Option (filmmaking)

{{Short description|Filmmaking contract}} In the film industry, an '''option agreement''' is a contract that "rents" the rights to a source material to a potential film producer.<ref name="screenwriters">{{cite web |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=Scott |title=The Screenwriters Guide To An Option Agreement |url=https://www.filmmakingstuff.com/option-agreement/ |website=Filmmaking Stuff |date=18 December 2021 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> It grants the film producer the exclusive option to purchase rights to the source material if they live up to the terms of the contract and make a film (or series) from it. This is known as '''optioning''' the source material.

Some examples of producers are film studios, production companies or an individual. Source materials are often a book, theatrical play, or screenplay; however, they may also be articles, video games, songs, or any other work of intellectual property.

The term is often used as a verb. For example, "Paramount optioned a short story by Ted Chiang."

==Overview== When a work is optioned, the producer has not actually purchased the right to use the source material; they have simply purchased the option to purchase the rights to the work at some point in the future, if they are successful in setting up a deal to actually film a movie (or series) based on it.

Purchasing the actual rights to a work is called "exercising" the option. This requires another contract, the "Rights Purchase Agreement".<ref name="Option Film Rights To A Book">{{cite web |last1=Pascual |first1=Ashley |title=How To Option Film Rights To A Book |url=https://beverlyboy.com/filmmaking/how-to-option-film-rights-to-a-book/ |website=Beverly Boy Productions |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

Option agreements detail the rights of the producer and the original author, including how long the agreement lasts, the fees paid to the author, and any plans for rights associated with derivative works (for example, a future prequel to a book).<ref name="screenwriters" /> <ref name="Film option agreement">{{cite web |title=Film option agreement |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-504-5111?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true |website=Thomson Reuters Practical Law - Thomson Reuters Practical Law - Media and Telecoms |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> The producer usually has to outline their plan for financing, writing, casting, and shooting the film or series.

Financially, the contract qualifies as a financial option and may be valued by applying real options analysis.<ref>Don Chance, Eric Hillebrand and Jimmy Hilliard (2009). [http://www.risk.net/asia-risk/technical-paper/1510179/pricing-options-film-revenue Pricing options on film revenue], ''Risk'' 22, 80-86.</ref><ref>S. Young, J. Gong, and W. Van der Stede (2012). [https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/43506/ Using real options to make decisions in the motion picture industry]. Strategic finance . pp. 53-59.</ref><ref>J. Gong, J. Jianxin, S. Young, and W. Van der Stede (2011). [https://ssrn.com/abstract=921364 Real Options in the Motion Picture Industry: Evidence from Film Marketing and Sequels]. Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 1438-1466, Winter 2011.</ref>

===Exclusivity=== Film option agreements last for a set amount of time, which is called the "option period" and is often around eighteen months.<ref name="Option Film Rights To A Book">{{cite web |last1=Pascual |first1=Ashley |title=How To Option Film Rights To A Book |url=https://beverlyboy.com/filmmaking/how-to-option-film-rights-to-a-book/ |website=Beverly Boy Productions |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Option agreements for film and TV">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Silvie |title=Option agreements for film and TV – what should producers look out for? |url=https://raindance.org/option-agreements-for-film-and-tv-what-should-producers-look-out-for/ |website=Raindance.org |date=23 May 2020 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

After the option period expires, the producer no longer has an exclusive right to buy the screenplay and the original work's rights are returned to the author.<ref name="screenwriters" />

===Fees=== Most option agreements have two option periods, which have separate timelines and fees. The initial option fee is negotiated during the original agreement. They vary greatly from deal to deal.<ref name="Option agreements for film and TV">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Silvie |title=Option agreements for film and TV – what should producers look out for? |url=https://raindance.org/option-agreements-for-film-and-tv-what-should-producers-look-out-for/ |website=Raindance.org |date=23 May 2020 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

The fee for the first option period can be detracted from any income received from the project after the original work is exercised,<ref name="Film option agreement">{{cite web |title=Film option agreement |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/1-504-5111?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true |website=Thomson Reuters Practical Law - Thomson Reuters Practical Law - Media and Telecoms |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> while the fee for the extension cannot.

A portion of the film's financing is usually used to pay the exercise price. This is also called the "purchase price".<ref name="Option agreements for film and TV">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Silvie |title=Option agreements for film and TV – what should producers look out for? |url=https://raindance.org/option-agreements-for-film-and-tv-what-should-producers-look-out-for/ |website=Raindance.org |date=23 May 2020 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> The producer has until the end of the last extension period to exercise the option.<ref name="Option agreements for film and TV">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Silvie |title=Option agreements for film and TV – what should producers look out for? |url=https://raindance.org/option-agreements-for-film-and-tv-what-should-producers-look-out-for/ |website=Raindance.org |date=23 May 2020 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

==Producer's role during the option period== During the option period, the producers often: # Get the screenplay written (if the option was on a book or other work, and not a screenplay); # Obtain informal agreements with the director, the principal actors, the film crew, and the financiers; # Take it to a movie studio or other potential financier and potentially help with distribution (pre-sales); # Finalize the screenplay to the agreement of all stakeholders—the exclusivity of the option allows this step without risk of a rival attempt to produce the same property.

This process can last for a prolonged period of time known as development hell.

If all planning falls into place, actual agreements are signed, financing is secured, and the option fee is paid, then the producer can start pre-production.

===Options in Hollywood=== Options are not expensive by the standards of Hollywood movies. For ''True Romance'', Quentin Tarantino received US$50,000 to option his script.<ref>''Reservoir Dogs'': Lawrence Bender's Commentary on DVD Special Edition</ref> Many writers are happy to receive a few thousand dollars. Option contracts typically specify the eventual cost of the screenplay, if the producer does end up exercising the option.

Since optioning a screenplay is far cheaper than buying it, options are very popular in Hollywood for speculative projects.

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Film finance Category:Film production Category:Real options