2cid=205259531 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/54676230/Main_Text_FINAL_UPLOADED.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Argyriou2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Argyriou |first1=Thodoris |last2=Giles |first2=Sam |last3=Friedman |first3=Matt |last4=Romano |first4=Carlo |last5=Kogan |first5=Ilja |last6=Sánchez-Villagra |first6=Marcelo R. |date=December 2018 |title=Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †''Saurichthys'' (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=161 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1264-4 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=6211452 |pmid=30382811 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..161A }}</ref><ref name="Argyriou2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Argyriou |first1=Thodoris |last2=Giles |first2=Sam |last3=Friedman |first3=Matt |date=May 2022 |title=A Permian fish reveals widespread distribution of neopterygian-like jaw suspension |journal=eLife |language=en |volume=18 |issue=11 |article-number=e58433 |doi=10.7554/eLife.58433|pmid=35579418 |pmc=9345605 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to the delicate nature of fossils of ray-finned fishes and the incomplete knowledge of several taxa (especially with regard to the internal cranial anatomy),<ref name="Argyriou2022"/> there is still no consensus about the evolutionary relationships of several early actinopterygians previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes.

==Classification== The following list includes species that have been referred to Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae, respectively), usually because of superficial resemblance with ''Palaeoniscum freieslebeni''. Many of these species are poorly known and have never been included in any cladistic analysis. Their inclusion in Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae) is in most cases doubtful and requires confirmation by cladistic studies. Which taxa should be included in Palaeonisciformes ''sensu stricto'' (or Palaeoniscidae ''sensu stricto'') and which ones moved to other orders or families, respectively, is a matter of ongoing research.

* '''Order''' †'''Palaeonisciformes''' Hay, 1902 ''sensu stricto'' [Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971]<ref name="mikko">{{cite web|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Actinopterygii - Ray-finned Fishes'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/actinopterygii_1.html |access-date= 30 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Nelson">{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Joseph S.|last2=Grande|first2=Terry C.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|year=2016|title=''Fishes of the World''|edition=5th|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-34233-6}}</ref><ref name="van der Laan">{{cite journal|last=van der Laan|first=Richard|year=2018|title=Family-group names of fossil fishes |journal= European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=466 |pages=1–167 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2018.466 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328277664|doi-access=free }}</ref> ** '''Family''' †'''Palaeoniscidae''' Vogt, 1852 *** Genus ?†''Agecephalichthys'' Wade, 1935 **** Species †''Agecephalichthys granulatus'' Wade, 1935 *** Genus ?†''Atherstonia'' Woodward, 18989 [''Broometta'' Chabakov, 1927] **** Species †''Atherstonia scutata'' Woodward, 1889 [''Atherstonia cairncrossi'' Broom, 1913; ''Amblypterus capensis'' Broom, 1913; ''Broometta cairncrossi'' Chabakov, 1927] **** Species †''Atherstonia minor'' Woodward, 1893 *** Genus ?†''Cryphaeiolepis'' Traquair, 1881 **** Species †''Cryphaeiolepis scutata'' Traquair, 1881 *** Genus ?†''Cteniolepidotrichia'' Poplin & Su, 1992 **** Species †''Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis'' Poplin & Su, 1992 *** Genus †''Dicellopyge'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge macrodentata'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge lissocephalus'' Brough, 1931 *** Genus ?†''Duwaichthys'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 **** Species †''Duwaichthys mirabilis'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 *** Genus ?†''Ferganiscus'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 **** Species †''Ferganiscus osteolepis'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 *** Genus †''Gyrolepis'' Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858 **** Species †''G. albertii'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. gigantea'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. maxima'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. quenstedti'' Dames, 1888 **** Species †''G. tenuistriata'' Agassiz, 1833 *** Genus †''Gyrolepidoides'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. creyanus'' Schaeffer, 1955 **** Species †''G. cuyanus'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. multistriatus'' Rusconi, 1948 *** Genus ?†''Palaeoniscinotus'' Rohon, 1890 **** Species †''P. czekanowskii'' Rohon, 1890 *** Genus †''Palaeoniscum'' de Blainville, 1818 [''Palaeoniscus'' Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; ''Palaeoniscas'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Eupalaeoniscus'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Palaeomyzon'' Weigelt, 1930; ''Geomichthys'' Sauvage, 1888] **** Species †''P. angustum'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas angustus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. antipodeum'' (Egerton, 1864) [''Palaeoniscus antipodeus'' Egerton, 1864] **** Species †''P. antiquum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. arenaceum'' Berger, 1832 **** Species †''P. capense'' (Bloom, 1913) [''Palaeoniscus capensis'' Bloom, 1913] **** Species †''P. comtum'' (Agassiz, 1833) [''Palaeoniscus comtus'' Agassiz, 1833] **** Species †''P. daedalium'' Yankevich & Minich, 1998 **** Species †''P. devonicum'' Clarke, 1885 **** Species †''P. elegans'' (Sedgwick, 1829) [''Palaeoniscus elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829] **** Species †''P. freieslebeni'' de Blainville, 1818 [''Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818); ''Palaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818)] **** Species †''P. hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898) [''Galeocerdo contortus hassiae'' Jaekel, 1898; ''Palaeomyzon hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898)] **** Species †''P. kasanense'' Geinitz & Vetter, 1880 **** Species †''P. katholitzkianum'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. landrioti'' (le Sauvage, 1890) [''Palaeoniscus landrioti'' le Sauvage, 1890] **** Species †''P. longissimum'' (Agassiz, 1833) [''Palaeoniscus longissimus'' Agassiz, 1833] **** Species †''P. macrophthalmum'' (McCoy, 1855) [''Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus'' McCoy, 1855] **** Species †''P. magnum'' (Woodward, 1937) [''Palaeoniscus magnus'' Woodward, 1937] **** Species †''P. moravicum'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas moravicus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. promtu'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas promtus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. reticulatum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. scutigerum'' Newberry, 1868 **** Species †''P. vratislavensis'' (Agassiz, 1833) [''Palaeoniscus vratislavensis'' Agassiz, 1833] *** Genus †''Palaeothrissum'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829 **** Species †''P. macrocephalum'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. magnum'' de Blainville, 1818 *** Genus ?†''Shuniscus'' Su, 1983 **** Species †''Shuniscus longianalis'' Su, 1983 *** Genus ?†''Suchonichthys'' Minich, 2001 **** Species †''Suchonichthys molini'' Minich, 2001 *** Genus ?†''Trachelacanthus'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 **** Species †''Trachelacanthus stschurovskii'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 *** Genus ?†''Triassodus'' Su, 1984 **** Species †''Triassodus yanchangensis'' Su, 1984 *** Genus ?†''Turfania'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. taoshuyuanensis'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. varta'' Wang, 1979 *** Genus ?†''Turgoniscus'' Jakovlev, 1968 **** Species †''Turgoniscus reissi'' Jakovlev, 1968 *** Genus ?†''Weixiniscus'' Su & Dezao, 1994 **** Species †''Weixiniscus microlepis'' Su & Dezao, 1994 *** Genus ?†''Xingshikous'' Liu, 1988 **** Species †''Xingshikous xishanensis'' Liu, 1988 *** Genus ?†''Yaomoshania'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991 **** Species †''Yaomoshania minutosquama'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991 **''Brachydegma''

===Other families attributed to Palaeonisciformes=== This list includes families that at one time or another were placed in the order Palaeonisciformes. The species included in these families are often poorly known, and a close relationship with the family Palaeoniscidae is therefore doubtful unless confirmed by cladistic analyses. These families are therefore better treated as Actinopterygii ''incertae sedis'' for the time being. The evolutionary relationships of early actinopterygians is a matter of ongoing studies. {{Div col|colwidth=24em}} * †Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977 * †Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969 * †Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991 * †Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960 * †Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig. * †Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963 * †Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig. * †Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969 * †Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939 * †Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977 * †Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978 * †Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989 * †Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971 * †Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963 * †Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963 * †Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955 * †Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010 * †Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig. * †Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996 * †Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931 {{Div col end}}

==Timeline of genera== ''Andreolepis hedei'', previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes, has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (Late Silurian in Russia, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.

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bar:period from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text:L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text:W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text:L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text:P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text:E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text:M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text:L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text:Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text:Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text:Early from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text:M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text:L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text:E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text:Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:Late from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:E. from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:M. from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:L. from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:Late

bar:era from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text:Silurian from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:Devonian from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text:Carboniferous from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:Permian from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:Triassic from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous

</timeline>

==References== {{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}} {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} *{{cite journal | last = Märss | first = Tiiu | year = 2001 | title = ''Andreolepis'' (Actinopterygii) in the Upper Silurian of northern Eurasia | journal = Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 174–189 | issn = 1736-6046 | url = http://www.kirj.ee/public/va_ge/g50-3-3.pdf | format = PDF, 1.4 MB}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Gardiner | first1 = Brian | author-link = Brian G. Gardiner (biologist) | last2 = Schaeffer | first2 = Bobb | author-link2 = Bobb Schaeffer | last3 = Masserie | first3 = Judy A. | author-link3 = Judy A. Masserie |date=August 2005 | title = A review of lower actinopterygian phylogeny | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 144 | issue = 4 | pages = 511–525 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00181.x| doi-access = free }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Sallan | first1 = Lauren Cole | last2 = Coates | first2 = Michael I. |date=1 June 2010 | title = End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates | journal = PNAS | volume = 107 | issue = 22 | pages = 10131–10135 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0914000107 | pmid = 20479258 | pmc = 2890420|bibcode = 2010PNAS..10710131S | doi-access = free }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130612052323/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/fossilgroups/actinopterygii/Basal%20acts/Palaeonisciformes Palaeonisciformes] at University of Bristol *{{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | author-link = Jack Sepkoski | year = 2002 | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | page = 560 | issn = 0007-5779 | isbn = 978-0-87710-450-6 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2012-03-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | archive-date = 2011-07-23}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q144538}}

Category:Palaeonisciformes Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Category:Paraphyletic groups