Oxyacid

{{Short description|Acid that contains oxygen}} {{distinguish|text=keto acids, also known as oxocarboxylic acids, which are a type of oxyacid}} {{more citations needed|date=March 2016}} An '''oxyacid''', '''oxoacid''', or '''ternary acid''' is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H⁺ cation and the anion of the acid.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04374.html|title=IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology|first=International Union of Pure and Applied|last=Chemistry|publisher=IUPAC|doi=10.1351/goldbook.O04374}}</ref>

==Description== Under Lavoisier's original theory, all acids contained oxygen, which was named from {{langx|grc|ὀξύς + -γενής|oxys + -genes|acid, sharp + creator}}. It was later discovered that some acids, notably hydrochloric acid, did not contain oxygen and so acids were divided into oxo-acids and these new hydroacids.

All oxyacids have the acidic hydrogen bound to an oxygen atom, so bond strength (length) is not a factor, as it is with binary nonmetal hydrides. Rather, the electronegativity of the central atom and the number of oxygen atoms determine oxyacid acidity. For oxyacids with the same central atom, acid strength increases with the number of oxygen atoms attached to it. With the same number of oxygen atoms attached to it, acid strength increases with increasing electronegativity of the central atom.

Compared to the salts of their deprotonated forms (a class of compounds known as the oxyanions), oxyacids are generally less stable, and many of them only exist formally as hypothetical species, or only exist in solution and cannot be isolated in pure form. There are several general reasons for this: (1) they may condense to form oligomers (e.g., H₂CrO₄ to H₂Cr₂O₇), or dehydrate all the way to form the anhydride (e.g., H₂CO₃ to CO₂), (2) they may disproportionate to one compound of higher and another of lower oxidation state (e.g., HClO₂ to HClO and HClO₃), or (3) they might exist almost entirely as another, more stable tautomeric form (e.g., phosphorous acid P(OH)₃ exists almost entirely as phosphonic acid HP(=O)(OH)₂). Nevertheless, perchloric acid (HClO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitric acid (HNO₃) are a few common oxyacids that are relatively easily prepared as pure substances.

Imidic acids are created by replacing =O with =NR in an oxyacid.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/I02949.html|title=IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology|first=International Union of Pure and Applied|last=Chemistry|publisher=IUPAC|doi=10.1351/goldbook.I02949}}</ref>

== Properties==

An oxyacid molecule contains the structure X−O−H, where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X. In a solution, such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways:

* X−O−H ⇌ (X−O)⁻ + H⁺ * X−O−H ⇌ X⁺ + OH⁻<ref name=oxyacids />

If the central atom X is strongly electronegative, then it strongly attracts the electrons of the oxygen atom. In that case, the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atom is weak, and the compound ionizes easily in the way of the former of the two chemical equations above. In this case, the compound XOH is an acid, because it releases a proton, that is, a hydrogen ion. For example, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine are strongly electronegative elements, and therefore nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, are strong acids. The acidity of oxyacids is also affected by the resonance stabilization of their conjugate bases. Double-bonded oxygen is electron withdrawing by resonance, so the negative charge of a deprotonated hydroxyl group can be distributed to other oxygen atoms. Both acetic acid and methanol contain C-O-H groups that can act as acids, but acetic acid is a far stronger acid because its conjugate base, acetate, can distribute its negative charge over two oxygen atoms. In contrast, the conjugate acid of methanol has the negative charge localized on oxygen, so it is a far stronger base than acetate, making acetic acid the stronger acid.

If, however, the electronegativity of X is low, then the compound is dissociated to ions according to the latter chemical equation, and XOH is an alkaline hydroxide. Examples of such compounds are sodium hydroxide NaOH and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂.<ref name=oxyacids /> Owing to the high electronegativity of oxygen, however, most of the common oxobases, such as sodium hydroxide, while strongly basic in water, are only moderately basic in comparison to other bases. For example, the pKa of the conjugate acid of sodium hydroxide, water, is 14.0, while that of sodium amide, ammonia, is closer to 40, making sodium hydroxide a much weaker base than sodium amide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Erich C. |last2=Willeke |first2=Martin |last3=Angst |first3=Werner |last4=Togni |first4=Antonio |last5=Walde |first5=Peter |date=2014 |title=Confusing Quantitative Descriptions of BrønstedLowry AcidBase Equilibria in Chemistry Textbooks – A Critical Review and Clarifications for Chemical Educators |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hlca.201300321 |journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1002/hlca.201300321 |issn=1522-2675|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=oxyacids />

If the electronegativity of X is somewhere in between, the compound can be amphoteric, and in that case it can dissociate to ions in both ways, in the former case when reacting with bases, and in the latter case when reacting with acids. Examples of this include water, aliphatic alcohols, such as ethanol, and aluminum hydroxide.<ref name=oxyacids />

Inorganic oxyacids typically have a chemical formula of type H_''m''XO_''n'', where X is an atom functioning as a ''central atom'', whereas parameters ''m'' and ''n'' depend on the oxidation state of the element X. In most cases, the element ''X'' is a nonmetal, but some metals, for example chromium and manganese, can form oxyacids when occurring at their highest oxidation states.<ref name=oxyacids>Kivinen, Mäkitie: Kemia, p. 202-203, chapter=Happihapot</ref>

When oxyacids are heated, many of them dissociate to water and the anhydride of the acid. In most cases, such anhydrides are oxides of nonmetals. For example, carbon dioxide, CO₂, is the anhydride of carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, and sulfur trioxide, SO₃, is the anhydride of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄. These anhydrides react quickly with water and form those oxyacids again.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Otavan iso Fokus, Part 2 (El-Io) | pages = 990 | chapter = Hapot | publisher = Otava | year = 1973 | isbn = 951-1-00272-4}}</ref>

Many organic acids, like carboxylic acids and phenols, are oxyacids.<ref name=oxyacids /> Their molecular structure, however, is much more complicated than that of inorganic oxyacids.

Most of the commonly encountered acids are oxyacids.<ref name=oxyacids /> Indeed, in the 18th century, Lavoisier assumed that all acids contain oxygen and that oxygen causes their acidity. Because of this, he gave to this element its name, ''oxygenium'', derived from Greek and meaning ''acid-maker'', which is still, in a more or less modified form, used in most languages.<ref>Otavan suuri Ensyklopedia, s. 1606, art. Happi</ref> Later, however, Humphry Davy showed that the so-called muriatic acid did not contain oxygen, despite its being a strong acid; instead, it is a solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl.<ref>Otavan suuri Ensyklopedia, s. 1605, art. Hapot ja emäxet</ref> Such acids which do not contain oxygen are nowadays known as hydroacids.

== Names of inorganic oxyacids ==

Many inorganic oxyacids are traditionally called with names ending with the word ''acid'' and which also contain, in a somewhat modified form, the name of the element they contain in addition to hydrogen and oxygen. Well-known examples of such acids are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid.

This practice is fully well-established, and IUPAC has accepted such names. In light of the current chemical nomenclature, this practice is an exception, because systematic names of compounds are formed according to the elements they contain and their molecular structure, not according to other properties (for example, acidity) they have.<ref name=RB124>Red Book 2005, s. 124, chapter IR-8: Inorganic Acids and Derivatives</ref>

IUPAC, however, recommends against calling future compounds not yet discovered with a name ending with the word ''acid''.<ref name=RB124 /> Indeed, acids can be called with names formed by adding the word ''hydrogen'' in front of the corresponding anion; for example, sulfuric acid could just as well be called ''hydrogen sulfate'' (or ''dihydrogen sulfate'').<ref name=nimet>Kivinen, Mäkitie: Kemia, p. 459-461, chapter Kemian nimistö: Hapot</ref> In fact, the fully systematic name of sulfuric acid, according to IUPAC's rules, would be ''dihydroxidodioxidosulfur'' and that of the sulfate ion, ''tetraoxidosulfate(2−)'',<ref name=IR-8-1>Red Book 2005, p. 129-132, table IR-8-1</ref> Such names, however, are almost never used.

However, the same element can form more than one acid when compounded with hydrogen and oxygen. In such cases, the English practice to distinguish such acids is to use the suffix ''-ic'' in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing more oxygen atoms, and the suffix ''-ous'' in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing fewer oxygen atoms. Thus, for example, sulfuric acid is H₂SO₄, and sulfurous acid, H₂SO₃. Analogously, nitric acid is HNO₃, and nitrous acid, HNO₂. If there are more than two oxyacids having the same element as the central atom, then, in some cases, acids are distinguished by adding the prefix ''per-'' or ''hypo-'' to their names. The prefix ''per-'', however, is used only when the central atom is a halogen or a group 7 element.<ref name=nimet /> For example, chlorine has the four following oxyacids:

* hypochlorous acid HClO * chlorous acid HClO₂ * chloric acid HClO₃ * perchloric acid HClO₄ Some elemental atoms can exist in a high enough oxidation state that they can hold one more double-bonded oxygen atom than the perhalic acids do. In that case, any acids regarding such element are given the prefix ''hyper-''. Currently, the only known acid with this prefix is hyperruthenic acid, H₂RuO₅.

The suffix ''-ite'' occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix ''-ous''. On the other hand, the suffix ''-ate'' occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix ''-ic''. Prefixes ''hypo-'' and ''per-'' occur in the name of anions and salts; for example the ion {{chem|ClO|4|−}} is called ''perchlorate''.<ref name=nimet />

In a few cases, the prefixes ''ortho-'' and ''para-'' occur in names of some oxyacids and their derivative anions. In such cases, the ''para-'' acid is what can be thought as remaining of the ''ortho-'' acid if a water molecule is separated from the ''ortho-'' acid molecule. For example, phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄, has sometimes been called ''orthophosphoric acid'', in order to distinguish it from metaphosphoric acid, HPO₃.<ref name=nimet /> However, according to IUPAC's current rules, the prefix ''ortho-'' should only be used in names of orthotelluric acid and orthoperiodic acid, and their corresponding anions and salts.<ref name=note_a>Red Book 2005, p. 132, note a</ref>

=== Examples === In the following table, the formula and the name of the anion refer to what remains of the acid when it loses ''all'' its hydrogen atoms as protons. Many of these acids, however, are polyprotic, and in such cases, there also exists one or more intermediate anions. In name of such anions, the prefix ''hydrogen-'' (in older nomenclature ''bi-'') is added, with numeral prefixes if needed. For example, {{chem|SO|4|2−}} is the sulfate anion, and {{chem|HSO|4|−}}, the hydrogensulfate (or bisulfate) anion. Similarly, {{chem|PO|4|3−}} is phosphate, {{chem|HPO|4|2−}} is hydrogenphosphate, and {{chem|H|2|PO|4|−}} is dihydrogenphosphate.

{| class="wikitable" |+ Oxyacids and their corresponding anions !Element group || Element (central atom) || Oxidation state || Acid formula || Acid name<ref name=nimet /><ref name=IR-8-1 /> || Anion formula || Anion name |- |rowspan=2| 6 || rowspan=2 | Chromium || rowspan=2 | +6 || {{chem|H|2|CrO|4}} || Chromic acid || {{chem|CrO|4|2−}} || Chromate |- |{{chem|H|2|Cr|2|O|7}} || Dichromic acid || {{chem|Cr|2|O|7|2−}} || Dichromate |- |rowspan=9| 7 || rowspan=2 | Manganese || +7 || {{chem|HMnO|4}} || Permanganic acid || {{chem|MnO|4|−}} || Permanganate |- | +6 || {{chem|H|2|MnO|4}} || Manganic acid || {{chem|MnO|4|2−}} || Manganate |- |rowspan=2 | Technetium || +7 || {{chem|HTcO|4}} || Pertechnetic acid || {{chem|TcO|4|−}} || Pertechnetate |- | +6 || {{chem|H|2|TcO|4}} || Technetic acid|| {{chem|TcO|4|2−}} || Technetate |- |rowspan=5 | Rhenium || +7 || {{chem|HReO|4}} || Perrhenic acid || {{chem|ReO|4|−}} || Perrhenate |- | +6 || {{chem|H|2|ReO|4}} || Tetraoxorhenic(VI) acid|| {{chem|ReO|4|2−}} ||Rhenate(VI) |- |rowspan=3 | +5 || {{chem|HReO|3}} || Trioxorhenic(V) acid|| {{chem|ReO|3|−}} || Trioxorhenate(V) |- | {{chem|H|3|ReO|4}} || Tetraoxorhenic(V) acid|| {{chem|ReO|4|3−}} || Tetraoxorhenate(V) |- | {{chem|H|4|Re|2|O|7}} || Heptaoxodirhenic(V) acid|| {{chem|Re|2|O|7|4−}} || Dirhenate(V) |- | rowspan="6" |8 |Iron | +6 |H₂FeO₄ |Ferric acid |FeO₄^2– |Ferrate |- | rowspan="3" |Ruthenium | +6 |H₂RuO₄ |Ruthenic acid |RuO₄^2– |Ruthenate |- | +7 |HRuO₄ |Perruthenic acid |RuO₄^– |Perruthenate (''note difference in usage compared to osmium'') |- | +8 |H₂RuO₅ |Hyperruthenic acid |HRuO₅^– |Hyperruthenate<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources|date=2009|publisher=Academic Press|others=Garche, Jürgen., Dyer, Chris K.|isbn=978-0444527455|location=Amsterdam|pages=854|oclc=656362152}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Osmium | +6 |H₆OsO₆ |Osmic acid |H₄OsO₆^2– |Osmate |- | +8 |H₄OsO₆ |Perosmic acid |H₂OsO₆^2– |Perosmate (''note difference in usage compared to ruthenium'') |- |rowspan=2 |13 || rowspan=2 | Boron || rowspan=2 | +3 || {{chem|H|3|BO|3}} || Boric acid<br>(formerly ''orthoboric acid'')<ref name=note_a /> || {{chem|BO|3|3−}} || Borate<br>(formerly ''orthoborate'') |- |{{chem|(HBO|2|)|''n''}} || Metaboric acid || {{chem|BO|2|−}} || Metaborate |- |rowspan=3 |14 || Carbon || +4 || {{chem|H|2|CO|3}} || Carbonic acid || {{chem|CO|3|2−}} || Carbonate |- |rowspan=2 | Silicon || rowspan=2 | +4 || {{chem|H|4|SiO|4}} || Silicic acid<br>(formerly ''orthosilicic acid'')<ref name=note_a /> || {{chem|SiO|4|4−}} || Silicate (formerly ''orthosilicate'') |- |{{chem|H|2|SiO|3}} || Metasilicic acid || {{chem|SiO|3|2−}} || Metasilicate |- |14, 15 || Carbon, nitrogen || +4, −3 || HOCN || Cyanic acid || {{chem|OCN|−}} || Cyanate |- |rowspan=18 | 15 || rowspan=7 | Nitrogen || rowspan=3 | +5 || {{chem|HNO|3}} || Nitric acid || {{chem|NO|3|−}} || Nitrate |- |{{chem|HNO|4}} || Peroxynitric acid || {{chem|NO|4|−}} || Peroxynitrate |- |{{chem|H|3|NO|4}} || Orthonitric acid|| {{chem|NO|4|3−}} || Orthonitrate |- |rowspan=2 | +3 ||{{chem|HNO|2}} || Nitrous acid || {{chem|NO|2|−}} || Nitrite |- | HOONO || Peroxynitrous acid || {{chem|OONO|−}} || Peroxynitrite |- | +2 ||{{chem|H|2|NO|2}} || Nitroxylic acid || {{chem|NO|2|2−}} || Nitroxylate |- | +1 ||{{chem|H|2|N|2|O|2}} || Hyponitrous acid || {{chem|N|2|O|2|2−}} || Hyponitrite |- |rowspan=9 | Phosphorus || rowspan=4 | +5 || {{chem|H|3|PO|4}} || Phosphoric acid<br>(formerly ''orthophosphoric acid'')<ref name=note_a /> || {{chem|PO|4|3−}} || Phosphate<br>(orthophosphate) |- |{{chem|HPO|3}} || Metaphosphoric acid|| {{chem|PO|3|−}} || Metaphosphate |- |{{chem|H|4|P|2|O|7}} || Pyrophosphoric acid<br>(diphosphoric acid) || {{chem|P|2|O|7|4−}} || Pyrophosphate<br>(diphosphate) |- |{{chem|H|3|PO|5}} || Peroxomonophosphoric acid || {{chem|PO|3|3−}} || Peroxomonophosphate |- | +5, +3 || {{chem|(HO)|2|POPO(OH)|2}} || Diphosphoric(III,V) acid|| {{chem|O|2|POPOO|2|2−}} || Diphosphate(III,V) |- | +4 || {{chem|(HO)|2|OPPO(OH)|2}} || Hypophosphoric acid<br>(diphosphoric(IV) acid) || {{chem|O|2|OPPOO|2|4−}} || Hypophosphate<br>(diphosphate(IV)) |- |rowspan=2 | +3 || {{chem|H|2|PHO|3}} || Phosphonic acid || {{chem|PHO|3|2−}} || Phosphonate |- | {{chem|H|2|P|2|H|2|O|5}} || Diphosphonic acid|| {{chem|P|2|H|2|O|3|5−}} || Diphosphonate |- | +1 || {{chem|HPH|2|O|2}} || Phosphinic acid (hypophosphorous acid) ||{{chem|PH|2|O|2|−}} || Phosphinate (hypophosphite) |- |rowspan=2 | Arsenic || +5 || {{chem|H|3|AsO|4}} || Arsenic acid || {{chem|AsO|4|3−}} || Arsenate |- | +3 || {{chem|H|3|AsO|3}} || Arsenous acid || {{chem|AsO|3|3−}} || Arsenite |- |rowspan=19 | 16 || rowspan=14 | Sulfur || rowspan=4 | +6 || {{chem|H|2|SO|4}} || Sulfuric acid || {{chem|SO|4|2−}} || Sulfate |- | {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|7}} || Disulfuric acid || {{chem|S|2|O|7|2−}} || Disulfate |- | {{chem|H|2|SO|5}} || Peroxomonosulfuric acid || {{chem|SO|5|2−}} || Peroxomonosulfate |- | {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|8}} || Peroxodisulfuric acid || {{chem|S|2|O|8|2−}} || Peroxodisulfate |- | +5 || {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|6}} || Dithionic acid || {{chem|S|2|O|6|2−}} || Dithionate |- | +5, 0 || {{chem|H|2|S|''x''|O|6}} || Polythionic acids<br>(''x'' = 3, 4...) || {{chem|S|''x''|O|6|2−}} || Polythionates |- |rowspan=2 | +4 || {{chem|H|2|SO|3}} || Sulfurous acid || {{chem|SO|3|2−}} || Sulfite |- | {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|5}} || Disulfurous acid || {{chem|S|2|O|5|2−}} || Disulfite |- | +4, 0 || {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|3}} || Thiosulfuric acid || {{chem|S|2|O|3|2−}} || Thiosulfate |- | +3 || {{chem|H|2|S|2|O|4}} || Dithionous acid || {{chem|S|2|O|4|2−}} || Dithionite |- | +3, −1 || {{chem|HOSOSH}}|| Thiosulfurous acid || {{chem|OSOS|2-}}|| Thiosulfite |- | +2 || {{chem|H|2|SO|2}} || Sulfoxylic acid (hyposulfurous acid)||{{chem|SO|2|2−}} || Sulfoxylate (hyposulfite) |- | +1 || {{chem|HOSSOH}}|| Dihydroxydisulfane || {{chem|OSSO|2-}}|| Disulfanediolate<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSID:7827570 {{!}} O2S2 {{!}} ChemSpider |url=https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.7827570.html?rid=a0972e7e-96df-44b7-b76b-dddb7ad4026c |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.chemspider.com}}</ref> |- | 0 || {{chem|HSOH}} || Sulfenic acid || {{chem|HSO|−}} || Sulfinite |- | rowspan=2 | Selenium || +6 || {{chem|H|2|SeO|4}} || Selenic acid || {{chem|SeO|4|2−}} || Selenate |- | +4 ||{{chem|H|2|SeO|3}} || Selenous acid || {{chem|SeO|3|2−}} || Selenite |- | rowspan=3 | Tellurium || rowspan=2 | +6 || {{chem|H|2|TeO|4}} || Telluric acid || {{chem|TeO|4|2−}} || Tellurate |- | {{chem|H|6|TeO|6}} || Orthotelluric acid || {{chem|TeO|6|6−}} || Orthotellurate |- | +4 || {{chem|H|2|TeO|3}} || Tellurous acid || {{chem|TeO|3|2−}} || Tellurite |- | rowspan=12 | 17 || rowspan=4 | Chlorine || +7 || {{chem|HClO|4}} || Perchloric acid || {{chem|ClO|4|−}} || Perchlorate |- | +5 ||{{chem|HClO|3}} || Chloric acid || {{chem|ClO|3|−}} || Chlorate |- | +3 ||{{chem|HClO|2}} || Chlorous acid || {{chem|ClO|2|−}} || Chlorite |- | +1 ||HClO || Hypochlorous acid || {{chem|ClO|−}} || Hypochlorite |- | rowspan = 4| Bromine || +7 ||{{chem|HBrO|4}} || Perbromic acid || {{chem|BrO|4|−}} || Perbromate |- | +5 ||{{chem|HBrO|3}} || Bromic acid || {{chem|BrO|3|−}} || Bromate |- | +3 ||{{chem|HBrO|2}} || Bromous acid || {{chem|BrO|2|−}} || Bromite |- | +1 ||HBrO || Hypobromous acid || {{chem|BrO|−}} || Hypobromite |- | rowspan = 4 | Iodine || rowspan=2 | +7 || {{chem|HIO|4}} || Periodic acid || {{chem|IO|4|−}} || Periodate |- | {{chem|H|5|IO|6}} || Orthoperiodic acid || {{chem|IO|6|5−}} || Orthoperiodate |- | +5 || {{chem|HIO|3}} || Iodic acid || {{chem|IO|3|−}} || Iodate |- | +1 || HIO || Hypoiodous acid || {{chem|IO|−}} || Hypoiodite |- | rowspan="2" |18 | rowspan="2" |Xenon | +6 |H₂XeO₄ |Xenic acid |HXeO₄^– |Hydrogenxenate (''dibasic xenate is unknown'') |- | +8 |H₄XeO₆ |Perxenic acid |XeO₆^4– |Perxenate |}

== Sources == * {{Cite book | first1 = Antti | last1 = Kivinen | first2 = Osmo | last2 = Mäkitie | title = Kemia | publisher = Otava | location = Helsinki, Finland | year = 1988 | language = fi | isbn = 951-1-10136-6}} * {{Cite book | title = Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds, IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (Red Book 2005) | publisher = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-85404-438-8 | url = http://old.iupac.org/publications/boox/rbook/Red_Book_2005.html}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}} * {{Cite book | title = Otavan suuri ensyklopedia, volume 2 (Cid-Harvey) | publisher = Otava | year = 1977 | location = Helsinki, Finland | language = fi | isbn = 951-1-04170-3}}

==See also== *Weak acid *Hypohalous acid *Sulfur oxoacid *Sulphuric acid

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04374.html IUPAC definition of "oxoacid"] (from the ''Gold Book'') {{Lyases}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Acids Category:Oxoacids