{{Short description|Descendants of most extant flowering plants}} [[Image:Nymphaea alba close up.jpg|thumb|right|''Nymphaea alba'', from the Nymphaeales]] The '''basal angiosperms''' are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the '''ANITA grade''', which is made up of ''Amborella'' (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia), Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) and Austrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise).<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800016 | pmid = 21628182 | title = Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade) | year = 2009 | author = Thien, L. B. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 166–182 | last2 = Bernhardt | first2 = P. | last3 = Devall | first3 = M. S. | last4 = Chen | first4 = Z.-d. | last5 = Luo | first5 = Y.-b. | last6 = Fan | first6 = J.-H. | last7 = Yuan | first7 = L.-C. | last8 = Williams | first8 = J. H. | doi-access = }}</ref> The group may be expanded to include the Chloranthales and the Ceratophyllales.<ref name=EndrDoyl15>{{Cite journal |last1=Endress |first1=Peter K. |last2=Doyle |first2=James A. |date=2015 |title=Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms |journal=Taxon |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1093–1116 |doi=10.12705/646.1 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
'''''ANITA''''' stands for '''''A'''mborella'', '''''N'''''ymphaeales, '''''I'''''<sub> </sub>lliciales, '''''T'''''rimeniaceae, and '''''A'''ustrobaileya''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yin-Long Qiu |author2=Jungho Lee |author3=Fabiana Bernasconi-Quadroni |author4=Douglas E. Soltis |author5-link=Pamela S. Soltis |author5=Pamela S. Soltis |author6=Michael Zanis |author7=Elizabeth A. Zimmer |author8=Zhiduan Chen |author9=Vincent Savolainen |author10=Mark W. Chase |year=1999 |title=The earliest angiosperms: Evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes |journal=Nature |volume=402 |issue=6760 |pages=404–407 |doi=10.1038/46536 |pmid=10586879 |bibcode=1999Natur.402..404Q |s2cid=4380796 }}</ref> Some authors{{who?|date=March 2025}} have shortened this to '''''ANA'''''-grade for the three orders, '''''A'''''mborellales, '''''N'''''ymphaeales, and '''''A'''''ustrobaileyales, since the order Iliciales was reduced to the family Illiciaceae and placed, along with the family Trimeniaceae, within the Austrobaileyales.
The basal angiosperms are only a few hundred species, compared with hundreds of thousands of species of eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. They diverged from the ancestral angiosperm lineage before the five groups comprising the mesangiosperms diverged from each other.
== Phylogeny== [[File:Illicium anisatum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-075.jpg|thumb|Japanese star anise (''Illicium anisatum''), from the Austrobaileyales]]
''Amborella'', Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales, in that order, are basal to all other angiosperms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=APG |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Amborella'' is understood to be the most basal extant flowering plant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Amborella Genome Project |last2=Albert |first2=Victor A. |last3=Barbazuk |first3=W. Bradley |last4=dePamphilis |first4=Claude W. |last5=Der |first5=Joshua P. |last6=Leebens-Mack |first6=James |last7=Ma |first7=Hong |last8=Palmer |first8=Jeffrey D. |last9=Rounsley |first9=Steve |last10=Sankoff |first10=David |last11=Schuster |first11=Stephan C. |last12=Soltis |first12=Douglas E. |last13=Soltis |first13=Pamela S. |last14=Wessler |first14=Susan R. |last15=Wing |first15=Rod A. |date=2013-12-20 |title=The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1241089 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=342 |issue=6165 |doi=10.1126/science.1241089 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Angiospermae |1={{clade |1=''Amborella'' |2={{clade |1=Nymphaeales |2={{clade |1=Austrobaileyales |2=Mesangiospermae }} }} }} }}
==Older terms== thumb|right|''Amborella'' '''''Paleodicots'''''<!--Paleodicots redirects here--> (sometimes spelled "palaeodicots") is an informal name used by botanists (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997,<ref>Rudolphe Spichiger & Vincent Savolainen. 1997. Present state of Angiospermae phylogeny. ''Candollea'' 52: 435-455 ([http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/recherche/angiophy/angiophy.html text] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312031858/http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/recherche/angiophy/angiophy.html |date=March 12, 2007 }})</ref> Leitch et al. 1998<ref>Leitch, I. J., M. W. Chase, and M. D. Bennett. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA C-values provides evidence for a small ancestral genome size in flowering plants. ''Annals of Botany'' 82 (Suppl. A): 85-94.</ref>) to refer to angiosperms which are not monocots or eudicots.
The paleodicots correspond to Magnoliidae sensu Cronquist 1981 (minus Ranunculales and Papaverales) and to Magnoliidae sensu Takhtajan 1980 (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997). Some of the paleodicots share apparently plesiomorphic characters with monocots, e.g., scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpate pollen.
The "paleodicots" are not a monophyletic group and the term has not been widely adopted. The APG II system does not recognize a group called "paleodicots" but assigns these early-diverging dicots to several orders and unplaced families: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae (including Cabombaceae), Austrobaileyales, Ceratophyllales (not included among the "paleodicots" by Leitch et al. 1998), Chloranthaceae, and the magnoliid clade (orders Canellales, Piperales, Laurales, and Magnoliales).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Subsequent research has added Hydatellaceae to the paleodicots.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qiu|first1=Yin-Long|last2=Li|first2=Libo|last3=Wang|first3=Bin|last4=Xue|first4=Jia-Yu|last5=Hendry|first5=Tory A.|last6=Li|first6=Rui-Qi|last7=Brown|first7=Joseph W.|last8=Liu|first8=Yang|last9=Hudson|first9=Geordan T.|last10=Chen|first10=Zhi-Duan|date=2010|title=Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from sequences of four mitochondrial genes|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00097.x|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=48|issue=6|pages=391–425|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00097.x|s2cid=85623329|hdl=2027.42/79100|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
The term ''paleoherb'' is another older term for flowering plants which are neither eudicots nor monocots.<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.2307/2657072 | title = Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae) | year = 2001 | author = Jaramillo, M. Alejandra | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 706–16 | pmid = 11302858 | last2 = Manos | first2 = PS | issue = 4 | jstor = 2657072 | publisher = Botanical Society of America }}</ref>
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==External links== *[http://tolweb.org/Angiosperms/20646 tolweb.org]
{{Angiosperm orders}}
Category:Angiosperms