Page 3

{{Short description|British tabloid tradition of topless women on the third page}} {{Other uses|Page 3 (disambiguation)}} {{Use British English|date=December 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

'''Page 3''', or '''Page Three''', was a British newspaper convention of publishing a large image of a topless female glamour model (known as a '''Page 3 girl''') on the third page of mainstream red top tabloids. Introduced in November 1969 by ''The Sun'', the feature boosted the paper's readership and prompted competing tabloids—including ''The Daily Mirror'', ''The Sunday People'' and ''The Daily Star''—to begin featuring topless models on their own third pages. Well-known Page 3 models included Linda Lusardi, Samantha Fox, Katie Price, and Keeley Hazell. Although supporters of Page 3 defended it as a harmless British cultural tradition, the feature generated controversy throughout its history. It attracted criticism both from conservatives, who tended to view it as softcore pornography inappropriate for inclusion in national newspapers, and feminists, who argued that Page 3 objectified women's bodies, negatively affected girls' and women's body image, and perpetuated sexism. Labour Party MP Clare Short began campaigning in the mid-1980s to have Page 3 images banned from newspapers; her efforts were subsequently supported by other MPs, including Harriet Harman, Stella Creasy, Lynne Featherstone, and Caroline Lucas. Some politicians, including Nick Clegg and Ed Vaizey, expressed concern that banning the feature would compromise press freedom. The British government never enacted legislation against Page 3. In 2012, activist Lucy-Anne Holmes launched the No More Page 3 campaign with the goal of persuading newspaper editors and owners to voluntarily end the feature. The campaign collected over 240,000 signatures on an online petition and gained support from over 140 MPs, as well as trade unions, universities, and women's groups. In February 2013, Rupert Murdoch, owner of ''The Sun,'' suggested that Page 3 could become a "halfway house", featuring glamour photographs without showing nudity. In August of that year, ''The Sun'' replaced topless Page 3 girls with clothed glamour models in its Republic of Ireland edition. In January 2015, its UK editions also moved to a clothed glamour format, after printing topless Page 3 images for over 45 years. In April 2019, ''The'' ''Daily Star'' became the last print daily to cease printing topless images, ending the convention in Britain's mainstream tabloid press. As of 2026, the only British tabloid still publishing topless models is the niche ''Sunday Sport''.

==History== After Rupert Murdoch relaunched the loss-making ''Sun'' newspaper in tabloid format on 17 November 1969, editor Larry Lamb began to publish photographs of clothed glamour models on its third page to compete with ''The Sun''{{'}}s principal rival, ''The Daily Mirror'', which was printing photos of models wearing lingerie or bikinis.<ref name="R3"/> ''The Sun''{{'}}s first tabloid edition showed that month's Penthouse Pet, Ulla Lindstrom, wearing a suggestively unbuttoned shirt. Page 3 photographs over the following year were often provocative, but did not feature nudity until ''The Sun'' celebrated the first anniversary of its relaunch on 17 November 1970 by printing model Stephanie Khan in her "birthday suit" (i.e. in the nude).<ref name="R4" /> Sitting in a field, with one of her breasts fully visible from the side, Khan was photographed by Beverley Goodway, who became ''The Sun''{{'}}s principal Page 3 photographer until he retired in 2003.<ref name="R5" /><ref name="obs030713" /> Alison Webster took over Goodway's role in 2005 and remained until the feature was phased out. [[File:Lucy Collett, Megafest2013.jpg|thumb|Glamour model Lucy Collett began posing for the feature in 2011 after winning ''The Sun''<nowiki/>'s Page 3 Idol competition.]] Page 3 was not a daily feature at the beginning of the 1970s,<ref name="R6" /> and ''The Sun'' only gradually began to feature Page 3 models in more overtly topless poses. Believing that Page 3 should feature "nice girls", Lamb sought to avoid the image of top-shelf pornography titles by asking ''The Sun''<nowiki/>'s female reporters to review Page 3 images to ensure women would not regard them as "dirty".<ref name="Flirty not dirty at30" /><ref name="Horrie95" /> Regardless, the feature, and the paper's other sexual content, led to some public libraries banning ''The Sun''. A then Conservative-controlled council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, took the first such decision, but reversed it after a series of local stunts organised by the newspaper and a change in the council's political orientation in 1971.<ref name="R7" /><ref name="HorrieBBC" /> Page 3 is partly credited with boosting ''The Sun''{{'}}s circulation.<ref name="R8" /> In the year after it introduced Page 3, its daily sales doubled to over 2.5 million,<ref name="Flirty not dirty at30" /> and it became the UK's bestselling newspaper by 1978.<ref name="R9" /> Competing tabloids, including ''The Daily Mirror'', ''The Sunday People'', and ''The Daily Star'', also began publishing topless models to increase their own sales, although ''The'' ''Daily Mirror'' and ''The'' ''Sunday People'' discontinued the practice in the 1980s, calling the photographs demeaning to women. In 1986, David Sullivan launched ''The Sunday Sport'', which featured numerous images of topless models throughout each edition.<ref name="R11" /> In 1988, ''The Sun'' launched the companion feature "Page 7 Fella", which featured images of barechested male models. It did not gain popularity and was dropped in the 1990s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-20 |title=8 startling facts about The Sun's Page 3 |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a622891/8-startling-facts-about-the-suns-page-3-from-16-year-old-models-to-the-dungeon-of-drax/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref> Page 3 launched the careers of many well-known 1980s British glamour models, including Debee Ashby, Donna Ewin, Samantha Fox, Kirsten Imrie, Kathy Lloyd, Gail McKenna, Suzanne Mizzi, and Maria Whittaker, some of whom were aged 16 or 17 when they started modeling for the feature. Some Page 3 girls became well-known celebrities and went on to careers in entertainment. Fox, who began appearing on Page 3 as a 16-year-old in 1983, became one of the most-photographed British women of the 1980s, behind only Diana, Princess of Wales and Margaret Thatcher. After leaving Page 3, she launched a successful singing career.<ref name="R10" /> In the mid-1990s, ''The Sun'' began printing Page 3 photographs in colour as standard, rather than mostly in black and white. Captions to Page 3 images, which had previously contained sexually suggestive double entendre, were replaced by a listing of models' first names, ages, and hometowns. It later added a "News in Briefs" item that gave the model's thoughts on current affairs.<ref name=":0" /> After polling readers, in 1997 ''The Sun'' ceased featuring models who had undergone breast augmentation, such as Katie Price and Melinda Messenger.<ref name="Addley" /> In June 1999, it launched the official ''Page3.com'' website, which featured additional photos of current Page 3 models, archival images of former Page 3 models, and other related photo and video content. Beginning in 2002, ''The Sun'' ran an annual contest called Page 3 Idol. Amateur models could submit photographs to be voted on by readers, with the winner receiving a cash prize and a Page 3 modeling contract. Notable Page 3 Idol winners included Nicola T, Keeley Hazell, and Lucy Collett. In May 2004, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 came into effect in England and Wales, Section 45 of which raised the minimum age to appear in such publications from 16 to 18.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sun Page Three Girls: A Turbulent History |url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/sun-page-three-girls-turbulent-history-111413391.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=uk.news.yahoo.com |date=20 January 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>''Page Three: The Naked Truth''. Channel 4 documentary. 2020.</ref> In 2020, Channel 4 produced an hour-long documentary, ''Page Three: The Naked Truth'', to mark 50 years since ''The Sun'' first introduced Page 3.<ref name="R12" />

==Opposition== [[File:Paris 2011 192 (5494065443) (cropped).jpg|thumb|275x275px|Labour Party MP Clare Short (photographed in 2011) began campaigning against Page 3 in the 1980s.]] Page 3 was controversial and divisive throughout its history. Its defenders often characterised it as an inoffensive British cultural tradition, as when Conservative Party MP Richard Drax in 2013 called it a "national institution" that provided "light and harmless entertainment".<ref name="R13" /><ref name="R14" /> Its critics generally considered Page 3 images demeaning to women or as softcore pornography that should not be published in national newspapers readily available to children. Some politicians—notably Labour Party MPs Clare Short, Harriet Harman, and Stella Creasy, Liberal Democrat MP Lynne Featherstone, and Green Party MP Caroline Lucas—made efforts to have Page 3 removed from newspapers''.'' Meanwhile, ''The Sun'' vigorously defended the feature, typically representing Page 3's critics as prudes, spoilsports, or ideologues, while sometimes depicting female critics as physically unattractive and jealous. When Clare Short in 1986 tried to introduce a House of Commons bill banning topless models from British newspapers, ''The Sun'' ran a "Stop Crazy Clare" campaign, distributing free car stickers, calling Short a "killjoy", printing unflattering images of her, and polling readers on whether they would prefer to see Short's face or the back of a bus.<ref name="R15" /> As a co-founder of Women in Journalism, Rebekah Brooks was reported to be personally offended by Page 3,<ref name="R16" /> and was widely expected to terminate it when she became ''The Sun''{{'}}s first female editor in 2003. However, upon assuming her editorship, Brooks defended the feature, calling its models "intelligent, vibrant young women who appear in ''The Sun'' out of choice and because they enjoy the job."<ref name="Killjoy" /><ref name="R17" /><ref name="obs030713" /> When Clare Short stated in a 2004 interview that she wanted to "take the pornography out of our press", saying "I'd love to ban [Page 3 because it] degrades women and our country",<ref name="R18" /> Brooks targeted Short with a "Hands Off Page 3" campaign that included printing an image of Short's face superimposed on a topless woman's body, calling Short "fat and jealous", and parking a double-decker bus with a delegation of Page 3 models outside Short's home.<ref name="R19" /> ''The Sun'' also called Harman a "feminist fanatic" and Featherstone a "battleaxe" for their opposition to Page 3.<ref name="R20" /> Brooks later said that she regretted ''The Sun''{{'}}s "cruel and harsh" attacks on Short, listing them among the mistakes she had made as editor.<ref name="R21" /> In February 2012, the Leveson Inquiry heard arguments for and against Page 3. Women's advocacy groups argued that Page 3 demeaned women and promoted sexist attitudes, but ''The'' ''Sun's'' then-editor Dominic Mohan called the feature an "innocuous British institution" that had become "part of British society".<ref name="R22" /> In his report, Lord Justice Leveson called Page 3 "a taste and decency issue" and stated that it thus fell outside his remit of investigating media ethics.<ref name="R23" /> Clare Short questioned Leveson's finding, stating: "Surely the depiction of half the population in a way that is now illegal on workplace walls and before the watershed in broadcasting, is an issue of media ethics?"<ref name="R24" /> Lucy-Anne Holmes, a writer and actress from Brighton, began campaigning against Page 3 after noticing during the 2012 Summer Olympics that the largest photograph of a woman in the nation's best-selling newspaper was not of an Olympic athlete but of "a young woman in her knickers".<ref name="R25" /><ref name="R26" /> Arguing that Page 3 perpetuated sexism, portrayed women as sex objects, negatively affected girls' and women's body image, and contributed to a culture of sexual violence, Holmes launched the No More Page 3 campaign in August of that year.<ref name="R27" /> The campaign collected over 240,000 signatures on an online petition and gained support from over 140 MPs, as well as a number of trade unions, universities, charities, and women's advocacy groups. It sponsored two women's soccer teams, Nottingham Forest Women F.C. and Cheltenham Town L.F.C., who played with the "No More Page 3" logo on their shirts.<ref name="R31" /> Lynne Featherstone called for a ban on Page 3 in September 2012, claiming that it contributed to domestic violence against women.<ref name="R29" /> Then–deputy prime minister Nick Clegg expressed concern that banning the images would compromise freedom of the press, stating: "If you don't like it, don't buy it ... you don't want to have a moral policeman or woman in Whitehall telling people what they can and cannot see."<ref name="R30" /> In June 2013, Caroline Lucas defied parliamentary dress code by wearing a "No More Page Three" T-shirt during a House of Commons debate on media sexism. She stated: "If Page 3 still hasn't been removed from ''The Sun'' by the end of [2013], I think we should be asking the government to step in and legislate." Culture minister Ed Vaizey responded that the government did not plan to regulate the content of the press, saying that adults had the right to choose what they read.<ref name="R32" /> Then–prime minister David Cameron also declined to support a ban on Page 3, stating during an interview with BBC Radio 4's ''Woman's Hour'': "This is an area where we should leave it to consumers to decide, rather than to regulators."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gentleman |first=Amelia |date=2013-07-22 |title=Cameron refuses to back ban on Sun's Page 3 topless images |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jul/22/cameron-no-ban-sun-page-3 |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After becoming ''The Sun''<nowiki/>'s editor in June 2013, David Dinsmore confirmed he would continue printing photographs of topless models, calling it "a good way of selling newspapers".<ref name="R33" />

==End of the feature== [[File:Rupert Murdoch 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Rupert Murdoch, owner of ''The Sun'', suggested in 2013 that Page 3 could transition to a "halfway house", featuring glamour models without showing nudity.]] In February 2013, Rupert Murdoch suggested on Twitter that ''The Sun'' could transition to a "halfway house", featuring glamour photographs without showing nudity.<ref name="R34" /> In August 2013, editor Paul Clarkson replaced topless Page 3 girls with clothed glamour models in ''The Sun''{{'}}s Republic of Ireland edition, citing cultural differences between the UK and Ireland.<ref name="R35" /><ref name="Slattery" /> The No More Page 3 campaign thanked Clarkson for "taking the lead in the dismantling of a sexist institution" and asked David Dinsmore to follow suit with ''The Sun''<nowiki/>'s UK editions.<ref name="R36" /> After publishing Page 3 for over 44 years, on 17 January 2015 ''The Sun'' began featuring images of women wearing lingerie and bikinis on its third page. On 20 January, ''The Times'', another Murdoch title, reported that the tabloid was "quietly dropping one of the most controversial traditions of British journalism."<ref name="Addley" /><ref name="O'Carroll" /><ref name="R37" /> The decision to discontinue Page 3 received significant media attention. On 22 January, ''The Sun'' appeared to change course, publishing a Page 3 image of a winking model with her breasts fully exposed and a caption mocking those who had commented on the end of the feature.<ref name="Telegraph2015" /> However, ''The Sun'' did not feature Page 3 thereafter. Longtime campaigner Clare Short called the decision to terminate the feature "an important public victory for dignity",<ref name="R38" /> while Nicky Morgan, then Minister for Women and Equalities, called it "a small but significant step towards improving the media portrayal of women and girls".<ref name="R39" /> A spokeswoman for the No More Page 3 campaign called it "truly historic news" and "a huge step for challenging media sexism".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |last2=Sweney |first2=Mark |last3=Greenslade |first3=Roy |date=2015-01-20 |title=Page 3: The Sun calls time on topless models after 44 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jan/19/has-the-sun-axed-page-3-topless-pictures |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Caroline Lucas criticized the transition to clothed glamour, saying: "So long as ''The Sun'' reserves its right to print the odd topless shot, and reserves its infamous page for girls clad in bikinis, the conversation isn't over."<ref name="R40" /> Some former Page 3 models defended the feature and the women who had appeared in it. Appearing on ITV's ''Good Morning Britain'', model Nicola McLean called Page 3 models "strong-minded women" who "certainly don't feel like we have been victimised".<ref name="R41" /> In a televised debate with Harman and Germaine Greer, model Chloe Goodman challenged the other participants to explain why feminists were telling women how to live their lives. Harman responded: "In a hundred years' time, if you look back at the newspapers of this country, and you see women standing in their knickers with their breasts showing, what would you think about women's role in society?"<ref name="R42" /> Separately, Debee Ashby, who had first appeared on Page 3 in the 1980s at age 16, called its cancellation long overdue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chilton |first=Steve |date=2015-01-23 |title=Red Button: Coventry 'stunner' Debee Ashby says Page Three should be consigned to dustbin of history |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/news-opinion/red-button-coventry-stunner-debee-8504196 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=CoventryLive |language=en}}</ref> Despite abolishing the feature in its print editions, ''The Sun'' continued publishing topless images on its official Page3.com website until March 2017. No new online content appeared after that point, and the website was taken offline in 2018.<ref name="R43" /> In April 2019, ''The Daily Star'' shifted to a clothed glamour format, becoming the last mainstream print daily to discontinue printing topless images.<ref name="Waterson" /><ref name=":0" /> This ended the tradition in the mainstream British press, with only the niche ''Sunday Sport'' continuing to publish topless images in tabloid format as of 2023.

== Notable Page 3 Girls == [[File:SpiceGirlWembley150619-69 (49000357276) (cropped).jpg|thumb|199x199px|Geri Halliwell]] [[File:Katie Price, 2014.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Katie Price]] Women who have posed for Page Three include: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *Sian Adey-Jones, beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Wales 1976, the second runner-up in Miss Universe 1976. She then finished first runner-up in Miss United Kingdom 1976 and competed as Miss Britain in Miss International 1977 *Chloe Ayling, model and media personality; known for surviving a kidnapping in 2017 and appearing on ''Celebrity Big Brother'' in 2018 *Marina Baker, politician and journalist who was previously the March 1987 Playboy Playmate *Samantha Bentley, former pornographic actress *Kelly Brook, actress and television personality who made appearances on ''Strictly Come Dancing'', ''Britain's Got Talent'', and ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!'' *Felicity Buirski, folk singer *Alicia Douvall, television personality and entrepreneur known for her television appearances on ''Celebrity Love Island'' and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' *Leilani Dowding, media personality and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Great Britain 1998, had features in ''Maxim'' and ''FHM'', and later appeared on ''The Real Housewives of Cheshire'' *Linzi Drew, former pornographic actress *Samantha Fox, pop singer who was voted 'Favourite Page 3 Girl of the Year' three times (1984, 1985, 1986) as well as 'top Page 3 girl of all time' *Cherri Gilham, writer, activist, and former actress *Geri Halliwell, singer-songwriter, television personality, and author known for being an original member of the Spice Girls since the band's inception in 1994 under the stage name "Ginger Spice" *Gail Harris, former pornographic actress *Mo Hayder (1962–2021), author who previously worked as an actress under the stage name Candy Davis, most notably appearing as Miss Belfridge in the BBC sitcom ''Are You Being Served?'' for two series, while her novels have sold more than 6.5 million copies *Keeley Hazell, model and actress *Linda Lusardi, actress and television presenter *Suzy Mandel, former actress *Jodie Marsh, media personality and bodybuilder who has made notable appearances on ''Essex Wives'' and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' *Linsey Dawn McKenzie, pornographic actress *Nicola McLean, media and television personality with appearances on ''I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here!'' and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' *Melinda Messenger, television presenter and personality whose presenting credits include ''Fort Boyard'', ''To Buy or Not to Buy'', ''Golden Balls''. She also appeared as a contestant on ''Celebrity Big Brother'' and ''Dancing on Ice'' *Suzanne Mizzi (1967–2011), model and singer *Lucy Pinder, model, television personality and actress who has appeared on ''FHM'''s list of the "100 Sexiest Women in the World" as well as ''Book at Bedtime with Lucy Pinder'', ''Celebrity Big Brother'' and films such as ''Waarrior Savitri'' and ''Sharknado 5: Global Swarming'' *Katie Price, television and media personality and businesswoman who has published 22 books, appeared on numerous reality series including ''Katie & Peter'', ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!'', and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' where she finished as the winner *India Reynolds, model and television personality who was a contestant on the fifth series of ''Love Island'' *Danielle Sellers, model and television personality who appeared as a contestant on ''Love Island'' in 2017 and ''Love Island: All Stars'' in 2025 *Nicola T, former model and television personality who appeared on ''WAGs Boutique'' and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' in 2010 *Dani Thompson, actress<br /> {{div col end}}

==Television documentary== On the fiftieth anniversary of the Page 3 feature, British television carried a documentary titled ''Page Three: The Naked Truth'' on Channel Four, which aired on 17 June 2024. It included stories and updates about the lives of some of the women who appeared in the magazine over the years.<ref name="R12">{{cite news |title=Channel 4 to explore the rise and fall of Page Three |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/channel-4-explore-rise-and-fall-page-three |access-date=10 October 2024 |publisher=Channel Four Television Corporation |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> After it aired, it was the most popular search term on Wikipedia, garnering 589,000 page views in a single day.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Wikipedia Top 100 (17 June 2024) |url=https://top.hatnote.com/en/wikipedia/2024/6/17.html |website=top.hatnote.com |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> For the month of June it tallied more than 800,000 views, against 25,000 for a typical month.

== Publications == * ''The Sun'' (1970s – January 2015) * The ''Daily Mirror'' / ''Sunday People'' (1970s – 1980s) * The ''Daily Star'' (1970s – April 2019) * The ''Sunday Sport'' / ''Midweek Sport'' / ''Weekend Sport'' (1986 – present) * The ''Daily Sport'' (1991 – April 2011)

==See also== {{Portal|Erotica and pornography|Journalism}} * Page 3 culture * Hot Shots Calendar * Lad culture * Lad mags * Sunshine Girl

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==Bibliography== * {{cite book|title=Page 3 – The Complete History Laid Bare|last=Perry|first=John|date=2005|publisher=News International Newspapers The Sun|isbn=9781845792299}} ==External links== * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3651850.stm Page Three girls – the naked truth] from the BBC website {{Pornography|state=collapsed}} Category:Page 3 girls Category:1970 introductions Category:The Sun (United Kingdom) Category:Sociological terminology Category:Popular culture language Category:Journalism terminology Category:Nude photography showing women Category:Nudity in print media Category:Sexism in the United Kingdom Category:Mass media and entertainment controversies Category:Pornographic magazines published in the United Kingdom no:Side 3-piken