{{Short description|Convex molding in classical architecture}} {{For|the hotel brand|Ovolo Hotels}} frame|The quarter-round cross-sectional profile of the fundamental design element, the ovolo, in an unadorned molding, showing also with its resulting shadow pattern. The '''ovolo''' or '''echinus''' is a convex decorative molding profile used in architectural ornamentation. Its profile is a quarter to a half of a more or less flattened circle.
The 1911 edition of ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' says:<blockquote>adapted from Ital. ''uovolo'', diminutive of ''uovo'', an egg; other foreign equivalents are Fr. ''ove'', ''échine'', ''quart de rond''; Lat. ''echinus''... [as used] in architecture, [for] a convex moulding known also as the echinus, which in Classic architecture was invariably carved with the egg and tongue. In Roman and Italian work the moulding is called by workmen a quarter round.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle= Ovolo | volume= 20 | page = 391 }}</ref></blockquote> The "egg and tongue" referred to, also known as egg-and-dart, egg-and-anchor, or egg-and-star, refers to alternating egg and V-shapes enriching the surface of the concave ovolo in many early cases.<ref name=Lewis1986>{{cite book | author = Lewis, Philippa & Darley, Gillian | date = 1986 | title = Dictionary of Ornament | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon Books | isbn = 0-394-50931-5 | url-access = registration | pages = 222, 73, 97, and 116 | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoforna00phil | access-date = January 9, 2020 | quote = <small> '''cavetto moulding''' or '''hollow chamfering''' (Latin, ''cavare'', to hollow). One of the principal forms of moulding, a concave version of the ovolo moulding, usually a quarter of a circle in section. [p. 73] / '''cyma recta''' (Latin, ''cyma'', wave). Important compound moulding, combining the ovolo and cavetto with the convex moulding below. In section the moulding is a double curve, concave above, convex below. Also known as ogee moulding. '''cyma reversa'''... [presenting concave below, convex above, p. 97] / '''ovolo'''. Convex moulding (usually a quarter of a circle in section), often enriched with egg and dart or similar ornament. [p. 222]</small>}}</ref>{{rp|116}}
The description of ovolo as the fundamental convex quarter-round element underlying or being combined with other elements to compose molding, details on column capitals, and other architectural ornamentation remains in common use, as evidenced by the description by Lewis and Darley (1986) of the ovolo as a "[c]onvex moulding... usually a quarter of a circle in section", which also notes that it is "often enriched with egg and dart or similar ornament". <ref name=Lewis1986/>{{rp|222}} Ovolo adornment by the egg-and-dart element was used on Ionic capitals by ancient Roman and ancient Greek builders (e.g., at the Erechtheion),<ref>Shoe, Lucy T. (1936) ''Profiles of Greek Mouldings'',{{full|date=January 2020}} and Shoe, Lucy T. (1950) "Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes", ''Hesperia'' '''19'''(4, Oct-Dec):338-369.</ref> and continue to adorn capitals of modern buildings built in Classical styles (e.g., the Ionic capitals of the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.),{{cn|date=January 2020}} and to find use in Neoclassical architecture.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Regan|first1=Raina|title=Building Language: Egg-and-dart|url=http://historicindianapolis.com/building-language-egg-and-dart/|website=Historic Indianapolis|publisher=historicindianapolis.com|access-date=11 September 2016|date=February 21, 2012}}</ref>{{better source|date=January 2020}}
thumb|right|Ogee moulding profiles The fundamental element of ornamental, architectural molding that is concave (rather than convex like the ovolo) is found in cavetto or hollow chamfering moldings, which also usually presents a quarter-round cross-section, albeit concave.<ref name=Lewis1986/>{{rp|73}} Ovolo and cavetto elements can be combined to form compound moldings; most simply, with the convex ovolo molding below the cavetto, it is known as ''cyma recta'' (for its wave-like cross-section), a type of common edge profile commonly referred to as ogee.<ref name=Lewis1986/>{{rp|97}} The compound molding with the concave cavetto below and the convex ovolo above is termed ''cyma reversa.''<ref name=Lewis1986/>{{rp|97}} In modern residential applications, the ovolo profile is often used as the inside edge of stile and rail interior and cabinet doors.{{cn|date=January 2020}} <!--No evidence found for this, so removing it as unsupported, and likely disinformation: The term ovolo is often used to describe the type of architectural structure often used in huts, igloos, and mud brick houses. {{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}-->
The ''Britannica'' article goes on to note that the echinus synonym of ovolo should "not be confounded with the echinus of the Greek Doric capital", which is "of a more varied form and of much larger dimensions than the ovolo, which was only a subordinate moulding."<ref name=EB1911/>
==See also== * Cymatium
==References== {{reflist}}
Category:Ornaments