Opposition (politics)

{{Short description|Political force against the political force in charge of the government}} {{other uses|Parliamentary opposition}} {{One source|date=February 2017}} [[Image:Stand in opposition city hall boston.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Stand in Opposition'' (imprints in front of Old City Hall, Boston)]] {{party politics}}

In politics, the '''opposition''' comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the governing party or group in political control of a city, region, state, country or other political body.

The degree of opposition varies according to political conditions. For example, in authoritarian and democratic systems, opposition may be respectively repressed or desired.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blondel|first=J|year=1997|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119945400/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105130352/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119945400/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|title=Political opposition in the contemporary world|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=32|issue=4|pages=462–486|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00441.x|s2cid=145343918|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Members of an opposition generally serve as antagonists to the other parties.<ref name="Kersell1966">{{Cite journal |last=Kersell |first=John E. |date=1966 |title=Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40184478 |journal=International Journal |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=535–536 |doi=10.2307/40184478 |jstor=40184478 |issn=0020-7020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Political opposition is generally considered a key aspect of democracy, as the opposition restrains the incumbent government and seeks to enlarge the rights available to those out of power.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lipset |first=Seymour Martin |date=2000 |title=The Indispensability of Political Parties |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17013 |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1353/jod.2000.0016 |issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Seymour Martin Lipset, "over time, in both new and revived democracies, conflict between the governing and opposition parties helps establish democratic norms and rules."<ref name=":0" />

== Research on political opposition == Scholarship focusing on opposition politics did not become popular or sophisticated until the mid-20th century.<ref name="Kersell1966" /> Recent studies have found that popular unrest regarding the economy and quality of life can be used by political opposition to mobilize and to demand change. Scholars have debated whether political opposition can benefit from political instability and economic crises, while some conclude the opposite. Case studies in Jordan align with mainstream thought in that political opposition can benefit from instability, while case studies in Morocco display a lack of oppositional mobilization in response to instability. In the Jordan case study, scholars reference opposition increasingly challenge those in power as political and economic instability proliferated wereas the opposition in Morocco did not mobilize on the instability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lust-Okar |first=Ellen |date=2004 |title=Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150141 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=159–179 |doi=10.2307/4150141 |issn=0010-4159 |jstor=4150141 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

As social media has become a larger part of society and culture around the world, so too has online political opposition. Online communication as a whole has also heightened the spread of clearer political opposition. Various factors like censorship, selective censoring, polarization, and echo chambers have changed the way that political opposition presents itself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ashokkumar |first1=Ashwini |last2=Talaifar |first2=Sanaz |last3=Fraser |first3=William T. |last4=Landabur |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Buhrmester |first5=Michael |last6=Gómez |first6=Ángel |last7=Paredes |first7=Borja |last8=Swann |first8=William B. |date=November 2020 |title=Censoring political opposition online: Who does it and why |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |language=en |volume=91 |article-number=104031 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104031 |pmc=7415017 |pmid=32834107}}</ref>

Research on opposition politics in South Asia has helped inform researchers on possibilities of democratic renewal post-backsliding as well as possibilities of political violence.<ref name="carnegieendowment20230124">{{Cite web |last=Staniland |first=Paul |last2=Vaishnav |first2=Milan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=The State of Opposition in South Asia |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/01/the-state-of-opposition-in-south-asia?lang=en}}</ref> Despite there being aggressive and powerful regimes in place in various South Asian countries, the opposition can still pose a powerful counter-party. For example, opposition members in Nepal have made their way into office and Sri Lanka has hosted elections in regions which had not previously. In these cases, the presence of opposition has brought about positive democratic change.<ref name="carnegieendowment20230124" />

==Controlled opposition== {{split section|Bloc party|talk=Talk:Bloc party#Definition|date=June 2025}} {{See also|Uniparty|Dummy candidate}}

A controlled opposition is a party or group that stands as a placeholder for the opposition in elections, but who are ultimately completely ineffective. This allows for all politics to be "controlled" by the ruling parties, while allowing for the illusion of multi-party elections.

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opposition (Politics)}} Category:Political opposition Category:Political terminology