{{Short description|Polish settlers in Western Belarus and Western Ukraine}} [[File:Narcyz Witczak-Witaczyński - Życie codzienne w Osadzie Krechowieckiej na Wołyniu (107-204-2).jpg|thumb|Polish military settler from Osada Krechowiecka in the Wołyń Voivodeship, 1928]] '''Osadniks''' ({{langx|pl|osadnik/osadnicy}}, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") were veterans of the Polish Army and civilians who were given or sold state land in the ''Kresy'' (current Western Belarus and Western Ukraine) territory ceded to Poland by Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 (and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939 and ceded to it after World War II). The Polish word was also a loanword that was used in the Soviet Union.
==Settlement process== [[File:Akt nadawczy.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of a ''land allotment'' document from 1923; all together some 8000 people received land in the eastern Voivodeships of Poland]] thumb|Osadnik's family from Osada Krechowiecka, 1931 Shortly before the Battle of Warsaw on August 7, 1920, Polish Prime Minister Wincenty Witos announced that after the war, volunteers and soldiers who served on the front would have priority in purchase of state-owned land, while the soldiers to receive medals for bravery would receive land free of charge. The announcement was partly to repair the Polish morale, shaken after the retreat from the east. On December 17 the Sejm (Polish parliament) passed the ''Act on Nationalization of North-Eastern Powiats of the Republic''<ref name="Przejęcie">{{cite journal | title=ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o przejęciu na własność Państwa ziemi w niektórych powiatach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej | journal=Dziennik Ustaw | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=17 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001700&view=toc | access-date=2006-02-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928072533/http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001700&view=toc | archive-date=2007-09-28 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Act on Granting the Soldiers of the Polish Army with Land''.<ref name="Nadanie">{{cite journal | title=ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o nadaniu ziemi żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego | journal=Dziennik Ustaw | year=1921 | volume=4 | issue=18 | url=http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001800&view=toc | access-date=2006-02-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928072504/http://www.promulgatory.pl/?pro=DURP192100400001800&view=toc | archive-date=2007-09-28 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Both acts allowed the demobilised soldiers to apply for land parcels. The acts of parliament applied for powiats of Grodno and Wołożyn of Białystok Voivodeship, as well as 20 other powiats in the eastern voivodeships of Poland.<ref name="Gawryszewski">{{cite book | author =Andrzej Gawryszewski | title =Ludność Polski w XX wieku | year =2005 | editor =Ludmiła Leszczyńska | pages =381–383 | chapter =XI: Przemieszczenia ludności | chapter-url =http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/rozdz11_1.pdf | publisher =Polish Academy of Sciences | location =Warsaw | isbn =83-87954-66-7 | url =http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/ | language =pl | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111001031057/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/Monografie_5/ | archive-date =2011-10-01 }}</ref>
In the spring of 1921,<ref name="Głowacka"/> the first groups of settlers arrived to newly-established settlements in Wołyń. According to the Polish historian Lidia Głowacka, they were in what had been the property of major landowners: the Russian treasury ("kazyonnye zemli") and the tsar's family, some secularised monasteries or lands abandoned by the Russian nobility retreating from the area before the German arrival in 1915.<ref name="Głowacka">{{cite journal | author =Lidia Głowacka |author2=Andrzej Czesław Żak | year =2006 | title =Osadnictwo wojskowe na Wołyniu w latach 1921-1939 | journal =Biuletyn Wojskowej Służby Archiwalnej | volume =28 | pages =140–164 | url =http://www.caw.wp.mil.pl/biuletyn/b28/b28_6.pdf | publisher = Wojskowa Służba Archiwalna | location=Warsaw |language=pl}}</ref> Some land was also purchased by the state from the Polish nobility.<ref>"Polski Drogi" by Bogdan Trybuchowski</ref>
A typical plot of land had the area of under 20 hectares, but soldiers with a university diploma could in theory receive up to 45 hectares free of charge, to create the so-called ''exemplary farms''. In reality, however, there were more applicants than free land and even the recipients of the Virtuti Militari medal had to pay for their plots.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> Although the government promised help to the settlers, most of them received little but the land itself. Some regiments in which the soldiers had served provided them with forage and demobilized horses.<ref name="Głowacka"/> The cost of the land itself was to be repaid by the settlers five years after the start of the programme, with the yearly rent set at 30–100 kg of rye per hectare.<ref name="Głowacka"/>
Permanent economical difficulties of the newly-re-established state and strong opposition to the idea of creation of soldier settlements along the eastern border of Poland caused the action to be halted in 1923.<ref name="Głowacka"/> It was equally opposed by local major landowners and peasantry. The former feared that their own property might also be nationalised and distributed among the settlers, and the latter was enraged by the fact that the redistributed land had often been rented to them by the previous owners, but the deals were made null and void by the Russian state's disappearance and the nationalisation.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/><ref name="Pobóg">{{cite book | author =Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski | title =Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945 | year =1990 | volume = II | pages =623–624 | publisher =Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | location =Warsaw | isbn=83-03-03162-7 |language=pl| author-link =Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski }}</ref>
By 1923, out of the 99,153 applicants, only 7,345 actually received the parcels. Out of the hundreds of planned villages in the Wołyń Voivodeship only three were ever actually created, with 51 inhabitants all together.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> The pace of the action was equally slow in other parts of the area. Altogether, the land granted to the demobilized soldiers amounted to 1,331.46 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Glos">{{cite journal | author=Klara Rogalska | title=Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first) | journal=Głos Znad Niemna | year=2005 | volume=7 (664) | issue=February 18 | url=http://www.glos.wschod.org/664/historia.shtml | language=pl | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174514/http://www.glos.wschod.org/664/historia.shtml | archive-date=2007-10-12}}</ref> Out of the 8,732 plots of land allotted to demobilised soldiers, only 5,557 had actually been settled by January 1, 1923.<ref name="Gawryszewski"/> Some state-owned land parcels were also sold to civilians, which established civilian or mixed settlements.
Although after the May Coup d'État of 1926 the action was restarted, it never gained significant momentum and then came to a complete halt between 1929 and 1933. Altogether, the ''osadnik'' families received over 6000 km<sup>2</sup>{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} of land. The government tried to revive the project once more after 1935, with little success. Because of the Great Depression, the prices of basic food products dropped, and all settler farms were losing money, with the average debt reaching 458 złoty per every hectare of land (that is between 800 and 1700 modern euros, depending on the conversion method).<ref name="Głowacka"/>
Most of the military and civilian settlers were members of the ''Settlers' Union'' ({{langx|pl|Centralny Związek Osadników Wojskowych}}). The organisation, founded as early as March 1922, promoted self-sufficient ''osadnik'' communities, provided them with cheap credits, scholarships at various universities of agriculture and founded a number of schools.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
==Soviet repression== After the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, Belarusian communists murdered a number of ''osadniks'' such as in Trzeciaki, Budowla and Lerypol of the Grodno County (1919–1939).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historia.uwazamrze.pl/artykul/1146519/siepacze-znad-niemna|title = Siepacze znad Niemna - Uważam Rze Historia}}</ref>
After the incorporation of Kresy into the Soviet Union, the term ''osadnik'' became one of the categories of crimes in a Soviet penal system. Initially branded as ''kulaks'', from the first days, they became a target of Soviet propaganda as "enemies of the people". Their property was often taken by the new authorities in violation of Soviet law and there were numerous cases of government-inspired violence against them.<ref name="Bronowicki">{{cite journal | author =Michał Bronowicki | year =2007 | title =Deportacja osadników wojskowych w głąb ZSRR | journal =Kresowe Stanice | issue =44 | pages =7–20 | issn =1429-6500 | url =http://www.osadnicy.org/bronowicki.pdf | language =pl | archive-date =2013-10-25 | access-date =2010-01-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131025041743/http://www.osadnicy.org/bronowicki.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> That led approximately 10% of the settlers to abandon their homes and to escape through the so-called Border of Peace to German-held General Government.
Since late 1939, ''osadniks'' were being deported ''en masse'' to Northern European Russia, Ural and Siberia, according to the Sovnarkom's ''Decree about special settlement and labor engagement of "osadniks" deported from Western areas of UkSSR and BSSR'' of December 29, 1939.<ref name="Bronowicki"/> It was broadened to include all formerly Polish citizens who purchased any land after 1918, whether real settlers from other parts of Poland or local peasants who bought land in neighbouring villages.<ref name="Lwow">{{cite book | author =Karolina Lanckorońska | title =Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 - 5 IV 1945 | year =2001 | chapter =I - Lwów | chapter-url =http://www.lwow.com.pl/karolina.html | publisher =ZNAK | location =Kraków | isbn =83-240-0077-1| page =364|language=pl| author-link =Karolina Lanckorońska }}</ref> An estimated 140,000 ''osadniks'' were deported on February 10, 1940,<ref name="Glos"/> be they real or alleged osadniks. Most of them (about 115,000) were of Polish, but there were 10,000 Ukrainians, 11,000 Belarusians and 2,000 others.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} In gulag paperwork, ''osadniks'' were in a separate category of deportees: "special settlers — 'osadniks' and 'foresters'". Then, three more waves of Polish deportations were carried out and classified with different categories. The largest deported Polish population was in Arkhangelsk Oblast: all of the Soviet labor camps in the Kotlas area were filled with Polish nationals. High mortality of deported was reported. For example, by July 1, 1941, over 10,000 ''osadniks'' were officially reported dead.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
== See also == {{Commons category|Polish military settlers}} * Polish minority in the Soviet Union * Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
== References == :Inline: {{Reflist}} :General: {{Wikisourcelang|ru|Положение о спецпоселении и трудовом устройстве осадников, выселяемых из западных областей УССР и БССР|Sovnarkom's decree about osadniks}} {{wikisourcelang|ru|Инструкция НКВД СССР "О порядке переселения польских осадников из западных областей УССР и БССР"|NKVD instruction on deportation of osadniks}} #{{cite book| author=Павел Полян| title=Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR)| publisher=ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001| isbn=5-94282-007-4| year=2001}} #{{cite book| author=Janina Stobniak-Smogorzewska |title=Kresowe osadnictwo wojskowe 1920-1945 (Military colonization of Kresy 1920-1945)| publisher=Warsaw, RYTM, 2003| isbn=83-7399-006-2| year=2003}}
== External links == *{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.osadnicy.org/ Society of Civilian and Military Settler Families of the Kresy] *{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.memo.ru/history/POLAcy/ Soviet repressions against Poles and citizens of Poland], by ''Memorial'' society
Category:Politics of the Second Polish Republic Category:Military history of the Second Polish Republic Category:Poland–Ukraine relations (1918–1939) Category:Belarus–Poland relations (1918–1939) Category:Western Belorussia (1918–1939) Category:Veterans' settlement schemes Category:Settlement schemes in Europe